| 微生物技术在稀土资源利用中的研究进展 |
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| 作者姓名： | 刘晓璐 赵子希 桂子郁 弓爱君 |
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| 作者单位： | 北京科技大学化学与生物工程学院，北京 100083 |
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| 基金项目： | 北京市自然科学基金资助项目（8172033） |
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| 摘 要： | 主要介绍了稀土资源的重要作用及利用现状，对我国的稀土矿分布及特征进行概述，并提出稀土开采存在的问题及微生物采矿的优势。回顾利用微生物进行稀土矿开采的发展进程，总结其研究进展，介绍微生物采矿作用机理的研究，主要包括微生物浸出、吸附和积累稀土元素机理的相关研究，以及稀土矿采矿微生物的分离方法及种属分布等。以中国白云鄂博矿床和澳大利亚Mount Weld矿床中的矿石为例，说明微生物对矿石中稀土元素的提取作用。简述微生物对废弃物中稀土元素的回收作用，及微生物利用稀土元素技术将面临的挑战，并对其未来进行了展望。
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| 关 键 词： | 稀土矿 稀土分布 微生物技术 生物浸出 生物积累 浸矿微生物 稀土回收 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-09-12 |
Overview of microbial technology in the utilization of rare earth resources |
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| Affiliation: | School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China |
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| Abstract: | As an important resource for the development of modern industry, rare earth elements are widely used in nuclear technology, batteries, permanent magnet, electronic products, catalysis, and superconducting technology, and they have been mined at a considerable large scale. China’s rare earth resources are abundant, and their reserves account for approximately 36.7% of the world’s total reserves. Over the recent years, global rare earth resources are generally faced with over-exploitation, low utilization rates, and serious environmental pollution problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of recovery systems that are inexpensive and cause less pollution. Rare earth elements can be widely involved in the metabolism of compounds in various micro-organisms and may have mining capabilities. The use of microbial technology to mine and recover rare earth resources has provided a novel green and efficient method for the utilization of rare earth resources, and research in related fields has continued intensify. This paper primarily introduced the important role and utilization status of rare earth resources, summarized the distribution and characteristics of rare earth minerals in China, and identified the problems associated with rare earth mining and the advantages of microbial mining. Furthermore, it reviewed the development process of rare earth mining using micro-organisms, summarized its research progress, and introduced the research mechanism of microbial mining, primarily including related research on the mechanism of microbial leaching, adsorption and accumulation of rare earth elements, separation methods, species distribution, and mechanism action of rare earth ore mining microorganisms. Considering minerals of the Bayan Obo deposit in China and the Mount Weld deposit in Australia as examples, the extraction of rare earth elements from ore by microbes selected from the surrounding environment has been explained. Moreover, the recovery of rare earth elements in low-grade ore and waste by micro-organisms has been briefly described. Based on the current status of microbial mining of rare earth ore, future challenges and prospects of microbial utilization of rare earth elements have been proposed. |
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