鄱阳湖低水位对环湖区农业灌溉的影响分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水系受入湖径流量减少、三峡水库蓄水以及人类活动等多种因素影响,出现了枯水时间提前、水位偏低、持续时间延长等现象,对湖区农业灌溉产生了较大影响。为分析鄱阳湖水位降低对农业灌溉的影响,分别根据历史水文资料和农业灌溉资料,分析了三峡水库蓄水前后鄱阳湖代表站的水位变化情况和农业用水情况,尤其是9~10月份灌溉用水高峰期的水位变化情况和用水情况。分析结果表明,环湖区取水口2003~2012年9~10月水位与1953~2002年同期水位相比,降低明显,导致工程运行费增大、取水量减少甚至无水可取,给湖区农业造成严重影响。为切实解决鄱阳湖低枯水位引起的问题,应加快推进鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程建设,采取“调枯不调洪”的运行方式,保持枯水期水位相对稳定。     

鄱阳湖水文情势过程对典型湿地景观动态变化的影响

以鄱阳湖赣江主支口三角洲湿地1973年~2009年16景遥感影像为基础,利用决策树分类分析近40年来赣江主支口三角洲不同湿地景观类型的组成结构及其演变趋势;并结合遥感影像对应的当天水位,探明水情变化与赣江主支口三角洲湿地景观类型面积之间的动态响应关系。结果表明,近40年来鄱阳湖水位变化以及4种特征水位的淹没天数都是呈现下降的趋势;植被面积呈增长趋势,而水体和裸露洲滩的面积均呈现减少趋势,且裸露洲滩的面积下降速率大于水体面积;水位变化与水体面积拟合关系最优,植被次之,与裸露洲滩拟合最差。研究结果能够进一步阐明鄱阳湖水情变化对典型湿地景观类型空间格局的影响,有助于维持鄱阳湖湿地生态系统结构与功能的稳定。     

基于高光谱数据的鄱阳湖湿地典型植被识别分析

利用高光谱数据对湿地植被进行分类历来是植被遥感研究的重点和难点之一。以鄱阳湖为研究区,测取了5种典型湿地植被的高光谱数据,利用光谱微分法对原始光谱数据进行处理,分析不同植被原始光谱、一阶微分和二阶微分光谱曲线图;使用欧式距离法选择差异较大的波段以鉴别不同植被;最后利用马氏距离法检验所选择波段识别不同植被的效果。结果表明:3种光谱曲线所提取的差异性较大,波段虽有所差异,但多位于近红外波段,马氏距离在这些波段上能有效对不同典型湿地植被进行识别。研究结果可为湿地植被分类识别奠定基础,同时可为湖泊湿地植被以及湖泊生态环境的保护决策提供科学依据。     

基于遥感技术的鄱阳湖水体面积及容积动态监测与分析

通过收集1983年以来130多景无云卫星遥感影像,以及1993年以来的湖区水文站点的水位数据,对鄱阳湖区水体面积进行了计算分析,建立了鄱阳湖水体面积遥感计算模型,论证了鄱阳湖面积随星子站水位升高而增大的同时,还存在明显的季节变化。并分春夏季(1~7月)和秋冬季(8~12月)两个季节段,拟合出鄱阳湖水位~面积、水位~容积关系曲线,为研究鄱阳湖水资源提供了重要的工具。     

2022特枯年洞庭湖区洲滩面积变化特性分析

2022年洞庭湖出现了“汛期反枯”的罕见现象，湖区水文情势发生较大改变，直接导致汛期洞庭湖区洲滩大面积提前出露，从而对洲滩湿地环境产生不利的影响。基于此，根据最新实测资料研究了2022年湖区洲滩面积变化特征，初步分析了其变化对湿地环境的影响，并取得了以下主要认识：(1) 2022年1～6月城陵矶站水位一般高于2003～2021年同期水位值，7月份开始城陵矶站水位持续走低，水位由7月初的30.40 m下降至9月30日的19.43 m;(2)除10月上旬城陵矶站水位抬高外，其他月份该站水位基本变化不大；(3)与2013～2021年相比，2022年7～11月份湖区洲滩面积分别增加了340,680,860,660 km²及510 km²;(4)湖区洲滩面积不断增大引起苔草类和芦苇群落生物量不断向水深区域增加，导致沉水植被的生存空间急剧缩小，不利于耐旱能力较差的植物生长繁殖与以鱼类、沉水类植物为食的鸟类捕食，同时一旦来年汛期水量较大，将有可能导致东方田鼠暴发。     

三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖影响及对策研究

为了评估三峡工程建成运行对鄱阳湖的影响,本文选取典型水文年,在演算分析基础上,初步分析了三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖湖口水位、湖区水情的影响程度。研究认为三峡水库汛末蓄水(10—11月份)将降低湖口水位0.4～1.6m,导致湖区水位相应下降0.3～1.2m,鄱阳湖枯水期提前将使湖区抗旱能力降低,同时部分洲滩提前出露将对湿地生态环境产生影响,而其它月份三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖影响较少。从消除或减免三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖影响角度,建议优化三峡水库汛末蓄水方式,并做好与鄱阳湖五河支流蓄水工程调度之间的协调。     

基于遥感云计算的鄱阳湖湿地植被群落分类研究

针对大型通江湖泊湿地植被精细分类中精度不高、算法稳健性不强的问题，以鄱阳湖湿地植被为研究对象，基于遥感云平台GEE和Sentinel-2影像，着重研究不同训练样本数量、不同时相特征数据及不同机器学习算法对鄱阳湖湿地植被类型分类的影响。结果表明：(1)随着训练样本数量的增加，植被类型的分类精度呈现先上升后平稳的规律，当不同植被类型训练样本达到550个时，精度达到峰值平稳状态；(2)不同时相特征的数据集分类精度具有显著差异，具体为：月度时序>枯水期>四季多时相>单时相，其中，月度时序数据集的总体精度最高，总体精度及Kappa系数分别为82%和0.79;(3)不同遥感算法获得的分类结果精度不同，RF分类精度最高，SVM和CART次之；(4)当不同植被类型的训练样本达到550个时，使用Sentinel-2月时序影像和RF算法能取得最优的分类结果。研究成果可为鄱阳湖湿地精细分类提供方法借鉴，为鄱阳湖湿地保护提供技术支持。     

鄱阳湖基础地理测量项目介绍

由于鄱阳湖现有的基础资料不能准确定量反映湖区现状,影响了鄱阳湖生态经济发展,为此江西省政府决定开展鄱阳湖基础地理测量。测量采用了全数字摄影测量、卫星遥感、全球定位、GPSRTK＋数字测深仪＋导航软件、GPS基准站网监测系统（CORS）等方法和技术,编制了大比例湖区数字地形图、湿地植被图和湖流与水质关系、不同水文条件下分区水位-面积及水位-容积关系等成果。该成果在大湖基础性生态研究测量方面具有开创性,将对鄱阳湖生态保护、江湖生态健康和生态水利建设等应用研究提供坚实的基础资料。     

基于淹水时长梯度的鄱阳湖优势湿地植被生态阈值

2003年后,鄱阳湖和长江的"江湖关系"变化显著,湖区枯水问题严重,洲滩淹水时间缩短,湿地植被的水分需求难以得到保障,湿地退化趋势初步显现。为量化湿地植被对淹水时长的生态需求,通过耦合水动力模型和统计模型,建立植被分布面积对淹水时长的响应关系,明确了优势湿地植被的生态阈值。结果表明:湿地植被对淹水时长的响应关系符合高斯曲线,持续一定时间的淹水,是保障植被生长的必要条件;淹水时间过长,植被生长将受到胁迫。在淹水时长梯度下,湿地植被具有最适、适宜和限制区间,且存在明显种间差异:苔草对淹水的适应能力最强,适宜生态阈值为60～240 d,最适生态阈值为120～180 d,淹水超过300 d的区域,苔草生长受限;狗牙根适应能力较弱,适宜和最适生态阈值分别为30～60 d、30～90 d,淹水超过120 d的区域,狗牙根无法生存。植物面对淹水的不同生存策略,如休眠、形态结构调整等,是决定阈值种间差异的主要原因。研究结果能够为确定生态水文过程线,遏制鄱阳湖湿地退化趋势提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽建成后对越冬白鹤的影响

鄱阳湖是世界最大的白鹤越冬基地,其水位多样性是维持湖区内生物多样性以及为白鹤提供越冬生境的必要条件。近年,由于主湖区水位连年降低,白鹤已无法在其越冬,鄱阳湖自然保护区几乎成为了白鹤越冬的唯一区域,从而导致了白鹤数量在鄱阳湖区域内的减少。拟建的鄱阳湖大闸可以有效地控制鄱阳湖的水位,恢复和科学调节江湖关系,进而维持该区域的生物多样性。文章模拟并分析了建闸前后鄱阳湖自然保护区和主湖区的自身水生态、水位变化,以及两者湿地面积变化和白鹤食物分布的变化,认为鄱阳湖大闸提高了主湖区水位多样性且不影响自然保护区的正常运作,分担了自然保护区的压力,从而从整体上提高了整个鄱阳湖对白鹤的生物承载量。     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植被对关键水文要素的响应规律研究

为了揭示鄱阳湖湿地植被对关键水文要素的响应规律,综合运用EFDC水动力学模型和高斯模型,建立了湿地植被分布面积对淹没水深、淹没时长和退水时间的响应关系,明确湿地植被对关键水文要素的生态需求。结果表明:鄱阳湖湿地典型植被对这3种关键水文要素的生态阈值点由小到大依次均表现为:芦苇苔草虉草蓼子草,从而形成了芦苇、苔草、虉草和蓼子草由高到低的空间分布格局;苔草的生态幅宽最大,表明其对生境的适宜范围最广、适应能力最强,从而使得其在鄱阳湖的分布范围最广。     

Associations between the plant communities of floodplain wetlands,water regime and wetland type

Understanding how floodplain wetland vegetation is influenced by water regimes can inform the management of regulated river systems by targeting appropriate environmental water allocations. In this study, we examined plant community structure in 21 floodplain wetlands adjacent to the Murray River between Hume Reservoir and Tocumwal, south‐eastern Australia. Correlations between the water regime of the previous 25 years, and wetland type were investigated. We found the structure of plant communities, as assessed by the richness and percentage cover of plants, to be related to water regime, with clear differences between the communities of wetlands with historical ‘Wet’, ‘Dry’ and ‘Intermediate’ water regimes. Plant community structure was also related to wetland type, with differences being found between the communities of floodplain depressions, flood‐runners and cut‐off meanders. Managers of riverine/floodplain ecosystems need to consider both wetland type and water regime when planning strategies for the restoration or conservation of floodplain wetland vegetation in regulated river systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工湿地植物水质净化作用的数值模拟研究

研究区域永年洼湿地面临生态退化、水污染严重等问题,已通过人工种植湿地植物进行生态修复及水质改善。永年洼连续2年的水质监测结果表明,随着湿地植物的种植和生长,洼内水体的氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等都有不同程度的下降。本文根据湿地植物对水质的作用机理,通过MIKE模型的EcoLab中水质过程自定义及编辑功能,基于湿地植物的泌氧、细菌活性增加和植物吸收作用下水化学反应过程,构建"WQ+Veg"水质模块,耦合MIKE21水动力结果,模拟永年洼人工湿地种植前后湖区流速及NH3-N、 TN、 TP等水质指标的变化。在有加密监测的断面上,模拟有植物的2017年情景相比无植物的2016年情景,NH3-N、TN和TP平均下降了14.9%、7.33%和14.3%,与监测结果较为一致。在永年洼出水口处2017年相比2016年,NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率提高了7.2%、5.3%和9.1%。模型描述的反应过程清晰,可考虑湿地植物类型、分布、面积等条件下水质氮磷的响应,为大尺度湿地修复的布局及设计提供研究工具,同时为湿地水质净化效果评估提供依据。     

Vegetation community response to hydrologic and geomorphic changes following dam removal

Dam removal can restore fish passage, natural flow regimes, sediment transport in streams, dispersal of organic matter, and drift of aquatic insects. However, dam removal also impacts the riparian vegetation, with both immediate and delayed responses. In this study, we measure vegetation change at the Merrimack Village Dam site on the Souhegan River in Merrimack, NH, USA. The August 2008 removal caused a ~3‐m drop in water level and rapid erosion of impounded sediment, with ~50% removed in the first 3 months. Terrace, floodplain, and wetland communities were surveyed in summer 2007, 2009, 2014, and 2015. Temporal change was quantified using Analysis of Similarity on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Only herbaceous vegetation closest to the river channel and in the off‐channel wetland changed significantly. The herbaceous plots directly adjacent to the impoundment eroded to bare sand in 2009, but by 2014, the original riparian fringe community had re‐established in the newly developed floodplain. Between 2007 and 2014, the off‐channel wetland area changed from aquatic species to a stable terrestrial community that persisted without significant change in 2015. The vegetation response was greatest in areas with the largest geomorphic and hydrologic change. These included the channel margin where erosion and bank slumping created an unstable scarp. The mid‐channel island and off‐channel wetland were strongly affected by the lowered water table. However, large unvegetated areas never persisted nor did the areal coverage of invasive species expand, which are two frequent concerns of dam removal stakeholders.     

湿地-水塘-地下灌排改进系统的效应

从湿地、湿地植被、灌排系统和水塘4方面对美国湿地-水塘-地下灌排系统(WRSIS)进行改进,分析改进的WRSIS的效应。结果表明,WRSIS改进系统具有显著的节水、增产和改善水质(减污)的效应,值得在全国范围内示范推广。     

Emergent vegetation in Netley-Libau Marsh: Temporal changes (1990–2013) in cover in relation to Lake Winnipeg level and Red River flow

A time-series (1990–2013) of classified vegetation cover maps was produced for Netley-Libau Marsh, a 26,000 ha coastal wetland on Lake Winnipeg, to assess its current status and verify earlier trends of emergent vegetation loss. Open water area in the marsh was measured from late-summer Landsat images for 20 years; three classes of vegetation types (emergents, wet meadows, upland) could also be identified for 12 images covering the same period. Temporal changes in area and distribution of marsh vegetation were related to adjoining Lake Winnipeg water-level and Red River discharge, as well as marsh connectivity and bathymetry. From 1990 to 2002, an increase in open-water areas and decrease in emergent vegetation coincided with rising levels and flows. The year 2003 marked major wetland regeneration and a decrease of open-water area under extremely low water-levels and flows. From 2005 to 2013, open-water area remained consistent, under high but variable levels and flows. A strong negative correlation was found between area of emergent vegetation and mean Red River discharge in the previous June-July. Superimposition of the limit of new emergent vegetation observed in 2003 with depth contours surveyed in 2010 revealed the dynamic nature of marsh bathymetry. Periods of extremely low water as short as one year (2003) induced a marked expansion in emergent vegetation cover that persisted over the next ten years despite higher water-levels. Rather than being gradual, changes in the spatial extent of Netley-Libau Marsh vegetation appeared to proceed by fits and starts, wherein periods of relative stasis were disrupted by major changes in abundance.     

ASSESSMENT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION SENSITIVITY TO RIVER HYDROLOGY DOWNSTREAM OF A MAJOR TEXAS DAM

Dams may impact the health of downstream riparian vegetation communities through flow modifications such as decreased flood frequency and duration. Without historical vegetation data, however, it is difficult to relate changes in vegetation composition to hydrology patterns downstream of dams. We studied bottomland hardwood forests downstream of Toledo Bend Dam on the Sabine River in Texas and Louisiana to determine their sensitivity to minor changes in river hydrology with a particular focus on floods. Current riparian vegetation was characterized within three topographic zones at three selected sites below the dam. Using 80 years of hydrologic records from two gauging stations downstream of the dam, we evaluated trends in flood frequency, flood duration, peak discharge and total flood discharge in those periods before (1926?1965) and after (1971?2005) dam construction, as well as related flood stage to floodplain elevations to link topography to flood frequency. Plant species diversity in this system is highly dependent on minor changes in elevation, and the proportion of wetland‐dependent species changes rapidly with only a few centimeters difference in elevation. Although 50% of trees, shrubs and herbs in the sloughs were wetland adapted, their numbers were only 21% in the levees (74–284 cm higher in elevation) and 14% in the mid‐floodplains. Since dam construction, total flood discharge and duration at the most upstream gauge on the Sabine River decreased by 49%. At both gauges, mean discharge was also altered with higher summer flows. Patterns of tree regeneration point to less recruitment by wetland‐dependent species in the years following dam construction. These results suggest that minor changes in flood magnitude might limit occurrence of wetland species to the lowest topographic zones and illustrate the need to analyse sensitivity of plants to minor changes in flood characteristics when historical data for the vegetation community are lacking. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MODIS/EVI的额尔古纳河流域植被变化分析

本文选取了额尔古纳河流域2000-2009年5-9月共十年80个时相的MODIS-EVI数据,以每年EVI最大值和平均值为指标对额尔古纳河流域研究区的植被变化趋势进行了分析。分析表明,整个区域的植被指数总体呈下降的趋势,其中显著下降的面积约15197km2（10.05%）;显著增加的面积约为2733km2（1.81%）。根据区域土地利用分类数据以及DEM数据的分析发现,植被呈显著减小趋势的区域主要分布在海拔较低的湿地和海拔较高的林地,林地EVI指数呈显著下降意味着它们发生了大面积的退化,结合1979-2008年4-9月的径流分析发现由于近年来流域径流量的明显减小所以湿地EVI指数呈显著下降也意味着它发生了大面积的退化。额尔古纳河流域气温逐年升高、降水量减少、蒸发量增加等气候条件的变化,是该区域植被指数下降的主要原因。     

Composition of the seed bank in drawdown areas of Navigation Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River

In an effort to enhance aquatic plant production and habitat diversity on the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), resource managers considered water level reduction as a management tool to increase the area of emergent and submersed aquatic vegetation by natural seed germination. To quantify the availability of seed, we assessed the potential seed bank of selected areas of Navigation Pool 8 of the UMR from substrate samples collected in spring 2000. We tested these samples for viable seed content under four hydrologic conditions: dry, moist, shallow flooded and submerged. Forty‐seven species were identified in the seed bank, including 27 obligate wetland, 10 facultative wetland and 7 upland species. Dominant taxa within the seed bank included Sagittaria spp., Lindernia dubia, Zosterella dubia, Cyperus spp., Eragrostis spp. and Leersia oryzoides. Of the four hydrologic treatments, moist substrates had the greatest species diversity and were the most productive, yielding an average density of 1420 seedlings m^?2. Emergent and submersed aquatic species were widely distributed, each type occurring in more than 90% of the samples. Timing of seedling germination varied among species and has implications for scheduling drawdowns to promote establishment of desired species. Seed bank results were correlated with the vegetation response on substrates exposed during a reduction of water levels of Pool 8 during summer 2001. Experimentally determining the composition and viability of seed banks from drawdown areas provides information useful in predicting the types of vegetation that may develop on exposed substrates. Further, these findings provide resource managers a better understanding of the potential for achieving desired vegetation response through water level reductions. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.