活化法测量CFBR-II堆中子注量和中子能谱

采用活化法研究了CFBR-II堆中子能谱、中子注量分布和辐照样品对中子场的扰动。建立了用于求解中子能谱的SAND-II解谱程序。对实验结果的分析表明,活化法得到的中子注量率与裂变室得到的结果是一致的,辐照样品对中子能谱有一定的软化。     

活化法测量CFBR-Ⅱ堆中子注量和中子能谱

采用活化法研究了CFBR-Ⅱ堆中子能谱、中子注量分布和辐照样品对中子场的扰动。建立了用于求解中子能谱的SAND-Ⅱ解谱程序。对实验结果的分析表明，活化法得到的中子注量率与裂变室得到的结果是一致的，辐照样品对中子能谱有一定的软化。     

能谱变化对活化法中子注量测量的影响

在反应堆中子注量测量中，活化探测器可能会经历多个燃料循环的中子辐照，不同燃料循环的中子能谱也会发生变化。考虑到中子能谱变化的影响，对某批次国产反应堆压力容器辐照材料进行中子注量测量修正。计算结果表明，探测器权重快中子注量率（E＞1.0 MeV）修正后比理论中子注量率（E＞1.0 MeV）高1.75%；与修正前相比降低了3.73%，中子能谱变化的影响不容忽视。      

多箔活化法测量铀氢锆脉冲堆辐照腔中子注量谱

用多箔活化法测定铀氢锆脉冲堆辐照腔脉冲工况下的中子注量 ,选用了 2 1种非裂变箔。其中 5种是热区的 ,5种是中能区的 ,1 1种是快区的 ,给出了箔的特性参数。通过测定各箔的活化率 ,运用迭代法中的直接偏差最小法和应用较广的SAND Ⅱ ,求解了辐照腔待测点全能区 (1 0 -4 eV～ 1 8MeV)微分和积分中子注量谱。用求解的微分中子注量计算了 0 5MeV和 1MeV以上的阈探测器的平均截面 ,研究了影响求解精度的主要因素     

核电厂压力容器材料在49-2反应堆的辐照技术研究

应用MCNP程序对堆芯建模,计算得出辐照孔道内距堆心底部高25 cm处的中子能谱,结合多箔活化法测量结果,通过SANDII程序解谱得出该位置的快中子注量率;通过相对快中子注量率测量,获得孔道内轴向快中子注量率分布,从而确定辐照时长和辐照方案,使样品辐照达到快中子(E≥1 Me V)注量~6×1019cm-2的技术指标。为完成辐照样品解体,应用ORIGEN2程序计算,获得待解体样品源项;使用MCNP程序对解体时的操作环境进行建模,计算得出不同屏蔽层厚度的γ剂量率数据;与实测结果进行对比,计算结果与实测结果符合较好,证明屏蔽设计有效。本次辐照考验完全满足技术指标。。     

加速器驱动的次临界系统散裂靶泄漏中子谱研究

为研究加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）散裂靶的散裂中子学特性,采用Geant4计算不同能量质子轰击铅铋靶产生的泄漏中子产额、能谱、轴向积分分布。模拟得到1 GeV质子对应的靶的优化尺寸及优化后泄漏中子谱,计算结果可为ADS散裂靶件和堆芯设计提供参考。     

HFETR材料辐照精细中子注量率谱研究

采用蒙特卡洛程序(MCNP)模拟计算高通量工程试验堆(HFETR)典型辐照孔道内样品精细中子注量率谱,包括轴向、径向中子注量率谱及172群中子能谱,分析其特点和变化规律,同时比较辐照孔道填充不同材料时的中子能谱。结果表明:不同孔道辐照相同材料及同一孔道辐照不同材料时,所得的能谱分布趋势和特点比较一致。在高能区,中子能谱近似为于裂变中子谱分布;在慢化能区,近似为费米谱分布;而在热能区,近似为麦克斯韦谱分布。     

能谱变化对239Pu裂变室测量快中子注量的影响

热中子和共振区的中子在快中子临界装置中所占的份额很小,但是由于其相对大的截面,在慢化物存在的情况下,热中子和共振中子份额的微小变化,对^239Pu裂变室测量中子注量的结果影响很大。通过测量^239Pu裂变电离室在包镉和包硼、周围有无慢化物等情况下的反应率,Au、In活化片的镉比,S活化片在能谱变化下与^239。Pu的反应率比等,分析了快中子临界装置中热中子和共振区中子的分布,讨论了中子能谱变化对^239Pu裂变室测量快中子注量的影响及解决办法。     

研究堆辐照孔道内热中子注量率测量方法研究

采用经典的活化箔法测量研究堆辐照孔道内热中子注量率的相对分布,并选择孔道内有代表性的点进行中子温度和热中子绝对注量率的测量;最后利用镉比修正法对实验结果进行校核。分析表明,2种方法得到的数据符合较好,可以相互校核用于其他孔道内的绝对热中子注量率测量。     

用DCE/CEM和LAHET软件计算ADS标准散裂靶的比较

利用蒙卡程序DCM／CEM和LAHET对加速器驱动的次临界系统ADS标准散裂中子靶进行了计算。长为0．6m、直径为0．2m的圆柱形^208Pb靶在0．15—1．6GeV的高能质子轰击的情况下,利用两软件对质子在靶内的能量沉积、Pb靶发生散裂反应产生的中子及靶内和表面的中子注量、中子能谱分布等进行了比较计算。结果表明：两者模拟结果在中能区(0．8—1．0GeV)符合很好,但在质子能量较高或较低时,两者略有差别。     

单晶硅受照热中子注量率的双箔活化法测量研究

由于活化箔材料和单晶硅目标核素的活化截面随中子能量的变化曲线形状不同，导致等效2200 m/s热中子注量率的活化箔法确定值与单晶硅目标活化率的对应值存在一定的偏差。为研究活化截面的变化差异对测量的影响，对热中子活化截面均服从1/v规律，但共振积分和2200 m/s热中子活化截面的比值相差较大的Zr箔和CoAl箔进行了测量比较。结果表明，由于超热中子对前者的活化率贡献更大，导致Zr箔确定的值明显高于CoAl箔的值，活化截面的变化差异对测量结果有显著影响。为消除该影响，采用通过两种活化箔确定的值和Stoughton-Halperin约定关系式建立方程组的方法，确定了与单晶硅目标活化率对应的等效2 200 m/s热中子注量率。     

Reaction rate analyses of accelerator-driven system experiments with 100 MeV protons at Kyoto University Critical Assembly

At the Kyoto University Critical Assembly, a series of reaction rate experiments is conducted on the accelerator-driven system (ADS) with spallation neutrons generated by the combined use of 100 MeV protons and a lead–bismuth target in the subcritical state. The reaction rates are measured by the foil activation method to obtain neutron spectrum information on ADS. Numerical calculations are performed with MCNP6.1 and JENDL/HE-2007 for high-energy protons and spallation process, JENDL-4.0 for transport and JENDL/D-99 for reaction rates. That the reaction rates depend on subcriticality is revealed by the accuracy of the C/E (calculation/experiment) values. Nonetheless, the accuracy of the reaction rates at high-energy thresholds remains an important issue in the fixed-source calculations. From reaction rate analyses, the indium ratio is newly defined as another spectrum index with the combined use of ¹¹⁵In(n, γ)^116mIn and ¹¹⁵In(n, n′)^115mIn reaction rates, and considered useful in examining the neutron spectrum information on ADS with spallation neutrons.     

用于CSNS反角白光中子能谱及注量率测量的快裂变室

即将建成的中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS)反角白光中子束线可为核数据测量提供高注量率的脉冲白光中子束流,填补我国核数据测量用白光中子源的空白,提高我国核数据测量水平,满足核能、核技术及基础核物理研究对核数据的需求。该束线建成后,其中子能谱及注量率的精确测量将是开展其它物理实验的基础,快裂变电离室因其独特优点被选为中子能谱和注量率测量探测器。通过实验研究了快裂变电离室的粒子分辨性能、时间分辨性能;确定阴、阳极的合理间距为10 mm,据此测得电离室的时间分辨约15 ns;利用235U样品量计算的探测效率与利用伴随粒子法给出的探测效率在不确定度范围内符合,因此可以标定快裂变室的探测效率。通过这些工作,完成了满足反角白光中子束能谱及注量率测量需求的快裂变室的物理设计。     

Neutronic performance of the MEGAPIE spallation target under high power proton beam

The MEGAPIE project, aiming at the construction and operation of a megawatt liquid lead-bismuth spallation target, constitutes the first step in demonstrating the feasibility of liquid heavy metal target technologies as spallation neutron sources. In particular, MEGAPIE is meant to assess the coupling of a high power proton beam with a window-concept heavy liquid metal target. The experiment has been set at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland and, after a 4-month long irradiation, has provided unique data for a better understanding of the behavior of such a target under realistic irradiation conditions. A complex neutron detector has been developed to provide an on-line measurement of the neutron fluency inside the target and close to the proton beam. The detector is based on micrometric fission chambers and activation foils. These two complementary detection techniques have provided a characterization of the neutron flux inside the target for different positions along its axis. Measurements and simulation results presented in this paper aim to provide important recommendations for future accelerator driven systems (ADS) and neutron source developments.     

使用活化探测器和成像盘技术相结合的方法测量混凝土屏蔽体内中子空间分布

描述了一种联合使用活化探测器和成像盘技术（IP）探测中子注量的方法。利用这种方法测量了高能中子束线装置KENS（KEKspallationneutronsourcefacility）中混凝土屏蔽体内中子的空间分布。高能中子注量衰减的实验结果与使用蒙特卡罗程序MARS14模拟计算的结果符合很好。结果表明，联合使用活化探测器和成像盘技术可以同时测量多个位置的中子注量，直观展现出混凝土屏蔽体内中子强度的分布情况。     

Development of the high-energy neutron fluence rate standard field in Japan with a peak energy of 45 MeV using the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction at TIARA

In this study, we developed a 45 MeV neutron fluence rate standard of Japan. Quasi-monoenergetic neutrons with a peak energy of 45 MeV in the neutron standard field were produced by the ⁷Li(p,n)⁷Be reaction using a 50-MeV proton beam from an azimuthally varying field (AVF) cyclotron of the Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application (TIARA). The neutron energy spectrum was measured using an organic liquid scintillation detector and a ⁶Li-glass scintillation detector by the time-of-flight method, and using a Bonner sphere spectrometer by the unfolding method. The absolute neutron fluence was determined using a proton recoil telescope (PRT) composed of the liquid scintillation detector and a Si(Li) detector that was newly developed in the present study. The detection efficiency of the PRT was obtained using the MCNPX code. The peak neutron production cross section for the ⁷Li(p,n)⁷Be reaction was also derived from the neutron fluence in order to confirm the neutron fluence of the TIARA high-energy neutron field. The peak neutron production cross section obtained in the present study was in good agreement with those of previous studies. The characteristics of the 45-MeV neutron field in TIARA were successfully evaluated in order to calibrate high-energy neutron detectors and high-energy neutron dosimeters.     

Fission Spectrum Averaged Cross Sections of Some Threshold Reactions Measured with Fast Reactor “YAYOI”

Abstract

Fission spectrum averaged cross sections of twenty one threshold reactions were measured in the core center of YAYOI which was a fast neutron source reactor. Fast neutron spectrum in the core was experimentally determined by using a set of activation foils and micro-fission counters, prior to the cross section measurement. It was found that the shape of the fast neutron spectrum was approximately the same as that of fission neutrons above about 2MeV. This fact was also supported by theoretical calculation.

Since this neutron field has scarce thermal and epithermal neutrons, measurement of nuclei produced by threshold reactions is not affected by (n, γ) reactions which are induced by thermal and epithermal neutrons. Moreover, considerably high fast neutron flux (about 5 x 10¹¹n/cm²·sec) enables to measure cross sections of small values.

The results in general agreed with the previous values obtained in a reactor core or with a fission plate within an experimental error, while they were systematically smaller by about 10% than those recommended by Fabry. The measured values are also compared with the results calculated by Pearlstein based on a statistical model.     

Implementation of an LBE spallation target in an accelerator-driven molten salt subcritical reactor

An accelerator-driven system (ADS) combined with a subcritical molten salt reactor (MSR) is a type of hybrid reactor originally designed to use Th/U (or U/Pu ) fuel cycles. In most accelerator-driven molten salt reactor (AD-MSR) concepts, the salt material is also used as a target for inducing spallation neutrons. Although a neutron source is an important component in the design of ADS, only a few studies have addressed the effects of the neutron spallation source in the AD-MSR. Incidentally, there is no quantitative study on how much the beam power can be reduced by installing a spallation target in a sodium chloride-based fast reactor. We studied the proton and the neutron source efficiencies of an AD-MSR with chloride fuels by considering an Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target. This LBE target is found to increase the proton source efficiency significantly. The required beam power for an AD-MSR can be reduced by 33 % and 16 % for NaCl-Th/²³³U and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively, relative to the AD-MSR without the LBE spallation target by keeping the same k_eff. The energy gain can be increased up to 1.5 times and 1.2 times for NaCl-Th/²³³U and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively. Thus, incorporating a spallation target module in an AD-MSR can significantly reduce the burden on the accelerator.     

Neutron Irradiation Effects on Thermally Activated Process of Tensile Properties of Titanium

This paper deals with the relationship between mechanical properties and irradiation, effects for titanium irradiated to fast neutron fluxes. The neutron fluences applied are 6.9×10¹⁸, 8.6 × 10¹⁸ and 3.0 × 10¹⁹ n/cm². Tensile deformation is carried out over the temperature range of 77–about 600°K retaining the strain rate constant on one hand and changing the strain rate by a factor of about 5 and 10 on the other.

The fluence (φ) dependence of the yield stress at room temperature for an athermal component of the stress, σμ is greater than that for a thermal component σ* which does not change remarkably after irradiation. Their increments Δσ, Δμ and Δ σ* are proportional toσ ^1/3, σ^1/2σ^1/4 and, respectively.

The relationship between activation volume V* and effective shear stress τ* is investigated for both the unirradiated and irradiated specimens. In terms of the τ*/τ*₀ analysis (τ*_o is the value of τ* at T = 0°K), V* shows a tendency to decrease with increase in neutron fluence.

Irradiation defects observable by electron microscopy seem to be related to the athermal activation stress (σ_u) and those too small to be observed by electron microscopy to the thermal activation stress. The yield stress in the thermal activation can be given by Conrad's formula. The activation energy H₀ shows a constant value of about 1.8 eV irrespective of the neutron fluence applied. This value is 0.3–0.4eV higher than that for unirradiated specimens.