非晶合金与羟基磷灰石复合材料的研究

利用渗流铸造法制备了直径为6mm的vit106非晶合金与羟基磷灰石(HA)的复合材料,分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析了铸态合金的组织形貌和相组成.实验结果表明,铸态合金由非晶组织和HA组成,二者均匀分布,界面结合良好.力学性能实验表明,复合材料的压缩断裂强度为250MPa,最大塑性变形量达到了65%.与目前钛合舷金/20%(体积分数)HA复合材料相比,强度得到了提高;与块体非晶合金多孔材料相比,在相近的强度指标下,具有更高的塑性.由于HA与非晶合金都具有良好的生物相容性,因此这种复合材料在生物移植材料上具有一定应用前景.     

超音速电弧与普通电弧喷涂FeCrNiB涂层的耐磨损性能

为了提高电弧喷涂涂层的结合强度及耐磨损性能,采用超音速电弧喷涂技术和普通电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢表面分别制备了Fe17Cr5NiB涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段对比分析了2种涂层的微观结构及性能。结果表明:超音速电弧涂层具有更加致密的结构,其平均孔隙率为0.95%,远低于普通电弧涂层;超音速电弧涂层与基体呈紧密结合,其结合强度为60 MPa,而普通电弧涂层与基体之间呈明显的分层状态,其结合强度仅为28 MPa;超音速电弧涂层具有良好的非晶态结构及致密性,使其具有远高于普通电弧涂层的硬度以及耐磨损性能,显微硬度高出普通电弧涂层32.27%,耐磨损性能是普通电弧涂层的2倍以上(是基体的14倍以上)。     

Composite ceramic-metal coatings by means of combined electrophoretic deposition and galvanic methods

A method based on the combination of electrophoretic and galvanic deposition techniques has been developed to fabricate metal-ceramic composite coatings on metallic substrates. A ZrO₂-Ni composite coating with interpenetrating microstructure was produced on stainless steel plates. For electrophoretic deposition of the ceramic component, a non-aqueous suspension consisting of zirconia nanoparticles, ethanol and addition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was optimised by electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) measurements. The zirconia deposits were partially sintered to create an open porous structure (porosity = 40–50%), which was subsequently filled with Ni by galvanic deposition. The bonding strength between the composite coating and the stainless steel substrate was improved by a final heat-treatement at 950°C for 3 h which promoted the diffusion of Ni into the steel substrate and the formation of a diffusion interlayer. The high adhesion strength of the composite coating to the stainless steel substrate after the diffusion bonding heat-treatment was confirmed by 3-point flexural strength tests. The coating exhibited a homogeneous interpenetrating microstructure with hardness values >6 GPa.     

Electrophoretic deposition of composite hydroxyapatite-chitosan coatings

Cathodic electrophoretic deposition has been utilized for the fabrication of composite hydroxyapatite-chitosan coatings on 316L stainless steel substrates. The addition of chitosan to the hydroxyapatite suspensions promoted the electrophoretic deposition of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and resulted in the formation of composite coatings. The obtained coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that the deposit composition can be changed by a variation of the chitosan or hydroxyapatite concentration in the solutions. Experimental conditions were developed for the fabrication of hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposites containing 40.9–89.8 wt.% hydroxyapatite. The method enabled the formation of adherent and uniform coatings of thicknesses up to 60 μm. X-ray studies revealed that the preferred orientation of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in the chitosan matrix increases with decreasing hydroxyapatite content in the composite coatings. The obtained coatings provided the corrosion protection for the 316L stainless steel substrates.     

Formation of amorphous and nanocrystalline phases in high velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed a Fe–Cr–Si–B–Mn alloy

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray was used to deposit a Fe–Cr–Si–B alloy coating onto stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti) substrate. Microstructures of the powder and the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning election microscopy (SEM), transmission election microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The coating had layered morphologies due to the deposition and solidification of successive molten or half-molten splats. The microstructures of the coating consisted of a Fe–Cr-rich matrix and several kinds of borides. The Fe–Cr-rich matrix contained both amorphous phase and nanocrystalline grains with a size of 10–50 nm. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous phase was about 605 °C. The formation of the amorphous phase was attributed to the high cooling rates of molten droplets and the proper powder compositions by effective addition of Cr, Mn, Si and B. The nanocrystalline grains could result from crystallization in amorphous region or interface of the amorphous phase and borides by homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation.     

Effects of coatings on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced HAP composites

The HAP/carbon-fiber composite for bone re-construction was prepared and its mechanism of interfacial interaction between HAP and carbon fibers was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area diffraction (SAD) in this paper. Results show that composite reinforced by carbon fibers with a layer of β-TCP coatings exhibits significantly better biomechanical properties, comparing these composites with non-coated fibers. It can be explained that the existence of β-TCP coatings, changing the surface properties of carbon fibers into hydrophilic, greatly enhance the interfacial bonding strength by adhering to the HAP matrix directly. On the other hand, the β-TCP coatings, as a mid-layer between HAP and carbon fibers, can reduce the gradient of thermal stress on its phase boundary with HAP matrix, which can eliminate the cracking problems during cooling of sintered. Consequently causing improvement of mechanical properties of composites.     

Improved surface bioactivity of stainless steel substrates using osteocalcin mimetic peptide

Although stainless steel has a good biocompatibility for most clinical cases, the higher tissue response (bone bonding property) is required in orthopedic field. In this study, to improve bone-bonding ability of stainless steel substrates, a specific sequence of osteocalcin mimetic peptide is used as bioactive coating material to biochemically modify the surface of metallic samples. This sequence consists of thirteen amino acids present in the first helix of osteocalcin is synthesized in amidic form and physically adsorbed on the surface of 316LS (316 low carbon surgical grade) stainless steel substrates. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the surface of peptide coated and uncoated substrates. The bioactivity and bone bonding ability of coated and uncoated substrates are assessed by level of hydroxyapatite formation, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pre-osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation are also evaluated by MTT assay. The results show that the surface of coated sample is homogenously covered by the peptide and display a rougher surface relative to uncoated sample. TEM images reveal the formation of plate-like hydroxyapatite crystals in the presence of the peptide and an amorphous calcium phosphate phase without the peptide. Pre-osteoblast cells proliferation is significantly higher on the surface of peptide coated substrate, while cell attachment remains unaffected by the peptide coatings. Pre-osteoblast cells also demonstrate a higher degree of spreading on the surface of coated sample. It is believed that osteocalcin mimetic peptide improve surface bioactivity and promote hydroxyapatite crystal formation may lead to increased mineralization and bone formation on the surface of metallic biomedical devices.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of FeCrBSiMnNbY metallic glass coatings

This article investigates mechanical characteristics of Fe-based metallic glass coatings. A series of the coatings were fabricated by conventional wire-arc spray process. The microstructure of the coating was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning election microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimeter. The coating is very dense smooth, adhering well and with no cracking. The microstructure of the coating consists of amorphous phase and α(Fe,Cr) nanocrystalline phase. The nanocrystalline grains with a size of 30 to 60 nm are homogenously dispersed in the amorphous phase matrix. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous phase is about 545 °C. The mechanical properties, such as porosity, adhesive strength, microhardness, elastic modulus, and abrasive wear resistance, were analyzed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the coating has high microhardness (15.74 GPa), high elastic modulus (216.97 GPa), and low porosity (1.7%). The average adhesive strength value of the coating is 53.6 MPa. The relationship between abrasive wear behavior and structure of the coating is discussed. The relatively wear resistance of metallic glass coating is about 7 and 2.3 times higher than that of AISI 1045 steel and 3Cr13 martensite stainless steel coating, respectively. The main failure mechanism of metallic glass coating is brittle failure and fracture. The Fe-based metallic glass coating has excellent wear resistance.     

Hot isostatic pressing of metal reinforced metal matrix composites

Metal reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (MMMCs) made by combining an aluminium alloy matrix with stainless steel reinforcing wires are potentially cheaper and tougher than continuous fibre ceramic reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Although they do not give as great enhancements in stiffness and strength, worthwhile gains are achieved. Such MMMCs can be produced by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPping), which reduces interfacial reactions in comparison with liquid metal routes. Here, stainless steel (316L) and commercial purity aluminium wires were used to make bundles which were inserted into mild steel cans for HIPping at 525 °C/120 min/100 MPa. Some stainless steel wires were pre-coated with A17Si, to examine the effect of coatings on mechanical properties. Specimens were evaluated in terms of their tensile and fatigue properties. During HIPping, cans collapsed anisotropically to give different cross-section shapes, and for larger diameter cans, there was also some longitudinal twisting. Wires tended to be better aligned after HIPping in the smaller diameter cans, which produced material having higher modulus and UTS. Higher volume fractions of reinforcement tend to give better fatigue properties. Composites with coated stainless steel wires gave higher composite elongation to failure than uncoated wires. Both uncoated and coated wires failed by fatigue during fatigue testing of the composite. This contrasts with ceramic reinforced MMCs where the fibres fracture at weak points and then pull out of the matrix.     

轴向送粉等离子喷涂纳米氧化铬涂层的结构与性能

普通等离子喷枪外径向送粉,粉末利用率低,采用轴向送粉等离子喷涂系统在不锈钢上制备了纳米氧化铬涂层.测试了涂层的硬度及结合强度;应用SRV振动摩擦磨损试验机研究了涂层的摩擦磨损性能;通过金相、场发射扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射对涂层的形貌及组织结构进行了研究.结果表明,与普通氧化铬涂层相比,纳米氧化铬涂层的硬度及结合强度更高、摩擦系数更低、抗摩擦磨损性能更好.     

铜/不锈钢加筋板爆炸焊接工艺实验

随着我国核电新能源的发展,新型材料的需求也在不断的增加,铜/不锈钢加筋板是其中一种,具有重要工程应用价值,目前无法用常规的冷、热加工工艺进行生产。通过爆炸焊接法,采用一种新的"凸台式"装药形式,在支撑模板设计及其填充方案、工装等方面进行了深入研究,优化了焊接参数,并对成品的结合界面进行了剪切强度测试、金相观测、电镜扫描和显微硬度测试。检测结果表明:铜/不锈钢焊接结合面为波状冶金结合界面,在波峰两侧存在含金属氧化物的"冠状"漩涡,结合界面附近的晶粒被拉长变细,显微硬度显著升高,界面结合强度超过铜材。     

铜/不锈钢加筋板爆炸焊接工艺实验

随着我国核电新能源的发展,新型材料的需求也在不断的增加,铜/不锈钢加筋板是其中一种,具有重要工程应用价值,目前无法用常规的冷、热加工工艺进行生产。通过爆炸焊接法,采用一种新的"凸台式"装药形式,在支撑模板设计及其填充方案、工装等方面进行了深入研究,优化了焊接参数,并对成品的结合界面进行了剪切强度测试、金相观测、电镜扫描和显微硬度测试。检测结果表明:铜/不锈钢焊接结合面为波状冶金结合界面,在波峰两侧存在含金属氧化物的"冠状"漩涡,结合界面附近的晶粒被拉长变细,显微硬度显著升高,界面结合强度超过铜材。     

大气等离子喷涂制备莫来石涂层的性能

采用大气等离子喷涂制备莫来石涂层,对涂层进行了热震试验。以OLYCIA m3图像分析软件测定涂层孔隙率,以MH-5-VM型显微硬度仪测定涂层硬度,依照ASTMC633-79标准测定涂层结合强度,以X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征涂层的相组成和微观形貌。结果表明,莫来石涂层主要由变形颗粒、未熔融粉末及少量孔隙组成,涂层中没有微观裂纹;涂层中含有莫来石晶体和部分非晶态玻璃相;热震过程中,涂层中的非晶转变为晶态莫来石,同时伴随应力释放,导致涂层出现微观裂纹。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy and stainless steel weld-joint made by friction stir lap welding

Friction stir lap welding was conducted on soft/hard metals. A welding tool was designed with a cutting pin of rotary burr made of tungsten carbide, which makes the stirring pin possible to penetrate and cut the surface layer of the hard metal. Magnesium alloy AZ31 and stainless steel SUS302 were chosen as soft/hard base metals. The structures of the joining interface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The joining strength was evaluated by tensile shear test. The results showed that flower-like interfacial morphologies were presented with steel flashes and scraps, which formed bonding mechanisms of nail effect by long steel flashes, zipper effect by saw-tooth structure and metallurgical bonding. The shear strength of the lap joint falls around the shear strength of butt joint of friction stir welded magnesium alloy.     

Microstructural characterization of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel laser-deposited coatings

High cooling rates during laser cladding of stainless steels may alter the microstructure and phase constitution of the claddings and consequently change their functional properties. In this research, solidification structures and solid state phase transformation products in single and multi layer AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel coatings deposited by laser cladding at different processing speeds are investigated by optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), ternary phase diagram, Schaeffler and TTT diagrams. The results of this study show how partitionless solidification and higher solidification rates alter the microstructure and phase constitution of martensitic stainless steel laser deposited coatings. In addition, it is shown that while different cladding speeds have no effect on austenite–martensite orientation relationship in the coatings, increasing the cladding speed has resulted in a reduction of hardness in deposited coatings which is in contrast to the common idea about obtaining higher hardness values at higher cladding speeds.     

等离子喷涂制备HA/ZrO2复合涂层

采用等离子喷涂技术,在Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ基体上成功地制备了羟基磷灰石／氧化锆（ＨＡ／ＺｒＯ_２）复合涂层,对涂层的微观结构、相组成和结合强度进行了研究,并以模拟体液试验评估涂层的生物活性．结果表明,复合涂层具有较为均匀的微观结构．ＨＡ／ＺｒＯ_２复合涂层的结合强度明显高于 ＨＡ涂层, ＨＡ／６０ ｗｔ％ ＺｒＯ_２涂层的结合强度高达 ２８．５ＭＰａ,为 ＨＡ涂层的 ２．２倍．复合涂层在模拟体液中浸泡一段时间后,表面覆盖一层碳酸磷灰石（ｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅ－ａｐａｔｉｔｅ）,表明涂层具有良好的生物活性．     

Electro-spark deposition of Fe-based amorphous alloy coatings

A simple and effective surface coating technique, electro-spark deposition (ESD), has been used to produce amorphous alloy coatings. Fe-Cr-Mo-Gd-C-B amorphous alloy rods produced by copper mould casting were used as electrode to produce coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate. Classical X-ray diffraction (XRD), glancing angle XRD (GAXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicate that the coatings have an average thickness of ∼ 30 μm, show an amorphous structure, and are metallurgically bonded to the substrate. Microhardness tests showed that the coating layer has a high hardness of 1542 kg/mm², implying a much improved wear resistance on surface of stainless steels.     

pH值对Cu-Co合金镀层结构及中温氧化行为的影响

为探索适合用作铁素体不锈钢表面的保护涂层,在不同pH值条件下,通过电沉积法在SUS430铁素体不锈钢表面共沉积Cu-Co合金镀层,并在750℃下进行中温氧化试验,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)等手段,分析镀层及氧化膜的形貌和组成,结合增重法研究Cu-Co合金镀层的中温抗氧化性能。结果表明:随着pH值的增加,镀层中Co元素的含量逐渐增大,Cu元素含量逐渐减小;在750℃中温氧化时,pH=6试样氧化速率最小;经400 h氧化后,基体表面的氧化物为Cr_2O_3和Fe_3O_4,pH=4镀层的氧化物主要为CuO,pH=5镀层的氧化物开始形成(Cu,Co)_3O_4尖晶石氧化物,pH=6镀层的氧化物中(Cu,Co)_3O_4和CuO成为主相;随着氧化时间的延长,pH=4,5镀层的氧化物晶粒缓慢长大,pH=6镀层的氧化物颗粒逐步细化;Cu-Co合金镀层氧化后的氧化层与SUS430钢的热匹配性较好,且镀层中Co含量较高时,其抗氧化性也较好,因此,pH=6镀液中获得的合金镀层适合用作铁素体不锈钢表面保护涂层。     

沉积电压对Hap-PAM生物涂层结构及性能的影响

为了提高生物惰性材料C/C的生物活性以及C/C基体与生物活性材料羟基磷灰石(HAp)的结合强度, 以丙烯酰胺单体(AM)和声化学制备的纳米HAp为原料, 异丙醇为分散介质, 采用水热电泳聚合沉积法在C/C复合材料表面制备了羟基磷灰石-聚丙烯酰胺(HAp-PAM)生物复合涂层。用XRD、 TEM、 SEM、 FTIR、 力学性能测试等手段对涂层的相组成、 官能团、 断面的微观形貌及结合强度进行了测试和表征, 研究了水热沉积电压对复合涂层结构和性能的影响。结果表明: 随着沉积电压的升高, 涂层中HAp的衍射峰呈现先增强后减小的趋势, PAM的衍射峰逐渐消失; 涂层的结合强度随着电压的升高先增强后减小。沉积电压为150 V时, 涂层的致密性和均匀性达到最佳, 涂层的厚度以及涂层与基体的结合强度分别达到最大值25 μm 和19 MPa。      

Plasma spraying of stainless-steel particles coated with an alumina shell

The effect of an alumina coating, obtained by mechanofusion, on stainless-steel particles used in plasma spraying has been studied by examining sprayed particles in mid-flight and their resulting splats and coatings. The mean size of the injected powders is about 65 μm and the thickness of the alumina shell 4 μm. The results show that without preheating the substrate the splats of both types of powder are extensively fingered and become circular when the substrate surface is preheated over 200°C. For the case of the stainless steel/alumina composite splats, Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the distribution of the various elements shows that the alumina is either spread exactly on the stainless-steel splat or is dispersed in pieces and frozen over the surface of the stainless-steel splat. The first case corresponds to well molten particles where, after their flight in the plasma jet, all the alumina shell has flowed to the tail of the particle; the second case is related to particles which have still an alumina shell uniformly distributed around the stainless-steel core. Finally, a composite stainless steel/alumina coating sprayed on a rough (R_a 6.7±0.3 μm) stainless-steel substrate preheated to 400°C is compared with a pure stainless-steel coating. Both hardness and cohesion are found to improve for the alumina-coated particles.