Laser treatment and PVD TiN coating of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Laser gas assisted processing can be used to modify the surface properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy through the use of gaseous interaction with the laser melted surface. Laser surface melting of titanium and its alloys in nitrogen to form a layer of TiN embedded in a metallic matrix which is enriched in alloying elements has attracted considerable interest. The surface roughness of the laser-treated surface is poor, therefore, a secondary processing becomes essential. In the present study, duplex treatment of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was carried out. The alloy surface was melted initially under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere, which in turn resulted in a laser-induced nitrided surface. The resulting workpiece surface, then, was PVD TiN coated. In order to assess the wear properties of the resulting surface, friction tests were carried out. SEM, XRD and microhardness were carried out for microstructural analysis and material characterization. It was found that the adhesion of the TiN coating to the base alloy improved considerably in the case of laser-treated workpieces and smooth transition in plastic shearing resistance between the TiN coating and the base alloy enhanced the wear properties of the laser-treated surface.     

Effects of cutting geometry in turning with TiN-coated tools

The effects of cutting tool geometry on the performance of TiN-coated high-speed steel tools were studied. Turning tests were carried out with inserts made of conventional and powder metallurgical HSS. The workpiece material was a case hardening steel with a hardness of 170 HB. Two different cutting geometries were used. In addition to altering the cutting angles, the effect of honing the cutting edge before coating was studied. The results showed clearly that even small changes in the tool angles affect the performance of the TiN-coated tool. Honing the cutting edge significantly increased wear resistance by improving the edge strength and reducing microchipping. On the basis of the results the modification of cutting tool geometry for hard coatings is discussed.     

Shot lining of magnesium alloy with hard powders

To improve the surface properties, lining of magnesium alloys with hard powders by shot peening was carried out in order. The hard powders were tried to bond to the workpiece surface due to the collision of many shots. In order to fix the hard powders to the surface of the workpiece, the powders were set on an uneven surface. To easily facilitate fixing of powders, lining of the workpiece with the powder sandwiched between two aluminum foil sheets was also attempted. In this experiment, a centrifugal shot peening machine with an electrical heater was employed. The workpieces were magnesium alloys AZ31B and AZ91D, and the hard powders were commercial cemented carbide, alumina, and zirconia. The joinability of hard powders near the lined surface was observed by a optical microscope. The wear resistance was also evaluated by a wear test. The hard powders were successfully bonded to the surface of workpieces by the shot lining process. The results show that the present method is effective in wear resistance of the magnesium alloys.     

Inclined impact–sliding wear tests of TiN/Al2O3/TiCN coatings on cemented carbide substrates

A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) TiN/Al₂O₃/TiCN coating has been commercially used as a protective coating on cemented carbide cutting tools to improve tool life and superficial quality of the workpiece. However, the CVD coating is relatively brittle and could fail due to fatigue cracking induced wear under localized contact stresses during the milling operation. Traditional coating evaluation techniques such as tribo tests, scratch tests and impact tests only involve single movement, i.e., either sliding or impacting. In the present work, the fatigue and wear behavior of the triple-layered coatings on cemented carbide substrates was investigated using a novel impact–sliding wear tester, which simulates a repetitive movement of combined impact and sliding motions between cutting tools and workpieces during interrupted milling operations. The coatings on the surface and cross-section were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results from the impact component showed that fatigue cracking increased for the coating on a harder substrate likely due to the lower toughness of the substrate. The results from the sliding component showed that the wear resistance of the coating decreased as the substrate was softer. The test results provided constructive knowledge in selection and development of coatings for impact and sliding involved applications.     

Material,Mechanical, and Tribological Characterization of Laser-Treated Surfaces

Laser treatment under nitrogen assisting gas environment of cobalt-nickel-chromium-tungsten-based superalloy and high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray coating of nickel-chromium-based superalloy on carbon steel was carried out to improve mechanical and tribological properties. Superalloy surface was preprepared to include B₄C particles at the surface prior to the laser treatment process. Material and morphological changes in the laser-treated samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Residual stresses present at the surface region of the laser-treated layer were determined from the XRD data. The microhardness of the laser-treated surface was measured by indentation tests. Fracture toughness of the coating surfaces before and after laser treatment were also measured using overload indentation tests. Macrowear and macrofriction characterization were carried out using pin-on-disk tests.     

Combination of coating and heat treatment processes

For a proper use of coated tools and components excellent coating properties as well as excellent substrate properties of the coating/substrate composite are necessary. A well known example is the load support of hard steel substrates for thin wear resistant coatings. Therefore coating processes must be combined with heat treatment processes of the substrates, whereby several practical processing constraints like order and compatibility of the applied treatment procedures must be considered. The combination of CVD-coating plus laser beam hardening is an example of a post coating heat treatment. Applications may be possible for large forming tools made of high alloyed tool steels, which nowadays are usually through hardened after CVD-coating. Laser beam hardening offers the possibility, to harden only the highly loaded edges of the tools. The advantages of this combination are short process time, less distortion and compressive residual stresses in the substrate surface. CVD-coatings can endure laser beam hardening with suitable parameters. The influence of CVD TiN-coated steel substrates and laser beam hardening parameters on microstructures and properties of coating/substrate compounds have been investigated. Special attention was paid to overlapping hardening zones, which may occur at the start and end points of a laser hardened track. In summary, the combination of coating and heat treatment processes show a high potential to produce coating/substrate compounds with excellent coating properties as well as excellent substrate properties.     

基于In,Cu单镀液和纳米MoS2 复合镀液电刷镀层的抗粘着磨损性能研究

目的在Cr12MoV模具钢上电刷镀制备出多种具有自润滑性和减磨性能好的涂层,筛选出与奥氏体不锈钢对磨时抗粘着磨损性能优秀的镀层,改善模具的抗粘着磨损性能。方法采用电刷镀方法制备In,Cu单镀液镀层及Ni-W(D)-Mo S2(纳米)和Cu-MoS_2(纳米)复合电刷镀镀层,对4种镀层与1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢进行对磨磨损实验,载荷为100 N,磨损时间为300 min,并分析磨损质量损失,同时采用扫描电镜观察分析各镀层的抗粘着磨损实验结果。结果 4种镀层都不同程度地提高了抗粘着磨损能力,但Cu单镀液镀层和Cu-MoS_2(纳米)复合镀层在磨损实验的前150 min磨损质量损失明显,磨损质量损失率分别达到0.105%和0.136%,而In和Ni-W(D)-Mo S2镀层都很小,分别为0.024 57%和0.031 74%,体现出更良好的抗粘着能力和耐磨性。结论在被加工工件的强度不高时,Cu镀层和Cu-MoS_2(纳米)复合镀层仍然具有一定的抗粘着磨损性能,而在被加工工件为具有较明显加工硬化现象的强度较高的奥氏体不锈钢时,In和Ni-W(D)-Mo S2镀层具有更好的抗粘着磨损性能,其中Ni-W(D)-Mo S2镀层表现出了最优秀的综合耐磨性。     

A time based method for predicting the workpiece surface micro-topography under pulsed laser ablation

The generation of micro-features in a predictable and repeatable manner by use of pulsed laser ablation requires an understanding of the temporal and energetic distributions of the laser beam upon the workpiece surface. Modelling the response of the material to known energetic and kinematic parameters of the pulsed laser ablation process can be carried out in a discretised time-based approach, allowing the workpiece topography to be simulated mathematically to reflect a real-life process. Considerations of the antecedent workpiece surface texture such as increases in irradiated area due to the surface gradient, and increases in laser spot size due to beam divergence throughout the elevation of the workpiece are used to predict energy densities and hence the resultant ablated depth and texture of the targeted surfaces. A fully calibrated Yb:YAG pulsed fibre laser (SPI G3.0 RM) was used to validate the model on three materials, highlighting the models strengths for different material types. It was found that Ni based workpieces presented redeposition phenomena under these laser ablation conditions. To analyse the model without redeposition, validations trials on materials that do not present such side effects, e.g. diamond, were carried out and differences were found to be up to 9.39%.     

Influence of laser substrate pretreatment on anti-adhesive wear properties of WC/Co-based TiAlN coatings against AISI 316 stainless steel

To improve the anti-adhesive wear properties of WC/Co-based TiAlN coatings, a laser substrate surface pretreatment was examined. The cemented carbide substrates were textured with a Nd:YAG laser, in three different scanning speeds, and then coated with a PVD TiAlN film. The anti-adhesive wear properties of each surface were evaluated via the ball-on-disk wear test and turning experiments. Additionally, characterization tests such as variable depth scratch test were also performed in order to verify the coating adhesiveness and to explain the results of the wear and machining tests. The results reveal that the anti-adhesive wear properties of the three TiAlN coated textured samples are significantly improved over that of the conventional one; the adhesion of TiAlN coatings is greatly improved by using Nd:YAG laser substrate pretreatment. Moreover, laser-scanning speed has a profound effect on the adhesion strength of the pretreated samples. In the experiments, the lowest scanning speed (5 mm/s) is most effective in providing a greater mechanical locking of the coatings upon the substrate and a more matching chemical property between substrate and coating materials, thus increasing the critical load of the coatings. Meanwhile, the adhered workpiece material layer is more stable on the pretreated sample irradiated at 5 mm/s. Hence, potential wear protecting properties of the in-situ formed layer can be conserved.     

等离子体增强磁控溅射TiN涂层与铝对摩时的摩擦磨损行为∗

铝挤压模具表面的摩擦磨损行为是影响铝制品质量和模具寿命的重要因素。为了进一步优化铝挤压模具表面耐磨涂层的沉积工艺，以 TiN 涂层为例，采用等离子体增强磁控溅射方法分别在基体偏流为 0.1 A、1.5 A、3.0 A 和 4.5 A 条件下制备 TiN 涂层，利用 XPS、SEM、AFM 和 XRD 分别测量 TiN 涂层的化学成分、表截面微观结构和相组成，利用纳米压痕仪和旋转式球-盘摩擦磨损试验机分别考察 TiN 涂层试样的综合力学性能和与铝对摩时的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明：基体偏流增加对 TiN 涂层的化学组成影响较小。随着基体偏流的增加，TiN 涂层的横截面形貌逐渐细化。涂层表面具有由岛状微凸起组成的微结构，随着基体偏流的增加，微凸起尺寸和数量逐渐减小，表面粗糙度逐渐降低。不同基体偏流条件下制备的涂层均具有明显的 TiN(111)择优生长趋势。当基体偏流从 0.1 A 增加到 1.5 A 时，TiN 涂层的晶粒尺寸明显减小，涂层的综合力学性能得到显著提高。TiN 涂层试样与铝对摩过程中主要发生粘着磨损和磨料磨损，涂层试样对铝的减摩抗磨性能与对摩过程中的铝粘着面积呈负相关。结论：基体偏流对等离子体增强磁控溅射 TiN 涂层的表截面微观结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损行为影响显著，基体偏流为 1.5 A 时制备的 TiN 涂层具有最低的摩擦因数和磨损率，分别为 0.41×10^?15 和 3.03×10^?15 m³ / (N·m)。研究结果对铝成型模具表面高性能长寿命防护涂层的研究开发具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

Effects of Laser Re-melting on the Corrosion Properties of HVOF Coatings

HVOF coating of Inconel 625 powder on carbon steel is carried out. Laser melting of the resulting coating is realized to improve coating structural integrity. Morphological and microstructural changes are examined in the coating prior and after laser treatment process using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The residual stress developed is measured on the surface vicinity of the laser-treated coating using the XRD technique. The corrosion resistance of the laser-treated and untreated coating surfaces is measured, incorporating the potentiodynamic tests in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution. It is found that laser treatment reduces the pores and produces cellular structures with different sizes and orientations in the coating. Laser-controlled melting improves the corrosion resistance of the coating surface.     

铁基合金+WC激光熔覆层的显微组织与性能

在Q235钢和QT-600球铁表面激光熔覆铁基合金+WC粉末.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了熔覆层的微观组织,测试了熔覆层硬度和磨损性能.结果表明,Q235钢表面熔覆层组织较细,熔覆层与基体结合界面波形不明显,且出现白亮层.QT-600球铁表面熔覆层组织粗大,界面波形较大,基体混入多,无白亮层,硬度、耐磨性相对较低.分析认为,组织与性能的不同是由于Q235钢熔点较高,熔化量少,且熔池冷速快,组织细化.QT-600球铁表面熔覆层组织不均匀,其中等轴品的耐磨性高于柱状晶,原因在于较细的等轴晶晶界较多,增大了滑动阻力.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆陶瓷涂层的研究进展

针对钛合金在实际应用过程中存在硬度低、耐磨性差、高温易氧化以及生物活性低等问题,国内外学者利用陶瓷材料较高的硬度、优异的耐磨性和高温抗氧化性能的特点,以及激光熔覆技术可以实现涂层与基材的冶金结合,较高的冷却速率使涂层内部晶粒得到细化的优势,开展了钛合金表面激光熔覆陶瓷涂层的广泛研究。首先简要概括了钛合金表面激光熔覆陶瓷材料的特点,介绍了在激光熔覆过程中常见的陶瓷材料以及所具备的特殊性能。从陶瓷涂层制备方式和陶瓷材料体现的功能两个方面,综述了国内外的研究特点、现状和进展。对比分析了激光制备纯陶瓷涂层、激光制备陶瓷与金属合金复合涂层、激光原位合成陶瓷复合涂层、激光制备陶瓷梯度涂层的优缺点。介绍了在钛合金表面激光熔覆耐磨涂层、高温抗氧化涂层、耐蚀涂层和生物涂层的进展,分析了陶瓷材料在提高相关性能时所发挥的作用。最后针对钛合金表面激光熔覆陶瓷材料存在的问题,对钛合金表面激光熔覆陶瓷涂层未来的发展趋势进行了讨论与展望。     

基于视觉与激光结合的堆叠工件快速定位方法

针对机械手对复杂工况下的工件进行自动抓取时精度较低的问题,提出一种采用改进SSD卷积神经网络算法配合多激光传感的方法,对堆叠情况下的工件进行快速精确定位。采用SSD算法融合多视窗检测方法,对视觉获取的RGB图片进行检测,获取工件水平位置信息;结合主动跟踪激光传感系统,获取工件表面的法向量,确定工件的空间位姿。搭建了硬件实验平台,在此平台上开发了一套视觉与激光融合的工件定位抓取系统,并以非标零件为实验对象在堆叠情况下进行多组实验,在模拟车间自然光照环境下,工件识别率95.4%,平均耗时为40ms,工件识别的平均坐标偏差1.86mm,法向量平均偏差为1.39°,机器人抓取率为98.2%,实验结果表明,该方法定位准确,速度快,在自动化生产线上具有可行性。     

装备修复用铜合金涂层制备方法及应用研究

目的为解决某型舰水泵叶轮轮毂等装备关键部件修复的难点问题,对电弧喷涂制备的铜合金涂层进行了重点研究。方法通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、拉伸试验机、磨损试验机等对所制备的涂层的显微形貌、显微硬度、结合强度、抗冲蚀性能等进行了评定。结果采用电弧喷涂技术制备的铜合金涂层组织致密,涂层与基体之间的结合强度平均值为18.58 MPa,显微硬度平均值为187.5HV0.3,高于基体硬度,孔隙率平均值为4.1%,冲蚀角为30°和90°时,铜合金涂层的磨损质量分别为0.024 g和0.020 g,显示出优异的耐磨抗冲蚀性能。结论采用电弧喷涂技术在水泵叶轮轮毂表面制备了铜合金涂层,不仅恢复了原设计尺寸,而且大幅提升了水泵叶轮表面的耐磨抗冲蚀性能,同时基体不产生变形,不需要进行动平衡试验,节能节材,预计使用寿命可提高3倍以上。该技术可为大、新型装备其他关键铜质部件维修保障提供新思路和新方法。     

硅电火花表面强化45钢组织性能的研究

为提高零件的表面性能,利用DM7132型精密电火花成型机,采用不同的电火花强化工艺,以硅作为强化电极在45钢表面形成一层非晶态合金强化层.用XRD、SEM等检测手段分析了电火花表面强化层成分、形貌、组织结构和性能,并通过摩擦磨损和腐蚀试验分析了强化层的耐磨性和耐蚀性.结果表明:在其它工艺参数相同的条件下,选择较小的峰值电流获得的表面质量较好,并在基体表面形成了10μm左右的非晶态合金强化层,强化层的耐磨性和耐蚀性显著提高.     

Laser Surface Cladding of Plastic-Molded Steel 718H by CoCrMo Alloy

With the purpose of enhancing the surface properties of plastic-molded steel 718H, in this study, a wear-resistant CoMoCr alloy cladding layer was obtained using laser surface cladding technology. Laser surface cladding was carried out by melting the CoMoCr alloy powder (particle size 15-45???m) supplied through a pneumatically driven powder delivery system with a 5-kW continuous wave (CW) CO₂ laser with the wavelength 10.6???m. The microstructure, chemical composition, and wear resistance of the cladding coating were revealed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and sliding wear machine. The microstructure of the cladding layer was found to consist of three zones: a top cladding zone mainly comprising CoMoCr; an internal zone comprising a cellular microstructure; and the interface zone which was a mixture of CoMoCr and 718H substrate. Compared to the 718H steel substrate with a microhardness of 345?Hv, the microhardness of the cladding coating showed a significant improvement, with its value increasing to 794?Hv. The wear results confirmed that the wear resistance was enhanced after laser cladding CoMoCr alloy powder.     

The corrosion and wear behavior of TiN and TiAlN coated AISI 316 L stainless steel

In this study, TiN and TiAlN coatings were deposited on AISI 316 L stainless steel substrates by PVD techniques. The composition and crystalline structure of the as-deposited coatings were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, respectively. The corrosion resistance studies of TiN-coated and TiAlN-coated samples were carried out in 0.9 wt % NaCl and SBF solutions using the electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization method and the wear behavior was evaluated with the ball-on-disk wear method at a sliding speed rate of 0.3 m/s under 2.5 N load in a dry medium. It was found that both TiN and TiAlN coatings exhibited relatively good corrosion resistance, however, TiAlN coatings showed a better corrosion resistance than TiN coatings. The TiAlN coating contributes positively against corrosion and wear behavior by increasing the surface hardness and by decreasing the friction coefficient of AISI 316 L stainless steel, respectively.     

激光重熔等离子喷涂WC颗粒增强镍基涂层组织及高温磨损性能

为了提高等离子喷涂WC颗粒增强镍基涂层的性能,采用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理,研究了激光重熔对涂层微观组织和性能的影响．用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和显微硬度计分析了涂层表面形貌、微观结构、相组成和显微硬度,同时对涂层的高温摩擦磨损特性进行了考察．结果表明,激光重熔消除了等离子喷涂层的层片状结构、孔隙等缺陷,涂层致密度提高;另外在激光高能量密度作用下,WC颗粒部分熔化,并在周围析出枝晶结构．激光重熔处理后涂层的显微硬度明显提高,其磨损性能也显著高于原等离子喷涂层．     

激光熔敷制备高速钢涂层

为了利用高速钢的优良性能,拓展其应用范围、降低使用成本,采用同轴送粉激光熔敷技术,在3mm厚的普通用不锈钢侧面制备高硬度的高速钢耐磨涂层,并对熔敷后的试样进行热处理。分析涂层的显微组织,研究热处理制度对涂层显微硬度的影响,测试涂层的耐磨性能。结果表明:涂层热处理前主要为细小等轴晶,组织为淬火马氏体+残留奥氏体+少量碳化物;热处理后主要为回火马氏体+少量残留奥氏体+大量析出碳化物;获得了最佳热处理参数,热处理后涂层硬度大幅度提高,约为基材的2倍;相同磨损条件下,耐磨涂层的磨损失质量仅为基体的1/5。