共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 0 毫秒
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Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a critical and growing application for the disinfection of water. Current UV systems for disinfection applications are designed around the use of Low‐Pressure and High‐Pressure mercury‐based lamps. Increasing demand to reduce and ideally remove the use of mercury requires innovative adaptations and novel approaches to current technology. A potential alternative technology could be Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), with current low efficiencies, high costs and low operating powers, a development gap for a high‐power mercury source has been identified. A mercury‐free tellurium‐based high‐pressure plasma was developed and assessed. Though relatively low efficiencies were measured compared to current mercury‐based technology rapid improvements are likely obtainable. Such an approach enables a novel adaptation to current technology utilising established: manufacturing facilities, approaches of UV system design and validation protocols. As a consequence, it offers the potential for a rapid low‐cost transition to mercury‐free UV disinfection where no alternative is currently available. 相似文献
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Recent events have highlighted the need to address cybersecurity threats to systems supporting critical infrastructure and federal information systems which are evolving and growing. These threats have become ubiquitous in the United States, and throughout the world. Many information and communications technology (ICT) devices and other components are interdependent so that disruption of one component may have a negative, cascading effect on others. In the United States, the Federal role in cyber‐security has been debated for more than a decade but creating a policy is complicated because in the United States, State and local governments are the major institutions responsible for providing services to their populations. It is important that critical infrastructure such as Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) and Public Water Systems (PWSs) adopt suitable countermeasures to prevent or minimise the consequences of cyber‐attacks. This paper discusses both technological and procedural techniques that can be used to protect against cyber‐threats. 相似文献
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J. W. Hall G. Watts M. Keil L. de Vial R. Street K. Conlan P. E. O'Connell K. J. Beven C. G. Kilsby 《Water and Environment Journal》2012,26(1):118-129
The publication of the UKCP09 climate change projections for the United Kingdom provides the opportunity for more rigorous inclusion of climate change uncertainty in water resources planning. We set out how the current approach to incorporating climate change and other uncertainties in water resources planning may be updated to incorporate the UKCP09 projections. In an uncertain future, the frequency with which customers will experience water shortages cannot be predicted for sure, so a water company cannot predict definitely whether it will or will not fulfil its Level of Service commitments. We therefore go on to propose that the probability of failing to meet Level of Service (for given populations of customers) provides an appropriate metric of risk, which conveniently summarises the uncertainties associated with supply and demand, including climate change uncertainties. We sketch out how this risk metric can be calculated based upon simulation modelling of the water resource system. 相似文献
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Jim W. Hall Mohammad Mortazavi‐Naeini Edoardo Borgomeo Bill Baker Helen Gavin Meyrick Gough Julien J. Harou Douglas Hunt Chris Lambert Ben Piper Nathan Richardson Glenn Watts 《Water and Environment Journal》2020,34(3):441-454
Resilient water supplies in England need to be secured in the face of challenges of population growth, climate change and environmental sustainability. We propose a blueprint for water resources planning that uses system simulation modelling to estimate the frequency, duration and severity of water shortages at present and in the context of future plans and scenarios. We use multiobjective optimisation tools to explore trade‐offs between these risk metrics and cost of alternative plans, and we use sensitivity analysis to identify plans that robustly achieve targets for tolerable risk, alongside other performance objectives. The results of a case study in the Thames basin demonstrate that the proposed methodology is feasible given commonly available data sets and models. The proposed method provides evidence with which to develop water resource management plans that demonstrably balance the risks of water shortages, costs to water users and environmental constraints in an uncertain future. 相似文献
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分析了目前国内直接饮用水的现状。介绍了杭州地区直饮水发展成果,通过比较分析得出适合杭州现状的供应模式,最后展望了杭州未来直饮水的前景,以使杭州市供水满足要求。 相似文献
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从内因和外因两方面分析了造成供水管网二次污染的原因,并从提高管网水质稳定性和加强管网改造及维护管理两方面提出了改善管网水质的措施,以保证城市供水系统的安全运行。 相似文献
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Sarah Bunney Peter Melville-Shreeve Alastair Chisholm Sarah Cotterill 《Water and Environment Journal》2023,37(3):561-572
The multiple benefits of water reuse have yet to be fully realized in our urban water management systems. One pathway to optimal implementation is to plan for their integration with wider assets in water resource or drainage and wastewater management plans. This paper explores the perspectives of water resource and wastewater management planners. Qualitative data was gathered from a workshop organized by the Chartered Institution for Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) with 25 participants from England's Water Service Providers (WSPs), regulators (Ofwat and the Environment Agency) and consultants working within the UK water sector. The participants acknowledged that water reuse is relevant to both water resource and drainage and wastewater management planning, but that current regulatory and funding frameworks are constraining effective engagement between water resource and drainage and wastewater management planners by encouraging the development of separate plans. A general consensus of the participants was that it would be beneficial to include water reuse technology within current and future Water Resource Management Plans (WRMPs) and Drainage and Wastewater Management Plans (DWMPs). Participants suggested this could be developed through collaborative working partnerships and support from regulatory and funding frameworks that allow for the growth and development of innovative technologies and nature-based solutions. Participants also highlighted a stronger economic case could be made for water reuse technologies if the approach seeks to capture the wider benefits and not only the ‘best value’ solution. Societal acceptance and the availability of good quality data will be key to the successful adoption of any incentivized water reuse schemes. 相似文献
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Robin Frederick Warner 《Water and Environment Journal》2014,28(3):365-381
Environmental flows are waters released from storages to improve degraded ecosystems. Subsequent monitoring is then used to determine incremental benefits. These flows in the Hawkesbury Nepean and the Durance are very low compared with those advocated for other systems. In the former, water is used in Sydney and Wollongong, while the Durance water is diverted to supply 16 hydropower stations. In this system, reserved flows have been set at 2.5% of mean discharge, while in the Australian river, environmental flows have varied, but are usually 3.6% or less in the current regime. Additionally, increasing the transparencies of barrages and weirs will enhance the effectiveness of current environmental flows. Implementation of such flows imposes many problems because of structural difficulties for releasing water and compromising regulatory infrastructures. Additionally, with the onset of global warming, both systems will suffer significant water losses. 相似文献
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Mahshid Farzanehsa Liam C. Vaughan Arash Zamyadi Stuart J. Khan 《Water and Environment Journal》2023,37(4):633-643
Applications of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in water and wastewater treatment have been the subject of growing interest throughout the last decade. Although UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV-H2O2) is the most established technology among the UV-AOPs, UV-chlorine (UV-Cl) is emerging as a reliable and potentially more cost-effective alternative. Recent studies have indicated that UV-Cl processes may be more efficient and economically favourable for the degradation of some chemicals of emerging concern from contaminated water. Moreover, in terms of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), UV-H2O2 seems to have no superiority over UV-Cl. This said, more investigation in the assessment of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of DBPs is required. Additionally, more pilot-scale and full-scale studies are required to establish UV-Cl as a reliable alternative to UV- H2O2. This paper compares UV-Cl and UV-H2O2 AOPs for the degradation of intractable chemicals from water and wastewater based on the practical considerations of efficiency, cost, DBP formation, kinetics and sensitivity to water matrix variability. Finally, various modelling approaches to UV-Cl have been reviewed. This review showed that UV-Cl is superior to UV-H2O2 in terms of degradation efficiency and cost effectiveness and can be a robust alternative in many UV-AOPs applications. 相似文献
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Luisa Caldas Annalisa Andaloro Giuseppe Calafiore Keiko Munechika Benjamin Taube Manuel Oliveira Stefano Cabrini 《Water and Environment Journal》2018,32(3):466-475
Fog harvesting stands out as a simple and inexpensive form to produce drinkable water from alternative sources, when compared to other available techniques. This paper presents results from a set of experiments performed on radiative condensers, deemed as a promising system to be integrated in building envelopes, following a literature review on fog condensers presented in a previous work. An analysis of condensation potential obtained using high emissivity substrates and titanium dioxide nanocoatings is presented, as well as the influence of sample position and orientation, and impact of climatic variables. Finally, the role of nanotechnology in overcoming limitations of radiative systems is discussed as a means to increase harvesting efficiency with functionalized, engineered nano‐patterns on collector surface. Based on biomimicry principles, nanocoatings including nanoscale 3D optimal geometries are discussed, and the use of nanoimprint technology (NIL) is proposed to massively produce nano‐patterned panels with biomimetic fog capturing features. 相似文献
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可持续发展与地下水资源管理研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文根据可持续发展的最新理论, 针对地下水资源管理存在的问题, 提出在可持续发展目标下进行地下水资源管理的思想。结合地下水水量水质耦合模型,提出地下水系统环境容量的概念。并给出一种考虑地下水资源与社会、经济、环境相协调的地下水资源优化管理模型框架 相似文献
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本文在侧重分析厌氧流化床下向流布水装置结构对流化床直观流化状况影响的基础上,结合最大容积有效利用率和最小启动回流量研究,最终得出在各方面都较优的厌氧流化床下向流布水装置的结构型式和布水装置的喷口流速范围. 相似文献
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This paper discusses results from the implementation of a ‘zero‐discharge‐ technology’ primarily for single households, as well as hotels and small residential urban and rural areas. During a 15‐year span, 5600 improved wetland systems (IWS) were built, and approximately 50% of treatment wetlands in Europe are located in Poland. The first section of this paper discusses water and wastewater management and its development trends. Particular attention is paid to creating sustainable water management in rural areas due to increased necessity in these regions. The second section presents the principle of the IWS, which consists of two options. The third section discusses the current requirements regarding the quality of treated wastewater in Poland. The fourth section presents the effectiveness of the implementation of this system by the Institute for Applied Ecology and the further prospects of ‘zero‐discharge‐technology’ development. The last section discusses the obtained results in the reduction of pollution. 相似文献
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Zbyn k Hrkal Ketil Harstadt David Rozman Jan T &#x;itel Drahomíra Ku&#x;ov Eva Novotn Miroslav V&#x;a 《Water and Environment Journal》2019,33(1):67-76
The fast development of laboratory methods has revealed increased amounts of trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) in waste waters in the Czech Republic. This paper focuses on the expected costs to solve this problem by quaternary treatment of waste water based on activated carbon filtration. The one‐time investment costs in 155 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with a capacity of over 10 000 population equivalent (PE) would represent an amount of around 300 million EUR. The increase in end‐user operating costs would be 0.4 EUR/m3, which would mean a 15% increase in water and sewage costs. A sociological survey showed that most respondents (65%) would agree with an increase in price but only by 10%. Currently the cost of the quaternary treatment of wastewater is based primarily on estimates. Therefore changes in legislation leading to stricter limits and an increase in the efficiency of wastewater treatment should be preceded by additional applied research. 相似文献
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本文以最大容积有效利用率为考察指标,在相同膨胀高度和相同回流量条件下,用正交试验和数理统计的分析方法,对下向流布水装置的结构组合型式进行了优化试验研究。得到了布水装置工况影响因素的重要性顺序和显著性因素,以及最佳布水装置的结构组合型式。 相似文献
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本文以最小启动回流量为考察指标,用正交试验和统计分析方法,对下向流布水装置的结构组合型式进行了优化试验研究。得到了布水装置工况影响因素的重要性顺序和显著性因素,以及最佳布水装置的结构组合型式。 相似文献