FLOOD ESTIMATION BY CONTINUOUS SIMULATION IN THE DON CATCHMENT, SOUTH YORKSHIRE, UK

An innovative technique has been used for flood estimation in a catchment study which was carried out for the Environment Agency. The River Don drains a large part of South Yorkshire. On its major tributaries (the Rivers Rother and Dearne), flow regulators and artificial washlands are used during extreme floods to delay and attenuate peak flows, allowing the peak on the Don to pass by first.
The flood hydrology of the Don catchment is therefore unusual and cannot be adequately represented by conventional methods such as those in the Flood Estimation Handbook. Instead, a 1000 year series of hourly rainfall was generated using a stochastic rainfall model. This was converted to flow data using a set of probability distributed moisture rainfall-runoff models; therefore, inflows for a hydraulic model were created. This eliminated the need to make assumptions about a design flood event, leading to more robust flood estimates throughout the Don catchment. This approach could prove to be applicable to other UK or overseas studies, particularly on large or complex catchments, or in solving joint probability problems.     

山西省桃河阳泉站洪峰流量分析

对山西省阳泉市主要河流桃河的流域情况、暴雨洪水特征进行了简要阐述,并且结合历史调查洪水情况对桃河上的主要水文站阳泉站的洪峰流量系列进行了分析,分析结果表明桃河流域河道的防洪情况不容乐观。     

基于水文方法的暴雨调节塘规模计算

合理法(推理公式法)作为国内外流行的水文计算方法被广泛使用,为此,结合案例介绍了基于合理法的设计降雨过程线和径流过程线推求方法,并在此基础上给出了规划阶段暴雨调节塘规模的计算方法,该方法的关键在于径流系数、集水时间、规划径流排放峰值流量限值的合理确定,后续可基于实测数据对方法的可靠性进行验证。该方法有利于合理法的进一步推广应用,可为排水防涝、海绵城市专项规划中暴雨调节塘规模的合理确定提供借鉴。     

基于风化物水理特征的泥石流对岩性敏感性研究

 泥石流对不同岩性的敏感性存在明显差异,以中国泥石流最发育的小江流域为研究区,采集上、中、下游5个典型泥石流沟,9种类型岩石的19个风化物样品及5个泥石流堆积样品。通过塑、液限及渗透试验获取水理特征参数,选择与泥石流起动密切相关的塑限、塑性指数及渗透系数3个指标,并以欧式距离为基础来构建敏感性计算公式,对各指标进行敏感性综合分析。采用子流域泥石流敏感性统计分析法进行验证,研究结果表明,以风化物水理特征差异规律分析为基础的敏感性能较客观合理地刻画各岩性的敏感性规律,9种岩石的敏感性由小到大依次为：玄武岩、灰岩、白云岩、板岩、第四纪冲洪积、砂岩、粉砂岩、千枚岩以及泥岩。     

Soil erosion susceptibility of Johor River basin

Malaysia is undergoing tremendous environmental changes due to population growth, economic development and urbanization. This has stimulated a rapid land use changes which in turn has increased the rate of soil erosion and river sedimentation. In this study, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) are applied within a geographical information system (GIS) to assess the spatial pattern of soil erosion susceptibility of Johor River basin, Malaysia. Geomorphological, landuse and soil information along with other hydrological data such as, annual peak flow and runoff volumes are used to estimate the parameters required for the calculation of soil erosion susceptibility. The results show that annual erosion rate varies between 0.2 and 248.2 t/ha/year according to USLE, and between 19.2 and 2179.9 thousand tons per event according to MUSLE. The land cover management is found as the major factor responsible for soil erosion in the basin.     

基于DEM的普渡河流域水文特征提取方法研究

利用ArcGIS软件的Hydrology扩展模块,以昆明市普渡河流域为例,探讨了数字高程模型（DEM）的制作处理,对昆明市1∶5万的DEM进行图幅剪裁等预处理,生成了普渡河流域字高程模型。介绍了ArcGIS水文分析基本原理和方法。基于DEM和GIS进行流域的水文模拟分析,包括洼地填充、水流方向计算、水量累积量算、流网提取,最后进行了普渡河流域界线的划分并确定流域面积,生成了普渡河数字流域,同时把生成的结果与该区域的水文资料进行对比,效果良好。     

Hydrological assessment of flow dynamic changes by storm sewer overflows and combined sewer overflows on an event-scale in an urban river

In addition to assessing the impacts of water quality changes in urban rivers caused by storm water sewer overflows (SWO) and combined sewer overflows (CSO), the extent to which flow dynamics are changed by these structures must be understood in order to define hydrological assessment criteria to guide sustainable water management strategies as required by the European Community (EC) Water Framework Directive. In this study, the quantitative impacts of SWOs and CSOs on the flow dynamics of an urban river and their variability are investigated. For four single runoff events, hydrological measurements were accomplished in the River Dreisam, upstream and downstream of the city of Freiburg, in southwest Germany. As the catchment is widely free of urban areas upstream of the city, comparison with downstream locations allowed quantification of Freiburg's effects on the changes in the hydrograph on an event scale. The proposed hydrological parameter—flow acceleration, peak discharge, and discharge dosage—were shown to be appropriate to assess the impacts of SWOs and CSOs on flood hydrographs in urban rivers.     

Resources,regime and quality of surface waters in the Ob River basin: history,current state and problems of research

The paper presents the history and major results of research into resources, regime and quality of the surface water in the Ob basin, concentrated in such water bodies as glaciers, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Studies have long been carried out by such government agencies as the Hydrometeorological Service (Hydromet), the Ministry of Energy and others, engineering organizations, scientific research institutes of the academy of sciences and universities. The studies included large complex tasks aimed at economic development of the basin territory. By the 1980s, an expanded network of stationary hydrological observations existed, and basic information about the factors of resources formation, regime and surface water quality, as well as long-term dynamics of hydrological characteristics had been obtained. Today, a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach to the hydrological cycle and geo-run-off at the global and regional scales is related to the changes in climate and the environment in general.     

SENEQUE: a multi-scaling GIS interface to the Riverstrahler model of the biogeochemical functioning of river systems

The Riverstrahler model describes the biogeochemical functioning of an entire river system, from 100 to 100,000 km(2) or more, taking into account the constraints set by the morphology of the drainage network, the meteorological/hydrological conditions, and the inputs of material from point and non-point sources in the watershed. This tool has been applied for research purpose to several river systems differing in terms of hydrological regime and anthropogenic influences. In order to improve its capabilities and its generic dimension, as well as to develop a user-friendly interface allowing its transfer to non-specialist users including managers, the model has been coupled to a GIS interface. This gives the user the possibility to visualize the available geospatial database, to select the best geographical representation of the drainage network, to automatically prepare the corresponding input files required for the model, to pilot the model calculation and to visualize the results. The coupling with a GIS interface has considerably improved the capabilities of the Riverstrahler model. The code of the model is now entirely generic and can be run on any river system for which a suitable database is available. Its spatial resolution can be adapted to the requirement of the relevant problem, from the highest level, where each elementary watershed is individualized, to the lower level, where the whole basin is idealized as one basin with tributaries of each order having the same characteristics. As an illustration of the new potentialities offered by the coupling of Riverstrahler with a GIS through the SENEQUE interface, the results of a same modeling scenario are compared at different spatial resolutions. For the first time, with on-line coupling to a geodatabase, the effect of increasing the spatial resolution of the drainage network representation on the performance of the Riverstrahler model has been examined. At the outlet of the basin, the water quality results were found invariant to a large degree, whatever the details of its representation in the calculations. This result justifies the use of a low resolution representation of the upstream watershed when results are required only at the outlet of the basin.     

北京房山黑龙关泉对7.21特大暴雨的水文响应研究

2012年7月21日,北京市遭遇了61年来最强暴雨,为裸露岩溶含水层提供了清晰有效的水文刺激。本文选取了北京房山区全排泄型岩溶大泉——黑龙关泉,在7.21暴雨前后所进行的一个水文年针对性的研究。在泉域内水文地质勘察工作的基础上,通过对黑龙关泉流量及泉域内气象条件的实时监测,刻画了7.21降雨过程在黑龙关泉域的分布,分析了黑龙关泉的水文响应,并划定了黑龙关泉补给区范围。同时采用水均衡法计算了黑龙关泉域内裸露碳酸盐岩含水层0.293的净入渗系数。研究成果为北京市岩溶区水资源评价工作提供了基础,对其他北方岩溶区评价工作也具有借鉴意义。     

Effectiveness of check dams in the control of general transitory bed scouring in semiarid catchment areas (South-East Spain)

The semiarid areas of the Spanish Mediterranean region are environments that are severely threatened by desertification. Hydrological-forestry restoration is a very useful tool to fight these processes in programmes and projects of basin management. Check dams particularly can control bed erosion in ephemeral channels, among other things. The main aim of this study, then, is to evaluate how much check dams influence the degree of transitory general scouring in dry alluvial channels that function only sporadically and as torrents. Two areas were chosen: the Cárcavo and Torrecilla catchments (River Segura basin), both drained by ephemeral gullies and both having undergone hydrological correction projects during the 1970s. Equations based on grain bed movement commencement criteria were applied for floods of different water depths, bearing in mind bed texture changes and slope adjustment brought about by dam construction. The results are contrasted with the critical velocity values, which in turn depend on the flow depth and the cross-section area before flooding. Finally, a comparison between real and predicted scouring is established for the cases analysed, including bankfull flow. Especially, the usefulness of Neill's method has been tested in relation to net erosion values measured in the field with successful results.     

Agriculture and groundwater nitrate contamination in the Seine basin. The STICS-MODCOU modelling chain

A software package is presented here to predict the fate of nitrogen fertilizers and the transport of nitrate from the rooting zone of agricultural areas to surface water and groundwater in the Seine basin, taking into account the long residence times of water and nitrate in the unsaturated and aquifer systems. Information on pedological characteristics, land use and farming practices is used to determine the spatial units to be considered. These data are converted into input data for the crop model STICS which simulates the water and nitrogen balances in the soil-plant system with a daily time-step. A spatial application of STICS has been derived at the catchment scale which computes the water and nitrate fluxes at the bottom of the rooting zone. These fluxes are integrated into a surface and groundwater coupled model MODCOU which calculates the daily water balance in the hydrological system, the flow in the rivers and the piezometric variations in the aquifers, using standard climatic data (rainfall, PET). The transport of nitrate and the evolution of nitrate contamination in groundwater and to rivers is computed by the model NEWSAM. This modelling chain is a valuable tool to predict the evolution of crop productivity and nitrate contamination according to various scenarios modifying farming practices and/or climatic changes. Data for the period 1970-2000 are used to simulate the past evolution of nitrogen contamination. The method has been validated using available data bases of nitrate concentrations in the three main aquifers of the Paris basin (Oligocene, Eocene and chalk). The approach has then been used to predict the future evolution of nitrogen contamination up to 2015. A statistical approach allowed estimating the probability of transgression of different concentration thresholds in various areas in the basin. The model is also used to evaluate the cost of the damage resulting of the treatment of drinking water at the scale of a groundwater management unit in the Seine river basin.     

黑河流域地下水流数值模拟的研究进展

地下水在黑河流域水文过程和水资源转化中发挥着重要的作用。近20年来,研究者们专门针对黑河流域提出了一批地下水的数值模拟模型。这些模型在结构上可分为单层平面模型、双层准三维模型和多层三维模型。对包气带、河流与泉、开采井、季节性冻融等关键因素,现有模型采取了相似或不同的刻画方法,取得了一定的进展。未来的黑河流域地下水模型应加强与地表水、土壤水、水利工程等关联模型的耦合。     

基于Abaqus场地盆地效应的参数化数值研究

根据以往学者的研究成果,本文采用粘弹性人工边界模拟土体的边界条件,建立了考虑土体剪切波速、盆地倾角,场地覆土层厚度不同参数影响的盆地二维有限元模型,分别分析了土体在弹性与塑性本构关系下相关参数对场地盆地效应的影响规律,得到以下结论:盆地与自由场相比波峰出现比较密集,且消退较慢,延长了地震动的持时;场地内的土体越软,覆土层越厚,盆地效应越明显;盆地边缘效应随盆地倾角的增大而增大,而聚焦效应随盆地倾角的增大而减小;当考虑土体的非线性本构时,由于土体进入塑性,入射正弦波能量由于土的塑性变形已经耗散,盆地较自由场的放大更加明显,盆地效应更加突出。     

Phosphorus dynamics observed through increasing scales in a nested headwater-to-river channel study

The hypothesis that the dynamic patterns of phosphorus (P) transport at plot scale are similar to the patterns that could be observed quasi-simultaneously (i.e., approximately at the same time) at a river basin scale, in terms of inputs and dilution of P, across a range of rainfall and runoff conditions, was tested. From this information, it was hoped to be able to make some simple inferences about the connectivity or mass flux of P transport between the different scales of observation. An intensive study using 30-m2 plots, 1-ha plots and nested river channel sites ranging in scale from 20 ha up to a maximum of 834 km2 in the River Taw basin, South West England, UK, was conducted with three campaigns under differing flow conditions: (1) a zero rainfall base flow period, (2) a 10-mm rainfall residual flow period, and (3) a 42-mm rainfall storm flow period. The mass flux of total P ranged from 49 kg during base flow to 4 tonnes during the storm period at the largest 834 km2 scale. During base flow conditions, total phosphorus (TP) concentrations from diffuse sources were low (26 microg L-1 in the upper catchment) and reactive P forms dominated the fractions filtered <0.45 microm. During storm flow, concentrations of TP increased at all scales within the drainage basin, to a maximum of 500 microg L-1 and were sufficient to override the effect of any point source inputs of P. Unreactive (i.e., mostly 'organic') forms of P dominated the fractions that were >0.45 microm during residual flows and storm flows. Spatially normalised discharge apparently decreased with increasing scale, most notably during storm flow conditions and this implies that there is some storage of water through the catchment and in part may reflect varying velocities of water in different pathways. Most attenuation and dilution of P appeared to occur at larger scales, whilst the hydrological connectivity between source areas and receiving waters was greatest at smaller scales (<20 ha), and during the highest flows. The importance of diffuse agricultural sources in contributing to P export through the basin was dominated by dynamic temporal changes in hydrological activity, with a 'piston pushing' effect of particulate associated P through the basin as it wets up in response to rainfall input. We concluded that the processes of P transfer are different at different scales. However, some uncertainties of spatial heterogeneity around the catchment underlie the difficulties in dealing with scale and thus more data and studies of this nature are required.     

Impacts des aménagements en montagne sur les processus hydrologiques et l’évolution géodynamique des versants (Les Arcs,Savoie, France)

This work focuses on the interaction between human activity in mountainous areas and slope movement hazards. The paper considers the triggering factors and processes of instability in the urbanized area of Les Arcs, an area exploited for mass ski runs and where many debris flows have occurred over the last 40 years. A progressive survey of the geological, geomorphological, hydrological, hydrogeological and climatic contexts is necessary to tackle the complexity of the phenomena. The human impact is considered as well. From the analysis, the geology associated with a specific climate was determined to be the main triggering factor for debris flow hazards. The influence of the glacial and postglacial period on the geomorphological aspects (e.g. steep slopes) and on the mechanical component of the superficial formations is the main factor. Furthermore, an analysis of regional meteorological data over the last 5 decades has emphasized a significant evolution of the climate since the 1960s which resulted in a general increase in temperature, rainfall (with seasonal variations) and the occurrence of extreme weather events, with long term implications for erosion and on water balance. This seems to be exacerbated by recent human activities which have significantly changed the natural environment: deforestation, changes in vegetation, the development of impervious surfaces such as roofs, roads and car parks, the creation of ski runs and the intensive exploitation of the catchment, all of which may have an influence on runoff and erosion affecting the natural surface structure. These changes and their effects on such factors as runoff and erosion have been reviewed and analyzed. In particular, the effects on hydrology have been highlighted by a hydrological modeling created using PCRaster Environmental Software. The hydrology of the Ravoire torrent before the creation of the ski resort was compared with the present configuration of the catchment. The annual water balance model shows that the ski resort generates a significant increase in the river flow compared to that before the change in land use. The parametric analyses undertaken revealed that the deforestation, the development of ski slopes and impervious areas are responsible for the reduction in infiltration inducing runoff. The maximum increase in water flow occurs during periods of natural high water flow (during snow melt) when the risk of debris flows is naturally high. For the last 20 years, this phenomenon has been amplified by the increasing production of artificial snow on the ski runs. Finally, a complementary model was created to consider the effects over a short time scale. The results of this rain event model emphasize the change in the hydrological response of the rivers after rainfall as a consequence of the change in land use. In particular this indicated a rise in the peak flow towards the resort, which may activate erosive processes above the debris flow source areas.      

Mitigation of urban flooding: A simplified approach for distributed stormwater management practices selection and planning

The urbanization process and the hydraulic insufficiency of drainage systems are two of the most common causes of urban flooding. In some technical regulations, distributed stormwater management practices (DSMPs) are regarded as a solution for urban flooding problems. They can prevent the formation of runoff, dispose of it locally, or dampen its peak before it reaches the drainage system. Due to their diffuse localization and the wide number of available solutions, the evaluation of their efficiency in terms of flood reduction is very difficult.

The methodology proposed in the present paper relies on the concept that the mitigation effects of DSMPs can be expressed as a function of the changes of the hydrological parameters of a catchment. Once the relation between a DSMP and the equivalent hydrological parameter is established, the efficiency of DSMPs can be evaluated using mathematical models simulating the runoff formation and propagation in urban areas and applying methodologies similar to parameter sensitivity analysis and model uncertainty propagation. Studying the effect of parameter variation on model output, it is possible to analyse quickly several different stormwater management solutions and to identify the best distribution of measures in order to achieve a defined mitigation task.

The simplified procedure has been compared with a more detailed approach obtained by fully integrate DSMPs in the drainage system hydrodynamic model. The procedure has been applied to the real case study of Mondello catchment in Palermo (Italy), and the analysis of the results allows the identification of some guidelines for the mitigation plan preparation.     

Determination of three dimensional hydraulic conductivities using a combined analytical/neural network model

Analysis of groundwater flow through fractured rock masses is an essential step in many engineering and environmental problems, such as in safety assessment of radioactive waste storages, hydrocarbon storage caverns and hydropower projects. The most important hydrological parameter in groundwater flow analysis is the hydraulic conductivity which is anisotropic and heterogeneous in the fractured rock masses. To analyze the groundwater flow correctly, some site investigations through boreholes must be carried out. One of the challenges in seepage analysis for an engineering project is how to determine the anisotropic and heterogeneous hydraulic conductivities of the fractured rock masses using the limited in situ investigation data. In this study, a new practical approach for the determination of three dimensional hydraulic conductivities of fractured rock masses is presented. Starting from rock fracture properties surveyed in six boreholes, the anisotropic hydraulic conductivities are estimated using the in situ injection test results and Oda’s theoretical model. A neural network method is then utilized to generate the three dimensional heterogeneous hydraulic conductivities based on the anisotropic hydraulic conductivities along the six boreholes. In order to evaluate the reliability of this approach, a 3D numerical seepage model using code FLAC3D is performed for a real project. The inflow values in a shaft obtained with the 3D numerical analysis are compared with the in situ measured flow. The result indicates that the derived hydraulic conductivity is acceptable.     

Analysis of catchment evapotranspiration at different scales using bottom-up and top-down approaches

Physically-based hydrological models are used to predict catchment water balance through detailed simulation of hydrological processes at small temporal and spatial scales. However, annual catchment water balance can also be easily and simply predicted using lumped conceptual model. Comparison between physically-based hydrological models and lumped conceptual models can help us understand the dominant factors on catchment water balance at different scales. In this paper, a distributed physically-based hydrological model (i.e., bottom-up approach) and a simple water-energy balance model (i.e., top-down approach) are used to predict actual evapotranspiration in nine sub-catchments, and the whole basin of the Luan River in northern China. Both simulations give very close values of annual evapotranspiration and show the same complementary relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration at annual time scale. From the analysis at different time scales through comparison of the top-down and the bottom-up methods, it is shown that the annual catchment evapotranspiration is controlled mainly by annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, and the variability of soil water and vegetation becomes more important at a smaller time scale in the study areas. It is also known that the relationship between potential and actual evapotranspiration shows a highly nonlinear relationship at the annual and catchment scale but can be simplified to a linear relationship at hourly temporal and hillslope scales, which is commonly used in the physically-based hydrological models.