球应力和偏应力对粗粒土变形影响的真三轴试验研究

为了研究p,q,θσ单独变化对粗粒土变形的影响,使用河海大学TSW-40型真三轴仪,对粗粒土进行了等q等b(b=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3))试验,等p等b试验和等p等q试验,试验结果表明:q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,初期几乎不产生偏应变,但会产生膨胀的体积应变,随着p的减小,体积膨胀增大,偏应变也逐渐增大,但偏应变数值上比体积应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;p的减小直接引起体积膨胀,体积膨胀后颗粒结构松动,进而导致偏应变的产生;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,初期几乎不产生体积膨胀,但会产生偏应变,随着q的增大,偏应变增大,体积膨胀也逐渐增大,但体积应变数值上比偏应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;q的增大直接产生偏应变,偏应变使得颗粒之间产生错动,进而导致体积膨胀的产生;p,q保持不变,应力罗德角θσ单独变化会产生不可恢复的体积应变和偏应变,但数值上很小。引入参数sp(sp=(p/q-p0/q0)/(1/Mf-p0/q0))和sq(sp=(q/p-q0/p0)/(Mf-q0/p0)),p0,q0分别为初始球应力和偏应力,Mf为破坏应力比,发现q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,dεv/dp与1/(1-sp)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεs/dp与-sp[1/(1-sp)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-1/sp;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,dεs/dq与1/(1-sq)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεv/dq与-sq[1/(1-sq)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-sq。最后根据本文试验结果对粗粒土柔度矩阵元素的特性进行了分析。     

三轴低频循环荷载下盐岩体积应变特性研究

地下储气库围岩长期处于复杂疲劳应力状态下,盐岩三轴循环荷载下的变形规律对储气库稳定性分析有参考价值。对8个盐岩试块进行了不同围压、不同应力水平和不同频率条件下的循环荷载试验。对每一试块施加恒定围压和轴向低频循环荷载。对试验参数进行了无量纲处理,分析了应力比强度(广义剪应力强度与球应力的比值)、应力比振幅、上限应力水平、荷载频率、循环次数(N)等对体积应变(?v)的影响。利用函数?v=?lg N+?v0,对每一试块的体积应变–循环次数曲线进行了拟合分析,获得了参数?和?v0随应力比振幅、上限应力水平和频率变化的数学表达式。标准化回归系数分析表明,上限应力水平是影响盐岩体积变形的主要因素,其次是应力比振幅。在高上限应力水平三轴状态下,盐岩主要表现出体积扩大现象。     

Fire detection using cross-correlations of sensor signals

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the efficacy of signal cross-correlation techniques to provide early detection of fire. Cross-correlations were of the form A·B and A·B·C, where A, B and C were signals from various sensors and denotes averages of signal products over a correlation time interval, τ_c, extending from present time into the past. All signals were referenced to their baseline averages extending over a time interval, τ_B, into the past. Tests were conducted in a room, quiescent or highly ventilated, using fire sources modeled on the test fires of European Standard EN54. Various sensors responded to airborne pyrolysis and combustion products. Two complementary cross-correlations, ΔCO·ΔION and ΔCO₂·ΔT, were shown (with τ_B selected in the range 100–250 s and τ_C selected in the range 10–25 s) to be equivalent to a much more sensitive detection system than implied by the limits of the most sensitive EN54 class, where ΔCO and ΔCO₂ are referenced carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations, ΔION is the referenced output of a measuring ionization chamber, and ΔT is the referenced temperature.     

条形粗糙基础极限承载力求解与误差分析

利用滑移线法计算了粗糙条形基础极限承载力,计算时考虑了土的黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ和土体重度g的共同作用,避免了对破裂面形状的人为假定,并满足所有边界条件。将数值计算结果与其他学者的解答进行了对比,证明了解答的准确性。分析了地基承载力系数N_γ的影响因素,证实了N_γ除了与地基摩擦角φ有关外,还与超载比l有关。绘制了不同j值下N_γ随l的关系曲线,给出了N_γ的拟合公式,计算结果表明拟合公式的误差在±4%以内。最后对传统叠加方法计算承载力与精确解之间的误差进行了计算,总结了不同j值时误差e随l的变化规律,发现叠加计算结果比精确解小,且最大误差出现在l介于0.1~1之间。     

基于影响带观测的加筋土坡稳定性分析

为了观测土工格栅加筋影响带的范围,采用特制的一侧透明的拉拔盒,共对6种不同级配的粗粒土分别完成了4种法向压力下的拉拔试验。通过预埋于土中用大头针尖制作并包裹于导线皮中的位移观测点,直接观测了土工格栅在粗粒土中拉拔引起的土粒位移,发现格栅的拉拔会带动其上一定厚度范围内的土体发生移动,这个范围称之为加筋影响带。试验发现平均粒径d_(50)0.83 mm的粗粒土中,土工格栅加筋影响带的厚度δ与试样的法向压力没有关联,主要与土粒级配有关,当d_(50)1.05 mm时,δ随d_(50)的增大有较显著的增加;而当d_(50)1.05 mm后,这种趋势明显减缓;特别是当d_(50)1.65 mm后,二者呈良好的线性递增关系。基于这一试验结果,提出了考虑加筋影响带的加筋土坡稳定性分析方法,简称影响带法。在这一方法中,认为土工格栅的加筋作用相当于增加了加筋影响带内土的黏聚力,而内摩擦角不变。从而将加筋土坡简化为成层土坡,使计算大为简化。而计算得到的加筋土坡稳定安全系数在加筋层距不大于0.6 m,且格栅抗拉强度大于20 k N/m时,与有限元强度折减法的计算结果符合良好。     

金甬铁路鲍村特长隧道初始应力场特征及岩爆预测分析

金甬铁路鲍村隧道长度长、局部埋深大,具有较高建设安全风险。隧址区初始地应力场是影响围岩稳定性的重要因素,是隧道工程的设计及施工的主要依据之一。根据现场实测地应力值,利用FLAC3D进行多元线性回归,反演出隧道初始地应力场,并利用FISH编程计算隧道岩爆分级,结果表明:反演结果与地应力实测结果拟合度较高,计算结果较为可靠;该区地应力场为σ_H≥σ_h≥σ_v型;中主应力值为3~11MPa,随里程增加而呈降低趋势;水平最大主应力值在10~18MPa之间,方向多与隧道轴线呈小角度相交,对隧道围岩稳定性有利;鲍村隧道岩爆级别系数低,开挖中岩爆危害小。     

Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters

The sterol content of faeces from humans and 14 species of animals common to rural or urban environments were examined. The major human faecal sterol was the 5β-stanol, coprostanol which constituted ≈ 60% of the total sterols found in human faeces. The sterol profiles of herbivores were dominated by C₂₉ sterols and 5β-stanols were generally in equal or greater abundance than 5-stanols. The principal faecal biomarker of herbivores was 24-ethylcoprostanol. The sterol content of bird faeces was extremely variable and largely dependent on the animals diet. Both 5β and 5 stanols were in very low abundance in birds and dogs faeces from this study presumably due to the absence or low activity of the necessary anaerobic biota required to reduce Δ⁵- or Δ^5,22-sterols to stanols. Cats and pigs were the only animals that had similar faecal sterol profiles to humans. However, the concentration of the principal human biomarker coprostanol was some 10 times more abundant on a dry weight basis in the faeces of humans than in those of cats and pigs. The source specificity of faecal sterol biomarkers is a combination of sterol intake, metabolic production of sterols and the biota resident within the animal's digestive tract. The “sterol fingerprints” of the faeces of humans and animals are sufficiently distinctive to be of diagnostic value in determining whether faecal pollution in water samples are of human or animal origin.     

基于结构可靠性的双曲线冷却塔施工期风荷载取值及应用

针对施工期间的钢筋混凝土双曲线冷却塔塔筒结构,采用"结构可靠度的时段分析方法",以"结构在施工期内的可靠度=设计基准期内的可靠度"为前提,求出塔筒施工期风荷载的标准值,并将其用于实际工程。该成果可为冷却塔(特别是超大型冷却塔)塔筒结构的施工期验算提供依据,对规范作出相应的补充。     

Seismic response of multi-storey buildings including foundation interaction and P-Δ effects

This paper presents a method of seismic analysis of multi-storey buildings when both soil-structure interaction and P-Δ effects have been taken into account. The additional overturning moment at each storey due to P-Δ effects is replaced by two fictitious horizontal forces acting in opposite directions at the upper and lower ends of each storey. Then, the governing equation for each floor is developed in which these fictitious horizontal forces are incorporated along with seismic inertia forces. Considering the footing as a rigid disc resting on the surface of an elastic half-space, two equations expressing the equilibrium of the building as a whole in translation and rotation complete the set of equations in terms of floor displacements and two rigid body base displacements. Recognizing that the superstructure alone admits classical normal modes, floor governing equations are uncoupled and substituted into the remaining equations, which results in two coupled integro-differential equations in terms of two rigid body displacements. These two equations can be solved using numerical procedures. The method is applied to two unbraced steel buildings and numerical results are presented for different foundation soil conditions. The influence due to P-Δ effects and soil-structure interactions on the responses of these buildings is discussed.     

横观各向同性层状地基上弹性矩形板的参数研究

根据横观各向同性单层地基的解析层元,结合土体之间的层间连续性条件,得到了横观各向同性层状土体在任意均布荷载下的位移解答。结合弹性矩形板与层状地基表面的位移协调条件和光滑接触条件,推导出横观各向同性地基与弹性矩形板共同作用的解析解。随后编制了相应的Fortran程序进行数值计算,分析了板土刚度比、土体横观各向同性和土体层状特性,模型中各个参数对计算结果的影响。结果表明:板土刚度比?、横观各向同性参数m和层状性质参数?对计算结果影响更大,横观各向同性参数n和层状性质参数β影响则相对较小。     

Measuring maximum specific growth rate and half saturation coefficient for activated sludge systems using a freeze concentration technique

To measure the maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) and the half saturation coefficient (K_s), a simple respirometric technique was used, where differing volumes of concentrated wastewater were contacted with biomass in a respirometer and the response measured as a change in oxygen uptake rate (ΔOUR). The ΔOUR was then related to the growth rate, and a series of substrate concentration/growth rate relationships determined from which μ_max and K_s were calculated. A freeze concentration technique was developed to concentrate the wastewater. The concentration technique did not alter the response of the microorganisms to the wastewater. Maximum specific growth rates (μ_max) and half saturation coefficients (K_s) were found to vary between 1.3 and 1.9 d⁻¹ and 1.5 and 3.2 mg l⁻¹, respectively.     

Large-scale cooling towers as part of an efficient and cleaner energy generating technology

The present paper will outline the main aspects of the design and construction of cooling towers in Germany in the last decade. As part of electricity generating power plants, cooling towers play a significant role for the availability of reliable energy supplies, in a manner compatible with environmental requirements. They definitely belong to the largest and thinnest concrete structures at present. Because of the combined action of wind, thermal and moisture effects, special care has to be taken with regard to fatigue, cracking and corrosion to ensure an adequate level of safety and durability. Such a design strategy has been employed for the world’s tallest cooling tower at the Niederaussem power plant in Germany, with an overall height of 200 m and thickness values of 22–24 cm. Special considerations included the realistic non-axisymmetric distribution of soil characteristics, wind action due to interference effects (as determined by wind-tunnel tests), optimisation of the shell shape to improve structural and dynamic behaviour, injection of the cleaned flue-gas into the cooling tower, and the use of high-performance concrete (85 MPa) to improve shell resistance against acid attack by the cleaned flue-gas. The paper will present some results of an actual research project on this problem, which was conducted at the University of Wuppertal, to explore the use of high-performance concrete on design, stability and durability of cooling tower shells.     

A direct method for the stress analysis of the ring beam and shell of a cooling tower

A method for obtaining directly the stresses in the ring beam and shell of a cooling tower is presented. The stresses assuming a continuous base support are corrected by means of self-equilibrating base loads to give the actual discrete column support. The circumferential variation of the highly discontinuous base loads is represented by Fourier series. A careful study of the nature of the series involved leads to an explicit determination of significant terms and an assessment of accuracy when the series are truncated. The consequent savings in computation are shown to give the method practical viability.Examples of results for typical cooling towers are presented, together with typical computer times. It is shown that the method has clear advantages over present methods of determining ring beam stresses.     

大型冷却塔表面脉动风压原型实测与分布准则

我国冷却塔规范风荷载条款仍源自20世纪80年代原型冷却塔（约90m高）实测资料,且仅规定了塔筒表面静态风压分布。事实上,超大型冷却塔（高度≥165m）风振问题与风荷载脉动作用关系更加密切,由此导致了冷却塔数学和物理试验模型雷诺数效应模拟准则的不完整性,难于准确再现冷却塔表面动态风荷载与来流条件、塔群组合状况等参数间的合理关系,已成为制约大型冷却塔抗风性能研究和结构设计的瓶颈。为此,采用全天候动态风压采集设备,对某电厂冷却塔（约166m高）进行通风筒表面动、静态风压长期现场观测,量化表面脉动压力与来流紊流度之间的影响关系,提出具有原创性的冷却塔超高雷诺数条件（Re≥6E7）脉动风压雷诺数效应模拟准则。     

On the love strain form of naturally curved and twisted rods

Love proposed in 1944 [A.E.H. Love, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Dover Publications, New York, 1944] that the nonvanishing (linear) strain components of a naturally curved and twist spatial rod, whose centroidal axis is along x and cross-section is in yz plane, can be represented nicely in the form ε_xx = e₁ + zk₂ − yk₃ε_xy = e₂ − zk₁ε = e₃ + yk₁ where e₁, e₂, e₃ are the strain components at y = z = 0 and k₁, k₂, k₃ are the curvatures. Functions e₁, e₂, e₃, k₁, k₂, k₃ depend on x alone. Mottershead [J. E. Mottershead, “Finite elements for dynamical analysis for helical rods”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 22, (1980), pp 252–283], Pearson and Wittrick [D. Pearson and W.H. Witrick “An exact solution for the vibration of helical springs using a Bernoulli-Euler Model”, International Journal for Mechanical Sciences, 28, (1986), pp 83–96], Leung [A.Y.T. Leung “Exact shape functions for helix- elements”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 9, (1991), pp 23–32], and Tabarrok and Xiong [B. Tabarrok and Y. Xiong, “On the buckling equations for spatial rods”, International Journal for Mechanical Sciences, 31, (1980), pp 179–192] have made use of the Love form. We shall show that the Love form is not even valid for two-dimensionally curved beams when shear deformation is considered. The fact that the differential length ds at point P, on the cross-section with distance y, z away from the centroidal axis is different from the differential length dx at point S on the centroidal axis has been neglected. In fact DS = (1 − k₃y + k₂z)dx, where k; are initial curvatures, which contribute to the strain components of the first order of curvatures.     

沉积相和深度对第四纪土动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响

依据苏州第四纪地层特点,使用GCTS循环三轴试验仪对取自典型钻孔剖面100 m以浅的40个原状土样进行了剪应变10~(-5)~10~(-2)量级的动剪切模量和阻尼比试验,研究了土的沉积环境、深度和土类对土体的规准化动剪切模量比G/G_(max)和阻尼比λ的影响。当剪应变g1×10~(-4)时,G/G_(max)折减很小,土体处于非线性弹性状态。沉积相、土层深度和土类对苏州第四纪地层土的G/G_(max),l与g关系曲线的影响有明显差异。相同沉积相的同类土,土层深度越深,G/G_(max)随g增长而衰退越慢,l越小;深度相近的同类土,滨海相土比河泛相土具有更为明显的非线性,而滨海相土的l略高于河泛相土。沉积相相同、深度相近时,粉砂、粉质黏土、黏土的G/G_(max)随g增长而衰退的速率依次减慢;应变水平相同时,粉砂的l最小,粉质黏土的次之,黏土的最大。     

基于扰动状态概念理论的固化淤泥一维压缩模型

采用低碳、环保的镁质水泥对淤泥进行固化处理,研究了不同龄期下固化淤泥一维压缩特性。采用新型环刀制样方法,开展了镁质水泥固化淤泥的一维压缩实验研究。结果表明:固化淤泥的压缩曲线与结构性土变化趋势类似,固化淤泥的ln(1+e)–lgσ′v曲线存在一个明显的拐点(结构屈服应力),且随着龄期的增长,固化淤泥的结构屈服应力逐渐增大。基于扰动状态概念理论,提出了能反应固化淤泥强化与弱化并存的一维压缩模型,试验验证了该模型可以较好预测任意龄期下固化淤泥的一维压缩特性。     

钢筋网片约束活性粉末混凝土局压性能试验研究

采用钢筋网片约束局压区核心混凝土可改善其延性，提高局压承载力。以局压面积比A_b/A_l、约束面积比A_cor/ A_l以及钢筋网片体积配筋率ρ_v为主要参数，进行钢筋网片约束预留孔道活性粉末混凝土轴心局压试验，研究局压破坏形态、裂缝发展模式、局压楔形体特征、局部荷载与局压变形关系以及局压承载力。试验结果表明：当A_cor/A_l不小于1时，局压区网片钢筋能达到屈服，钢筋网片对核心活性粉末混凝土的约束作用显著；试件的初裂荷载较小，开裂后至破坏前表面裂缝发展缓慢，破坏时承压面附近混凝土局部剥落，但试件相对完整；局压破坏可划分为压密、楔形体形成、楔形体滑移、破坏4个阶段。分析A_cor/A_l、A_b/A_l、 ρ_v对局压承载力提高系数的影响，结合未配筋局压试验结果，提出钢筋网片约束活性粉末混凝土局压承载力实用计算式，计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

砂岩裂纹起裂损伤强度及脆性参数演化试验研究

岩石起裂强度σci及损伤强度σcd作为岩石重要的强度特征值,其研究对于分析岩石的渐进破坏过程及预测隧洞脆性破坏有着重要意义。首先采用应变分析及声发射监测方法,研究了两组硬质砂岩试样在单轴及三轴压缩过程中的裂纹演化特征。试验结果表明,试样的侧向膨胀变形及声发射计数值可以较好地反映其内部的裂纹演化情况,二者随着裂纹的萌生积累都表现出一致的阶段性变化规律。同时通过进一步分析应变及声发射曲线中的阶段性变化拐点,确定了砂岩试样的起裂强度及损伤强度值。其中青砂岩平均起裂强度约为其峰值强度的0.42倍,红砂岩平均起裂强度则约为其峰值强度的0.48倍。最后通过对比不同围压下的试验结果,发现两组砂岩试样起裂阶段内摩擦角均小于其峰值阶段,初始φ0约为终值的1/2。由此定义了可反映岩石脆性程度的起裂摩擦水平φ_0/φ,并建立考虑摩擦作用的线性起裂准则。     

基于侧阻硬化与软化模型的大直径桩基水平承载力研究

从桩侧竖向摩阻力作为大直径基桩水平承载力显著影响因素的角度出发,首先分别建立了桩侧摩阻力硬化和软化τ–s模型作用下单位长度桩身抗力矩Ms的数值解及其相应的解析方程。随后,在传递矩阵法基础上分别推导了考虑桩身抗力矩Ms影响的传递矩阵系数解析解。最后,通过影响参数及工程案例对比分析,分别证明了本文所推导的附加弯矩–转角本构模型和传递矩阵解的正确性,并得出以下结论:对侧阻硬化模型而言,桩身抗力矩Ms随着桩径d、抗剪刚度系数比值k2/k1的增加以及弹性极限位移seu的减小而增加;对侧阻软化模型而言,桩身抗力矩Ms随着桩径d、参数β(=su2/seu)和αres(=τu,res/τu,eq)的增加而增加。