炼油厂冷却水系统硫酸盐还原菌对316L不锈钢点腐蚀的研究

用开路电位、动电位扫描、电化学阻抗技术和扫描电镜等方法,研究了316L不锈钢在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,分析了炼油厂冷却水系统微生物腐蚀的特征及机制.结果表明,在含有SRB溶液中的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和点蚀电位(Epit)随浸泡时间的增加而负移,极化电阻(Rp)随浸泡时间的增加而减小;在含有SRB溶液中的腐蚀速率均大于在无菌溶液中;SRB的生长代谢活动影响了316L SS表面的腐蚀过程,使不锈钢表面的钝化膜层腐蚀破坏程度增加,加速了316L SS的腐蚀.     

Comparison of electrochemical techniques during the corrosion of X52 pipeline steel in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)

This work compares three electrochemical techniques, linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise (EN), used in the study of corrosion of X52 steel samples in an environment containing a culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The study emphasizes the different electrochemical information obtained when using these techniques in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) studies.     

Effect of sulphate reducing bacteria on corrosion of Al?Zn?In?Sn sacrificial anodes in marine sediment

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of Al? Zn? In‐Sn sacrificial anodes in marine sediment was investigated by exposing samples to sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). Samples exposed to the sterile marine sediment were used as control. The results show that pitting corrosion occurs in both the sterile marine sediment and the SRB‐containing marine sediment. However, the corrosion can be increased sharply by the SRB metabolic activity due to the cathodic depolarization effect. In fact, the effect is based on the consumption of hydrogen which probably results in the acceleration of galvanic corrosion between corrosion products and metal substrate.     

Synergistic effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria and elastic stress on corrosion of X80 steel in soil solution

In this paper, the individual and simultaneous effects of stress and sulfate-reducing bacteria on corrosion of X80 steel were conducted by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both elastic stress and activity of SRB enhance corrosion of the steel and, furthermore, they have synergistic effects on corrosion behavior of the steel. The activities of SRB give rise to the initiation of pits, and the applied elastic stress keeps and promotes the growth of pits. The activities of SRB and the applied elastic stress induce tiny secondary corrosion pitting at the bottom of the primary pitting.     

316L不锈钢在硫酸盐还原菌和铁氧化菌共同作用下的腐蚀行为

采用微生物分析、电化学测试、扫描电镜观察及表面能谱分析等方法，研究了316L不锈钢在硫酸盐还原菌（Sulfate—Reducing Bacteria，SRB）与铁氧化菌（Iron—Oxidizing Bacteria，IOB）共同作用的溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为，分析了炼油厂冷却水系统中微生物腐蚀的特征及机制。结果表明，不锈钢电极在SRB与IOB相结合的溶液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位和再钝化电位均随浸泡时间的增加而负移，其滞后环增大；在SRB与IOB共同作用的溶液中的腐蚀速率大于在无菌溶液中；显微观察表明生物膜疏松多孔，生物膜内细菌的生长代谢活动促使不锈钢表面的钝化膜层腐蚀破坏程度增加，在SRB与IOB共同作用下316L不锈钢电极发生了严重的点蚀。     

Development of microbially influenced corrosion on carbon steel in a simulated water injection system

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) on internal pipeline surfaces has become a severe problem during the water injection process in secondary oil recovery. The formation of a biofilm, normally dominated by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), is believed to be the critical step of the MIC process. A continuously fed biofilm simulating the water injection process was operated to investigate the influence of biofilm development on MIC behavior in the early phase of corrosion development. The development of the corrosion product film and biofilm was monitored for 5 months with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, scanning electron microscopy, 3D optical profiling, and direct weight measurement. MIC development was found to comprise three phases: initialization, transition, and stabilization. The initialization phase involved the formation of the corrosion product layer and the initial attachment of the sessile microbes on metal surface. In the transition phase, the MIC process gradually shifted from charge‐transfer‐controlled reaction to diffusion‐controlled reaction. The stabilization phase featured mature and compact biofilm on the metal surface, and the general corrosion rate (CR) decreased due to the diffusional effect, while the pitting CR was enhanced at a lower carbon source level, which supported the mechanism of direct electron uptake from the metal surface by SRB.     

Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of X80 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Soil Solution

MIC of X80 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH soil solution in the presence and absence of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) was monitored by electrochemical techniques and microbiological tests. The results show that soil solution is more close to the complex soil environment around pipeline. The activity of SRB leads to the shift of the phase response to low frequency, the decrease of electrolyte resistance and the alteration of dielectric constant of the film. Both the activity and metabolite of SRB influence the corrosion behavior of the steel. The steel surface undergoes localized attack in the SRB-inoculated soil solution, whereas only slight uniform corrosion occurs in the sterile soil solution.     

混凝土中钢筋点蚀的电化学噪声特性研究

    采用Sym4小波分析氯离子环境下砂浆中碳钢电化学噪声的电流波动及电压波动信号,通过提取信号的小波能量,得到了信号的能量分布曲线.结果表明,电化学噪声的小波能量是点蚀监测信号解析的重要特征参数,根据能量分布曲线的变化可以判定点蚀的发生.     

油气管线钢土壤环境硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀研究进展

结合国内外埋地管线钢微生物腐蚀的研究,综述了腐蚀性土壤微生物种类和特点、环境因素对硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀的影响、生物腐蚀研究方法和进展,以及微生物腐蚀防护与监检测技术.最后,对埋地管线钢微生物腐蚀研究进行了展望.埋地管线钢服役环境复杂,受到土壤类型、杂散电流、阴极保护、应力、剥离涂层和微生物等多种因素的影响,而各种因素之间又存在着相互的耦合作用.多因素耦合作用下埋地管线钢微生物腐蚀将成为土壤微生物腐蚀今后的主要研究方向.土壤微生物腐蚀研究涉及土壤学、材料学、腐蚀科学和微生物学等多学科,是一个多学科交叉的研究课题,而化学和电化学分析技术、微生物分析技术以及材料表征技术等的联用也将为土壤微生物腐蚀行为和机制的研究提供更多的研究方法,这也有助于更好地理解微生物/材料之间的相互作用机制.随着对微生物腐蚀研究的深入,人们对硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀机理的认识也更加全面,"生物阴极催化还原"理论从生物能量学和生物电化学角度解释了微生物腐蚀的过程和机理.抗菌涂层开发和耐微生物腐蚀管线钢研发为MIC防治提供了一个新的研究路径.     

A study on bacteria-assisted cracking of X80 pipeline steel in soil environment

In the paper, bacteria-assisted cracking by sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) of X80 pipeline steel in a meadow soil solution was studied under different applied stresses by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarisation resistance and scanning electron microscope. The obtained results indicated that the physiological activity of SRB and the applied stresses not only play individual roles in corrosion of the steel, but also had intense synergistic effects in promoting the corrosion process. In the SRB-inoculated soil solution, the number, average length and width of micro-cracks increase to a certain extent. Under the combined actions of SRB and plastic stress, localised corrosion may not only extend to steel matrix but also to lateral direction. The generation processes of bacteria-assisted cracking were discussed in the paper.     

L245管线钢及焊缝在硫酸盐还原菌环境下的腐蚀行为研究

目的 通过实验模拟硫酸盐还原菌对L245钢及焊缝的腐蚀行为,探究硫酸盐还原菌对母材和焊缝的腐蚀过程及差异.方法 采用静态浸泡法研究了L245管线钢及焊缝在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)条件下的3个不同浸泡时段的腐蚀行为.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、聚焦离子束显微镜(FIB-SEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)等测试设备,对试样母材及焊缝区的膜生长过程和腐蚀特征差异进行了表征分析.结果 焊缝区和母材区的腐蚀特征均表现为微生物膜下的局部腐蚀,且点蚀程度随着浸泡时间延长而加重.在腐蚀初期(24 h),焊缝区胞外聚合物(EPS)生长速度要高于母材区,浸泡72 h后,微生物膜已完全覆盖试样表面.腐蚀末期(168 h)膜结构的研究结果表明,大量SRB个体存在于膜中,这是造成点蚀的关键原因.试样去除微生物膜后,经测量发现,焊缝区平均点蚀深度和最大点蚀坑深度均高于母材区,熔合线附近区域的点蚀尤为严重.结论 微生物膜生长对碳钢L245的腐蚀萌生及加速起到了关键作用,焊缝区对SRB引发的点蚀敏感性更高.初步揭示了细菌生长趋势、膜生长过程、点蚀发展这三者之间的对应关系.     

应用原子力显微镜研究硫酸盐还原菌对A3钢的腐蚀

应用原子力显微镜（AFM）研究硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、微生物膜、腐蚀产物膜和A3钢腐蚀后的表面形貌,获得了高分辨率、清晰的图像.测得了SRB的大小,微生物膜、腐蚀产物膜的厚度和形成的点蚀孔深度.结果表明,A3钢的微生物腐蚀过程是先形成致密的硫化物膜,然后微生物在其上面聚集附着形成微生物膜;A3钢的微生物腐蚀主要以点蚀形式发生.     

A Synergistic Acceleration of Corrosion of Q235 Carbon Steel Between Magnetization and Extracellular Polymeric Substances

In this work, surface characterization and electrochemical measurement were employed to investigate the effects of magnetic field(MF) on the corrosion of Q235 carbon steel in a NaCl solution containing sulphate-reducing bacteria(SRB) or extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). Results demonstrated that a 150 mT MF enhanced steel corrosion in a SRB-containing NaCl solution by 202% calculated from weight loss with pitting corrosion as the main corrosion type.Either EPS or MF rendered steel corrosion, but a synergistic interaction between MF and EPS boosted up steel corrosion.This synergistic enhancement could be referred to the alteration in orientation of EPS induced by MF. The presence of higher percentage of chloride ions on the carbon steel surface manifested that MF initiated the erosion of chloride ions on the carbon steel coupon.     

仿生超滑表面对Al基体微生物腐蚀防护性能与机制研究

采用电化学刻蚀-表面修饰-全氟聚醚油注入三步法在模板材料纯Al表面制备了仿猪笼草超滑表面,研究了仿生超滑表面对典型腐蚀微生物-硫酸盐还原菌的附着及所致腐蚀的影响.结果表明,仿生超滑表面在静态和动态环境均可明显抑制硫酸盐还原菌的附着,这主要是由于仿生超滑表面作为一种"类液体"表面,无法为细菌的附着提供锚点.同时,全氟聚醚油可通过阻止腐蚀性介质向基体的渗入,抑制基底Al的腐蚀过程.该研究的开展可为海洋微生物腐蚀防护材料的开发提供理论依据和模型.     

不同湿度土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对碳钢腐蚀的影响

利用微生物分析、失重法、交流阻抗测试技术、扫描电镜及表面能谱等方法，研究了在不同湿度的同一种土壤中，硫酸盐还原菌对碳钢腐蚀的影响规律。结果表明，土壤湿度对菌类生长的影响是显著的，硫酸盐还在菌随着湿度的提高呈递增趋势；在相同的湿度下，接菌土壤中A3钢腐蚀速率和点蚀深度都明显大于灭菌土壤，说明硫酸盐还原菌加速了A3钢在土壤的中的腐蚀；随着含水量的增大，A3钢腐蚀速率首先增大，当土壤含水量增大到15%－20%，腐蚀速率达到最大，然后腐蚀速率随着湿度增大而趋于减小；最大腐蚀深度出现在土壤含水量为15%左右时。　 碳钢 土壤湿度 硫酸盐还原菌 微生物腐蚀     

海洋环境下金属材料微生物腐蚀研究进展

海洋环境下的微生物易附着在金属材料表面形成生物膜,进而导致金属材料表面的微生物腐蚀(MIC)。分析了海洋环境下常见的易导致腐蚀的微生物种类及其特征,如硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁氧化细菌(IOB)、产酸菌(APB)与产粘液菌(SPB)等,归纳了船舶与海洋平台涉及的微生物腐蚀及其与材料摩擦磨损的协同作用。在此基础上,重点综述了近年来碳钢、不锈钢与铜合金在海洋环境下的微生物腐蚀研究进展,包括溶解氧(DO)浓度、胞外聚合物(EPS)、生物膜微观形态等因素对碳钢MIC的影响,不锈钢在MIC过程中钝化膜与Cr元素化合物形态与含量变化,微生物抵抗Cu离子毒性机制以及铜合金在MIC过程中出现的脱合金成分腐蚀。对比了碳钢、不锈钢与铜合金表面在MIC中由生物膜、腐蚀产物与钝化膜形成的复合表面层结构差异。并从阴极去极化理论与微生物电化学腐蚀理论的角度解释了MIC,总结了两种理论间的关联性与局限性,指出了一些亟待解决的问题。     

循环冷却水中 2507 双相不锈钢微生物腐蚀研究

目的研究2507双相不锈钢在循环冷却水模拟溶液(添加微生物SRB+IOB)中的腐蚀特征,确定其腐蚀机理。方法模拟某炼油厂循环冷却水溶液,采用SEM,EDS和电化学测试等手段分析2507双相不锈钢在SRB+IOB循环冷却水中浸泡不同时间后的腐蚀产物形貌及其电化学腐蚀情况。结果2507双相不锈钢的腐蚀速率很低,属于轻度腐蚀;在循环冷却水模拟溶液中的阳极极化曲线具有明显的钝化区,且钝化膜具有良好的自修复能力;腐蚀倾向随时间增加先增大后减小,腐蚀速率随时间增加先减小后增大。结论 SRB和IOB及其代谢活动与Cl-协同作用是点蚀的主要原因;2507双相不锈钢具有良好的钝化性和耐微生物腐蚀性能。     

Enhanced Bio-corrosion Resistance by Cu Alloying in a Micro-alloyed Pipeline Steel

On the composition base of commercial X65 grade pipeline steels, a Cu modified pipeline steel was designed to show improved resistance to microbially induced corrosion (MIC). The mechanical properties of the Cu-added steel and its corrosion behavior in a soil solution inoculated with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were investigated in this work. The results demonstrated that Cu-added steel exhibits a good combination of strength and toughness. Cu ions released from the Cu-added steel could effectively kill the SRB attaching on the steel surface, thus evidently decreased the pit depth and diameter of Cu-added steel. Furthermore, during the long-term immersion, the Cu-rich film formed by the enrichment of Cu in the corrosion product layer on the steel surface could also contribute to the improvement of the bio-corrosion resistance of Cu-added steel.     

The influence of the cathodic process on the interpretation of electrochemical noise signals arising from pitting corrosion of stainless steels

The use of electrochemical noise (EN) measurements for the investigation and monitoring of corrosion has allowed many interesting advances in the corrosion science in recent years. A special advantage of EN measurements includes the possibility to detect and study the early stages of localized corrosion. Nevertheless, the understanding of the electrochemical information included in the EN signal is actually very limited. The role of the cathodic process on the EN signals remains uncertain and has not been sufficiently investigated to date. Thus, an accurate understanding of the influence of the cathodic process on the EN signal is still lacking. On the basis of different kinetics of the oxygen reduction it was established that the anodic amplitude of transients arising from pitting corrosion on stainless steel can be decreased by the corresponding electron consumption of the cathodic process. Therefore, the stronger the electron consumption, the weaker the anodic amplitude of the EN signal becomes. EN signals arising from pitting corrosion on stainless steel can be measured because the cathodic process is inhibited by the passive layer. This was confirmed by means of EN measurements under cathodic polarisation. Since the cathodic process plays a decisive role on the form of transients arising from pitting corrosion, its influence must be considered in the evaluation and interpretation of the EN signals.     

Evaluation of sessile microorganisms in pipelines and cooling towers of some Iranian industries

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a kind of electrochemical corrosion that is enhanced by the effect of certain microorganisms including sessile bacteria. In this investigation, more than 200 samples collected from different systems of Iranian refineries have been examined (by culturing methods and observations) for corrosion-enhancing, biofilm-producing microorganisms such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB), heterotrophic biofilm-forming bacteria (HBB), and some eukaryotes such as fungi. This study showed the presence of microorganisms, such as SRB, HBB, thermophillic HBB, and yeasts, except for IOB. It was also revealed that biocides are used to reduce the number of planktonic (floating) bacteria, instead of the number of sessile bacteria, that form biofilms. Using surfactants, or washing with chemicals like chlorine or organic acids in overhauls, may destroy the biofilm and free the residential bacteria into the bulk solution, thus exposing them to the biocide. For thick biofilms, a chlorine or acid wash may also yield the same results.