The development of vehicle recycling in Europe: Sorting,shredding, and separation

The large scale mechanical processing of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) started in the United States and was improved in Europe. In the United States, ELV recycling focused on high volumes while in Europe, optimization of processing plants was directed at high grades and recoveries. Legislation by the European Commission (EC) and the fast-growing consumption of metals in China has created an uneven playing field and new markets, which influences the technological developments in the United States and the European Union. In the Netherlands, the EC legislation has been implemented by car dismantling and in the future, mechanical auto shredder residue processing will be added to reduce cost.     

火工品失效分析概论

论述了火工品失效分析的概念、分类、失效模式及失效分析技术.文献上一直缺少关于火工品失效分析理论体系和试验体系的报道,这种现状给火工品失效分析工作带来一定的困难和不确定性,并缺少如何开展失效分析理论体系构架研究工作的思路.本文在总结火工品作用原理、特点和已发生过的各种失效案例基础上,较完整地提出了火工品的失效概念、失效模式和失效分析技术的理论体系框架,重点在于提出火工品失效分析的一般思路和分析程序.     

三极管内引线键合失效分析

本文结合某三极管内引线键合失效的实例,利用扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段,研究了三极管Au-Al键合系统中一种典型的脱键失效模式,结果表明,在器件内部水汽及电场、温度的共同作用下,从由于Kirkendall效应而在Au-Al键合界面间形成的,且与器件内部气氛相通的微裂纹处发生Al的电化学腐蚀,由于腐蚀产物的体积膨胀效应,最终导致发射极内引线与引线柱之间脱键失效.建议严格控制器件的生产工艺环境以及内引线的键合工艺,防止类似失效故障的发生.     

Outdoor-indoor corrosion of metals in tropical coastal atmospheres

Results of indoor and outdoor atmospheric corrosion tests conducted during a long period of time at Cuba and Campeche (Mexico) indicated very high corrosion rates at both sites which have humid-tropical marine climate. We found that the outdoor corrosivity ranges from C3 to >C5 according to ISO 9223 nevertheless metals exposed to sheltered conditions presented higher corrosion rates compared to outdoors, whereas in closed (indoor) environments the corrosion rate significantly decreased. It is recommended to define an additional level of corrosivity for tropical coastal atmospheres in outdoor and sheltered conditions as corrosion depends on the geographical position and exposure conditions.     

干湿交替周浸模拟加速腐蚀试验装置的建立

设计建立了一套模拟多种大气环境,同时能够进行电化学测试的、可靠的智能型干湿交替周浸加速腐蚀实验装置。实现了模拟加速自然环境的大气腐蚀,快速评价金属材料和涂层在大气环境下的腐蚀行为和耐蚀性能的目的。     

空蚀磨损和腐蚀在发动机缸套失效中作用分析

对K38发动机缸套失效进行研究,阐述缸套失效的原因,研究缸套失效的形式及缸套失效过程中空蚀磨损和腐蚀的作用.结果表明:缸套的表面破坏,是以空蚀磨损破坏缸套中的石墨为主;缸套的次表层破坏,是由于空蚀磨损和腐蚀交互作用,使缸套破坏速度加快;缸套深层局部破坏,以沉积物下腐蚀为主,空蚀磨损为沉积物下腐蚀创造条件.     

我国西部地区大气环境腐蚀性及材料腐蚀特征

我国西部地区地形、地貌复杂、气候多变，按气候因素及环境条件，大致可分为酸雨、沙漠、高原和热带雨林4大类典型大气环境．各类环境的大气腐蚀严酷性是不同的．不同环境类型对材料的腐蚀(老化)破坏特点也不一样．酸雨大气明显加剧了金属、金属保护性涂(镀)层、建筑材料等的腐蚀破坏、沙漠大气环境虽然干燥、少雨，但对处于塔里木盆地的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区，由于空气尘降物中的盐类物质较高，Cu、Zn、Al、不锈钢及金属涂层的腐蚀破坏比中、东部的湿热、亚湿热城市大气反而严重．在高原环境下，高分子材料的迅速老化破坏是其显著特征、热带雨林大气环境的特点主要表现在光学仪器、皮革、织物、木材等的严重霉变．     

Materials challenges for terrestrial thin-film photovoltaics

The terrestrial photovoltaics market has been dominated from the beginning by crystalline silicon and by cast multicrystalline silicon. Continuing improvements in materials quality and innovative designs are responsible for keeping silicon solar cells at a market share of about 85%. However, in the past two years, thin-film solar modules based on amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium diselenide have gained a strong foothold in the market, particularly in the United States and Europe. This article will briefly review the status of silicon solar cells and then discuss developments, opportunities, and materials challenges in thin-film solar cells.     

Injection of hot particles in the plasma flame

This study deals with experimental and theoretical investigations of preheating of the particles injected into a flame during the process of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Prior to the injection in the flame, the particles, delivered from the powder feeder, were heated in a carrier gas. The experimental devices to preheat the carrier gas, based on a principle oflinear, superficial, andvolume heating are discussed. The particle velocity and temperature in the pipeline connected to a preheating device were estimated theoretically using a simple analytical model. Two types of preheating devices were submitted to preliminary tests. The temperature of the carrier gas was measured using a thermocouple for avolumetric device working with a gliding arc discharge. The microstructure and properties of chromium oxide coatings plasma sprayed with the aid of a superficial preheating device are also presented and discussed.     

预镀框架铜线键合的腐蚀失效分析与可靠性

集成电路预镀框架铜线键合封装在实际应用中发现第二键合点失效，通过激光开封和横截面分析，键合失效与电化学腐蚀机理密切相关。通过2 000 h高温存储试验和高温高湿存储试验，研究预镀框架铜线键合界面的湿腐蚀和干腐蚀失效模式。结果表明:在不含Cl－的低湿度环境下，电化学反应速率缓慢，且金属腐蚀发生的比例低；在含有Cl－的高湿环境下，电化学反应速率则大大增加，铜线和框架的腐蚀严重程度与比例最为突出；高湿度和Cl－浓度加速金属界面的腐蚀，尤其是铜线的腐蚀。     

煤制气净化装置腐蚀失效机理分析及RBI技术的应用

本文简要介绍了RBI技术原理及齐鲁煤制气净化装置工艺概况,对装置腐蚀失效机理进行了具体分析,运用ORBIT ONSHORE风险评估软件对煤气化装置内静设备及管道实施定量风险分析评估,找出了失效可能性大或安全风险较高的装置单元和重点设备管道,提出了降低潜在风险的建议。     

颗粒输送不锈钢空气冷却器腐蚀分析与防护

针对大庆石化公司塑料厂20万吨/年高压装置风送工段空气冷却器E5101等七台换热器频繁泄漏问题,结合生产工况对泄漏换热管进行了腐蚀失效分析。通过专业检测分析手段,结合高压装置风送工段高温苛刻的运行条件,指出了产生管束腐蚀泄漏的条件因素,同时从材料、设备设计装配及结构方面分析了设备频繁泄漏的原因。该分析结果及建议在类似工艺条件下对已更新运行换热器腐蚀防护方面具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Boiler materials for ultra-supercritical coal power plants—Steamside oxidation

The corrosion behavior of tubing materials carrying steam at high temperature is of great concern to fossil power plant operators. This is due to the fact that the oxide films formed on the steam side can lead to major failures and consequently to reduced plant availability. The wall loss of the pressure boundary caused by oxidation can increase the hoop stresses and cause premature creep failures; second, the increased insulation of the tubes due to the low thermal conductivity of the oxide film can lead to increased metal temperature, thereby exacerbating the fireside corrosion as well as creep problems. The third concern is that thicker oxides may spall more easily when the plant is cooled down. On restart, the spalled material may lodge somewhere in the system with the potential for causing tube blockages, or it may be swept out with the working fluid and enter the steam turbine causing erosion damage to the turbine nozzles and blades. Failures of tubing and turbine components by these mechanisms have been widely reported in the United States. In view of the importance of the steamside oxidation, a major study of the phenomenon is being carried out as part of a major national program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Ohio Coal Development Office. As a prelude to the experimental work, a literature survey was performed to document the state of the art. Results of the review are reported here.     

腐蚀和残余应力对油气管道不规则区可靠性的影响分析

目的针对油气管道的运行安全问题,建立油气管道局部腐蚀模型,对管道不规则区域的可靠性进行准确分析。方法首先,对管网中不同的不规则区域管道的腐蚀进行简单分析,每个区域都有局部腐蚀缺陷,任何区域的破坏都会导致整个管网的破坏。其次,定义各区域的有限元模型,考虑文献中给出的局部腐蚀模型和常用应力模型。再次,利用概率分析方法给出真实的腐蚀参数和时间模型,并采用蒙特卡洛模拟算法进行求解,得出不同腐蚀速率下管道的不规则区域的失效概率。最后,以三种不同腐蚀速率的数值算例分析各种因素对腐蚀管道可靠性的影响。结果受腐蚀和残余应力的影响,不规则区域的可靠性明显大于规则区域。考虑不同区域的残余应力,破坏概率随残余应力的增加而增加,特别是高腐蚀速率时,失效概率增加,而低腐蚀速率时,这种敏感性降低。法兰的可靠性更受有无残余应力腐蚀的影响。常规区(基)的可靠性最好。结论管道不规则区域对腐蚀和残余应力的响应机制不同于规则区域,所提出的方法相比于传统方法,能够更有效地评价不规则区域的可靠性。     

炼厂的环烷酸腐蚀问题及最新研究动态

回顾了高酸原油加工防腐经验。加工高酸值原油是炼油企业控制成本、提高赢利空间的重要手段,但同时要面临设备腐蚀加剧问题,如高于230℃的高温部位、减压塔内器件、过流部件等腐蚀严重。各炼油企业普遍采取装置适应性改造、材质升级、加强在线腐蚀监测、高温缓蚀剂等技术手段应对高酸值原油腐蚀问题,然而设备腐蚀风险并没有得到彻底控制,由于腐蚀严重而导致的非计划停工仍难以杜绝,因此许多学者持续开展了高温环烷酸腐蚀研究。通过在模拟介质中的实验研究掌握了温度、总酸值、硫含量等因素对高温环烷酸腐蚀的影响,发现硫腐蚀可以部分抑制环烷酸腐蚀。近年来,实际馏分中环烷酸腐蚀和硫腐蚀交互作用得到了更多关注,重点是研究硫腐蚀产物膜在环烷酸腐蚀环境中的作用和机理。发展了旋转圆环实验装置、喷射式实验装置、流经式迷你高压釜、常温高速双相流模拟装置等,从不同角度模拟工况条件,使之更加接近工业生产实际工况。发展了预成膜-后腐蚀的"Challenge(挑战)"实验,用于研究钝化膜在高温环烷酸腐蚀中的行为和特性。环烷酸在馏分中的分布以及对腐蚀的影响也得到了广泛关注。基于机理或者经验数据的腐蚀预测模型已经成为各种炼厂设备完整性管理技术的基础。     

Reports on Meetings

Abstract

A study of corrosion in tropical marine locations is of interest since high corrosion rates are expected to be obtained at such locations. Investigations made at Mandapam Camp, a tropical marine location on the south-east coast of India, show that the rates of corrosion of steel and other metals are exceptionally high and increase with duration of exposure at this site. Attempt has been made to relate the corrosion behaviour to meteorological factors and atmospheric salinity. Determinations have been made under various exposure conditions; at different distances from sea, at different angles of exposure, at different heights from the ground and by carrying out exposure during day and night separately and on upward and downward facing surfaces.     

三效连续蒸发结晶装置中TA10换热器的失效分析

目的 针对国内某化工厂氯化铝生产线上三效连续蒸发装置中换热器发生的换热管束泄漏事故,进行相应的失效分析,找出其原因,以避免相似的腐蚀失效事故再次发生.方法 采用宏观检测方法确定发生腐蚀的位置及腐蚀的宏观形貌,由全浸试验确定TA10合金在管、壳程工况下的耐蚀性,通过电镜扫描观察表面腐蚀的微观形貌,最后借助能谱分析和X射线衍射的方法确定腐蚀产物的成分.结果 换热器中挡流板被腐蚀,其表面金属发生大面积不规则剥落,换热管束外侧发生严重腐蚀,金属大面积剥落,管程出口处只有焊缝处发生明显腐蚀.TA10合金在管程工况下不会发生腐蚀,而在壳程工况下,会发生较为严重的腐蚀,腐蚀表面呈现出多层状结构,且表面形状无规则,生成的腐蚀产物为TiH2.结论 TA10合金在壳程工况下,并不能达到良好的耐蚀效果,现有工艺条件下,露点的产生使换热管外侧有高浓度盐酸产生,其会和TA10合金发生严重的吸氢反应,从而导致氢致开裂以及吸氢脆化,伴随气体的冲刷,便出现了金属大面积剥落现象,换热管与管板在连接处发生缝隙腐蚀,缝隙内钛作为阳极发生溶解.最后针对性地提出了防腐蚀建议.     

石油钻杆加厚过渡区失效分析及有限元分析的研究现状

石油钻杆在服役环境中要受到介质腐蚀和高温、高压等方面的影响,其受力状态十分复杂,以致失效事故频发,对失效钻杆进行失效分析与评价有助于减少或延缓钻杆失效事故的发生。介绍了石油钻杆加厚过渡区失效分析与有限元分析的研究现状。指出下一步应着重研究超长Miu长度钻杆的失效特征、失效机理与失效原因,以及采用三维有限元技术对在拉伸、弯曲、扭转复合载荷作用下的钻杆加厚过渡区进行系统的力学分析。     

Schadensfälle bei osteosynthetischen Implantaten und ihre Ursachen

Case histories with osteosynthetic implants and their causes Osteosynthetic implants are made of CrNiMo steels (predominantly in Europe) and–overseas–also of CoCr alloys. Following reports on considerable numbers of failures it is pointed out that there is an absolute necessity for a binding regulation concerning the selection of materials for osteosynthetic implants; some characteristic cases are described in this connection. The alloyed steels are on principle absolutely resistant to body fluids; due to low local oxygen levels or to inhomogeneous distribution of alloy constituent, however, there may be element formation with subsequent local corrosion. Likewise it is found that incompatible metals are combined so that contact corrosion occurs. NaCl solutions which are used for cleaning areas of operation may give rise to pitting corrosion while steels with elevated carbon contents are frequently destroyed by intercristalline corrosion. Stress corrosion cracking on the other hand appears to be improbable; failures attributed to this type of corrosion are most frequently fatigue failures. On the basis of perience gained so far it is recommended that CrNiMo steels containing less than 0,03O% C and more than 2,1% Ma be used exclusively for this type of application.     

发动机缸套的空蚀磨损和腐蚀

对K38发动机缸套失效进行了研究，并探讨了缸套失效原因、失效形式以及失效过程中空蚀磨损和腐蚀的作用。结果表明，缸套表面以空蚀磨损破坏缸套中的石墨为主；缸套的次表层破坏是由于空蚀磨损和腐蚀交互作用，使缸套破坏速度加快；缸套深层局部破坏以沉积物腐蚀为主，空蚀磨损为沉积物腐蚀创造了条件。