Rolling element bearing fault detection based on optimal antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet

The presence of periodical impulses in vibration signals usually indicates the occurrence of rolling element bearing faults. Unfortunately, detecting the impulses of incipient faults is a difficult job because they are rather weak and often interfered by heavy noise and higher-level macro-structural vibrations. Therefore, a proper signal processing method is necessary. We proposed a differential evolution (DE) optimization and antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet (ARLW) filter-based method to extract the impulsive features buried in noisy vibration signals. The wavelet used in paper is developed from the fault characteristic signal model based on the idea of sparse representation in time-frequency domain. We first filter the original vibration signal using DE-optimized ARLW filter to eliminate the interferential vibrations and suppress random noise, then, demodulate the filtered signal and calculate its envelope spectrum. The analysis results of the simulation signals and real fault bearing vibration signals showed that the proposed method can effectively extract weak fault features.     

A joint adaptive wavelet filter and morphological signal processing method for weak mechanical impulse extraction

Periodical impulses are vital indicators of rotating machinery faults. Therefore, the extraction of weak periodical impulses from vibration signals is of great importance for incipient fault detection. However, measured signals are often severely tainted by various noises, which makes the detection of impulses rather difficult. As such, a proper signal processing technique is necessary. In this paper, a hybrid method comprised of wavelet filter and morphological signal processing (MSP) is proposed for this task. The wavelet filter is used to eliminate the noise and enhance the impulsive features. Then, the filtered signal is processed by the morphological closing operator and a local maximum algorithm to isolate periodical impulses. To select the proper parameters of the joint approach, i.e., the center frequency, the bandwidth of wavelet filter, and the length of flat structuring elements (SE), a novel optimization algorithm based on differential evolution (DE) is developed. The results of simulated experiments and bearing vibration signal analysis verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵的大型减速机圆锥滚子轴承微弱故障诊断

在强烈外界噪声下或轴承故障早期发展阶段,从轴承非平稳故障信号中提取微弱冲击成分是一个难点,针对这一问题,提出了一种新的基于非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵（Non-convex penalty regularization sparse low-rank matrix,NPRSLM）的轴承微弱故障特征提取方法。该方法不依赖振动信号结构的先验知识,也无需采集大量的样本信号来训练字典,避免了传统稀疏表示设计冗余字典带来的缺乏物理意义,通用性差等缺陷。该方法的核心思想是把采集的振动信号与待提取的故障脉冲看作一维矩阵（向量）,通过求解稀疏正则化的反问题得到故障脉冲信号。在建模上,通过引入非凸罚函数代替了传统最小化L1-norm融合套索算法,建立非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵模型,理论推导了所建立模型的严格凸性,并利用交替方向乘子法（Alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM）对模型进行求解,同时讨论了模型参数对模型算法的收敛性问题、凸性与非凸性边界取值问题等。仿真算例与大型减速机圆锥滚子轴承诊断实例表明：该方法不仅能提取隐藏在强烈外界噪声中的微弱冲击特征,而且改善了传统最小化L1-norm融合套索算法在提取微弱故障冲击时产生的脉冲能量大幅衰减与脉冲数目丢失问题。     

用盲反卷积和改进谱减法提取轴承微弱特征

为了有效提取滚动轴承早期损伤时微弱的故障特征,提出盲反卷积和改进谱减法(SSM)的振动信号分析方法。建立了滚动轴承振动信号卷积分析模型,阐述了冲击传递过程,根据无量纲特征构造了优化盲反卷积滤波器以检测振动信号中的微弱冲击成分。引入高效信号消噪方法——SSM消除盲反卷积后的背景噪声以增强故障特征。由于工程中轴承噪声频带较宽且幅值相差较大,易引起附加噪声分量,在经典SSM基础上,根据滚动轴承振动信号损伤信息存在于低频和高频调制区的特点,通过噪声能量和畸变量指标优化调整参数进行频域谱减。测试信号处理显示了改进SSM的优越性。最后将盲反卷积和改进SSM用于轴承诊断,结果表明该方法能提取滚动轴承早期损伤的冲击特征。     

基于自适应最优Morlet小波的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承早期故障信号中故障信息比较微弱常常被强噪声所掩盖,增加了对滚动轴承故障诊断的难度。针对这一问题,笔者提出了基于自适应最优Morlet小波变换的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用粒子群优化算法对Morlet小波变换的核心参数进行自适应寻优,在获得最优Morlet小波的同时保证了良好的带通滤波性能;然后,将最优Morlet小波对滚动轴承早期故障信号进行滤波去噪,提高信号的信噪比;最后,对最优Morlet小波滤波信号进行包络谱分析,通过包络谱中的主导频率成分与滚动轴承各元件的故障特征频率对比从而判断轴承的故障位置。仿真数据和实测数据分析结果证明,笔者所提方法能够有效提取故障信号中的特征信息,具有一定的有效性。     

基于卷积稀疏表示及等距映射的轴承故障诊断

针对卷积稀疏表示(convolution sparse representation,简称CSR)在轴承故障脉冲提取过程中过于依赖惩罚因子的缺点,提出了一种基于卷积稀疏表示、希尔伯特变换(Hilbert transform,简称HT)以及流形学习降维相结合的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,通过在不同惩罚因子下的CSR提取不同稀疏特征的脉冲;其次,针对提取的一系列脉冲进行希尔伯特变换,构造脉冲包络空间;最后,利用等距映射(isometric feature mapping,简称Isomap)流形学习算法对脉冲包络空间求解低维本征包络,以实现故障诊断。通过仿真数据以及台架实验数据验证表明:基于CSRHT-Isomap算法的轮对轴承故障诊断方法可以很好地提取轴承内圈及滚动体故障特征,通过与基于聚合经验模态分解和小波包变换的包络空间算法进行比较,证明该方法在提取本征包络、强化本征包络谱以及放大故障特征频率的谐波数方面具备较大优势。     

基于信号共振稀疏分解的转子早期碰摩故障诊断方法

提出了基于信号共振稀疏分解的转子早期碰摩故障诊断方法,该方法用信号共振稀疏分解从转子系统振动信号中提取早期碰摩冲击信号。与常规的基于频带划分的信号分解方法不同,信号共振稀疏分解方法根据信号中各成分品质因子的不同,将信号分解成高共振分量和低共振分量。当转子出现早期碰摩故障时,振动信号由以转频及谐波为主要成分的周期信号、包含转子故障信息的瞬态冲击信号以及噪声组成。周期信号为窄带信号,具有高的品质因子,可分解为高共振分量;瞬态冲击信号为宽带信号,具有低的品质因子,可分解为低共振分量。利用信号共振稀疏分解方法从转子早期碰摩信号中提取冲击成分,根据冲击的周期可进行转子早期碰摩故障诊断。算法仿真和应用实例验证了该方法从转子系统中提取早期碰摩冲击信号的有效性。
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Application of improved morphological filter to the extraction of impulsive attenuation signals

Rotating machinery response is often characterized by the presence of periodic impulses modulated by high-frequency harmonic components. It can be defined with three parameters, which are natural frequency, fault frequency and decay coefficient. In this paper, we propose an improved morphological filter for feature extraction of the above signals in the time domain. Firstly, an average weighted combination of open-closing and close-opening morphological operator, which eliminates statistical deflection of amplitude, is utilized to extract impulsive component from the original signal. Then, according to the geometric characteristic of impulsive attenuation component, the structure element is constructed with an impulsive attenuation function, and a new criterion is put forward to optimize the structure element. The proposed method is evaluated by simulated impulsive attenuation signals with different natural frequencies and vibration signals measured on defective bearings with outer race fault and inner race fault, respectively. Results show that the background noise can be fully restrained and the entire impulsive attenuation signal is well extracted, which demonstrates that the method is an efficient tool to extract impulsive attenuation component from mechanical signals.     

NEW METHOD OF EXTRACTING WEAK FAILURE INFORMATION IN GEARBOX BY COMPLEX WAVELET DENOISING

Because the extract of the weak failure information is always the difficulty and focus of fault detection. Aiming for specific statistical properties of complex wavelet coefficients of gearbox vibration signals, a new signal-denoising method which uses local adaptive algorithm based on dual-tree complex wavelet transform （DT-CWT） is introduced to extract weak failure information in gear, especially to extract impulse components. By taking into account the non-Gaussian probability distribution and the statistical dependencies among wavelet coefficients of some signals, and by taking the advantage of near shift-invariance of DT-CWT, the higher signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） than common wavelet denoising methods can be obtained. Experiments of extracting periodic impulses in gearbox vibration signals indicate that the method can extract incipient fault feature and hidden information from heavy noise, and it has an excellent effect on identifying weak feature signals in gearbox vibration signals.     

Incipient fault detection of rolling bearing using maximum autocorrelation impulse harmonic to noise deconvolution and parameter optimized fast EEMD

Incipient Fault Detection of Rolling Bearing with heavy background noise and interference harmonics is a hot topic. In this paper, a new method based on parameter optimized fast EEMD (FEEMD) and Maximum Autocorrelation Impulse Harmonic to Noise Deconvolution (MAIHND) method is proposed for detecting the incipient fault of rolling bearing. Firstly, the FEEMD method with parameters optimization is used to reduce the noise and eliminate the interference harmonics of the fault signal. As a noise assistant improved method, the FEEMD can reduce the mode mixing and enhance the calculation efficiency significantly. Secondly, a new indicator is developed to select the sensitive IMF. Finally, a novel MAIHND method is employed to extract impulse fault feature from the sensitive IMF. Simulation and experiments results indicated that the proposed parameter optimized FEEMD–MAIHND method can effectively identify the weak impulse fault feature of rolling bearing. Moreover, the excellent performance of the proposed indicator for sensitive IMF component selection and MAIHND method is verified.     

DT-CWT相关滤波在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

根据小波系数的相关分析理论,提出了基于双树复小波变换的小波相关滤波法。该方法根据相邻层小波系数的相关性,通过迭代过程自适应地进行滤波,能够在达到良好降噪效果的同时保留微弱故障特征信息。对降噪后的信号进行希尔伯特包络分析便可准确得到故障特征频率。试验信号分析与工程应用结果表明,该方法能够有效提取强背景噪声下的齿轮箱轴承早期故障特征信息。     

基于数学形态变换的转子故障特征提取方法

基于非线性数学形态变换提出旋转机械故障特征提取的新方法.由数学形态变换构成的形态滤波器可以有效地提取出信号的边缘轮廓以及形状特征,通过选取不同长度的形态结构元素,采用组合形态滤波器将旋转机械故障信号分解到不同频带上,故障信号被分解成基频成分、故障成分及高频噪声三部分,在分解过程中,信号长度没有减少,没有信息的丢失;将分解得到的故障成分单独提取出来进行分析,可以更准确描述故障特征;对实际碰摩故障信号进行形态学分解后,提取出故障成分,采用Hilbert-Huang变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)对分解前后的信号进行对比分析,验证了方法的有效性,表明基于形态变换的信号特征提取可以更准确刻画故障的非平稳特性,提高了分析效果,并具有计算简单、快速的优点.     

An optimal selection method for morphological filter’s parameters and its application in bearing fault diagnosis

The Mathematical morphological filter (MMF) is widely applied in vibration signal processing for fault diagnosis. The Structure element (SE) and the cutoff frequency of filter have important impacts on the filtering effect, but there is no selection principle of these parameters for vibration signal processing in fault diagnosis. In this paper, the working mechanism of the MMF is studied, and a novel technique with filter characteristics and selection criterion of the MMF is proposed. The filter characteristics of morphological filter are described through frequency response analysis. The relationship between the SE length and the cutoff frequency of MMF is put forward, and the quantitative selection method of SE in engineering is proposed to effectively remove the noise and detect the impulses. The method is evaluated using both simulated signal and experimental bearing vibration signal. The results show that quantized selection method can make MMF have the better filtering effect, and can reliably extract impulsive features for bearing defect diagnosis. The study provides a theoretical basis for the application of MMF in vibration signal processing.     

基于LCD的自适应小波脊线解调及齿轮故障诊断

针对最佳小波参数的设定和齿轮裂纹故障振动信号频率成分复杂、信噪比低等问题,将遗传优化算法、小波脊线解调与局部特征尺度分解(local characteristic-scale decomposition,简称LCD)相结合,提出了基于LCD的自适应小波脊线解调方法。首先,采用LCD方法将原始信号分解为若干个内禀尺度分量(intrinsic scale component,简称ISC),并通过选择蕴含特征信息的ISC来实现信号降噪;然后,以小波能量熵为目标函数,采用遗传算法优化小波参数,得到自适应小波;最后,通过自适应小波分析提取ISC的小波脊线,从而实现对原始信号的解调分析。通过齿轮裂纹故障诊断实例验证了该方法的有效性和优越性。     

基于最大似然估计的小波阈值消噪技术及信号特征提取

小波阈值消噪技术是近十年来发展起来的一个新方法,它因具有强大的去噪能力而被迅速应用在许多领域。针对工程中常见的具有稀疏概率密度形式的信号,推出了基于最大似然估计准则的小波消噪方法,并以脉冲信号为例,通过与现有的小波阈值消噪作比较,证实了该方法的优越性。最后,将该方法用在识别齿轮裂纹特征,收到了很好的效果。     

基于核熵成分分析的模拟电路早期故障诊断方法

针对模拟电路早期故障诊断中存在部分早期故障类别重叠的难点,提出了一种基于核熵成分分析的故障诊断方法。首先应用小波分形分析计算被测电路时域响应信号的小波分形维特征,然后利用核熵成分分析方法进行特征的优选与降维,最后将优选和降维后的特征应用最小二乘支持向量机多类分类器进行区分,其中用于识别重叠故障类别的最小二乘支持向量机的参数由量子粒子群算法优化选择。仿真结果表明,本文提出的核熵成分分析方法能较好地获取故障响应信号的本质特征,并表现出了比其他特征提取方法更好的性能,有助于提高模拟电路早期故障的诊断正确率。     

Multiwavelet denoising with improved neighboring coefficients for application on rolling bearing fault diagnosis

The characteristic signal of a rolling bearing with a defect acts as a series of periodic impulses. These features are usually immersed in heavy noise and then difficult to extract. It is feasible to make the features distinct through wavelet denoising. Scalar wavelet thresholding has been used to extract features. However, scalar wavelet might not extract the feature available due to its limitation in some important properties, and conventional term-by-term thresholding does not consider the effect of neighboring coefficients. Since multiwavelets have been formulated recently and they might offer good properties in signal processing, a novel denoising method — multiwavelet denoising with improved neighboring coefficients (neighboring coefficients dependent on level, DLNeighCoeff for short) — is proposed in this article. The method proposed is applied to a simulated signal and fault diagnosis of locomotive rolling bearings, obtaining performance superior to conventional methods.     

基于信号共振稀疏分解与包络谱的齿轮故障诊断

当齿轮出现断齿、裂纹等局部故障时,其振动信号会出现周期性冲击脉冲。在齿轮故障早期,由于冲击脉冲微弱,常淹没在齿轮的啮合频率、转频等谐波成分以及噪声中,因此,对于齿轮早期故障,直接对齿轮振动信号做包络谱分析以诊断齿轮局部故障通常效果不佳。针对这一问题,将信号共振稀疏分解方法与包络谱分析相结合,提出了基于信号共振稀疏分解与包络谱的齿轮故障诊断方法。该方法采用信号共振稀疏分解将冲击脉冲从齿轮振动信号中分离出来,然后对冲击脉冲做Hilbert包络分析,获取冲击脉冲出现的周期,进而对齿轮状态和故障进行识别。仿真算例和应用实例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the deconvolution problem for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis

Extraction of the fault related impulses from the raw vibration signal is important for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis. Deconvolution techniques, such as minimum entropy deconvolution (MED), MED adjusted (MEDA) and maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD), optimal MED adjusted (OMEDA) and multipoint optimal MED adjusted (MOMEDA), are typical techniques for enhancing the impulse-like component in the fault signal. This paper introduces the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the filter of deconvolution problem. The proposed approaches solve the filter coefficients of the deconvolution problems by the PSO algorithm, assisted by a generalized spherical coordinate transformation. Compared with MED, MEDA, and OMEDA, the proposed PSO-MED and PSO-OMEDA can effectively overcome the influence of large random impulses and tend to deconvolve a series of periodic impulses rather than a signal impulse. Compared with MCKD and MOMEDA, the proposed PSO-MCKD and PSO-MOMEDA can achieve good performances even when the fault period is inaccurate. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is validated by the simulated signals. The study of experimental bearing fault signal shows that the PSO based deconvolution methods delivered better performance for rolling element bearing fault detection than the traditional deconvolution methods. Additionally, the proposed methods are compared with the following two popular signal processing methods: the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and fast kurtogram, which are used to highlight the improved performance of the proposed methods.     

广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法研究及其在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的应用

齿轮箱由于其工况复杂、工作环境恶劣,极易发生故障,并且振动信号中往往包含多种成分并且伴随着强烈的背景噪声,给齿轮箱故障诊断带来了很大的困难。稀疏分解方法能够在强背景噪声下有效地提取瞬态特征成分,针对传统稀疏分解方法存在的计算效率低,幅值低估以及估计精度不足等问题,提出了一种基于调Q小波变换(Tunable Q-factor wavelet transform,TQWT)作为稀疏表示字典的广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法。该方法研究了满足紧框架条件的TQWT来构建稀疏表示字典,然后基于Moreau包络平滑思想提出广义平滑对数正则化方法,该罚函数可以在保持幅值的基础上精确重构出齿轮箱故障瞬态成分,最后利用前向后项分裂(Forward-backward splitting,FBS)算法精确求解该稀疏表示模型。仿真信号和试验信号验证了所提方法在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的有效性。