碳纤维网络增强环氧树脂基复合材料的制备与表征

为提高碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的刚性和热尺寸稳定性,首先利用短切碳纤维制备了碳纤维网络增强体(CFNR),并将其与环氧树脂复合制备了CFNR/环氧树脂新型复合材料。然后,分别利用扫描电镜和热机械分析仪对CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料的微观结构和热力学性能进行了表征。结果表明:CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料中有明显的网络节点,即碳质粘结点;CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料具有较好的导电性、较高的刚性和较低的热膨胀性,其弹性模量分别为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料及纯环氧树脂的3倍和6倍,平均热膨胀系数(60~200℃)分别为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的1/15及纯环氧树脂的1/40;随着温度升高,CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料、常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料及纯环氧树脂的弹性模量均因环氧树脂变软而降低,当温度高于80℃时,CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料的弹性模量分别约为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的7倍和纯环氧树脂的近70倍。研究结论可以为开发高刚性、低膨胀聚合物基复合材料提供实验依据和理论指导。     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶复合材料力学性能试验

氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的热导率和密度,可作为很好的隔热材料,而脆弱的力学性能限制了其在隔热领域的应用。在不影响隔热效果的前提下,通过复合陶瓷纤维可增加氧化硅气凝胶的强度及韧性。试验探索了陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶在室温下的拉伸、压缩和剪切等基本力学性能,分别研究了300℃、600℃和900℃下复合材料纤维铺层面方向的压缩性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对高温试样微观结构进行了观察分析。结果表明：陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶的性能表现出方向性,弹性模量在铺层面内方向与厚度方向的数值最大相差约28倍,强度极限亦然;在室温条件下,复合材料的拉伸和压缩弹性模量不同,X 、Y 和 Z 方向拉伸模量与对应的压缩模量之比分别为1.60、1.83和0.56;高温下复合材料沿厚度方向收缩,收缩量随温度升高而增大,900℃下的最大收缩量可达10.8%;高温下复合材料铺层面内方向压缩性能随温度升高而增强。     

碳纤维-尼龙6混编织物复合材料的制备及性能

为了探究合适的碳纤维表面处理方法,改善碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料界面结合效果,提高复合材料的力学性能,通过混编的方式制备碳纤维-尼龙6预制件,将预制件浸泡在不同浓度的醇溶尼龙无水乙醇溶液中,最后将预制件通过热压成型,制备碳纤维织物-尼龙6复合材料。采用万能拉伸试验机、SEM、TGA、DSC、XRD分析碳纤维-尼龙6复合材料的力学性能、微观形貌、耐热性能、结晶度及晶型变化。结果表明:将预制件在浓度为1wt%的尼龙溶液处理后,并采用1℃/min的降温速率制备的碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料力学性能最佳,抗拉强度、弹性模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量、冲击强度分别为449.32 MPa、5.32 GPa、657.67 MPa、44.08 GPa、138.42 kJ/m2。纤维拔出后,单根碳纤维表面附着部分尼龙基体,碳纤维与尼龙基体形成了良好的界面层。碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料的起始分解温度较尼龙6纤维提高了13℃,耐热性有所增强,尼龙6树脂主要以α晶型存在,结晶较为完善。      

AlN添加量对BN基复合陶瓷热学性能与抗热震性的影响

以BN、SiO₂、AlN为原料, 采用热压工艺制备出BN基复合陶瓷。研究了AlN添加量对复合陶瓷热学与抗热震性能的影响。结果表明: 随着AlN添加量的增加, 复合陶瓷的热膨胀系数呈现先降低后升高的趋势。当AlN的添加量为5vol%时, 复合陶瓷的平均热膨胀系数最小, 为2.22×10^-6/K; 复合陶瓷的热导率则随着AlN添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势, 当AlN的添加量为10vol%时达到最大值。未添加AlN的复合陶瓷热震后的残余强度随着热震温差的增大而升高; 随着AlN的引入, 复合陶瓷热震后的残余强度呈下降的趋势。对于添加5vol%AlN的复合陶瓷, 经1100℃热震后其残余强度为219.7 MPa, 强度保持率为88.9%, 抗热震性良好。     

碳纤维含量对短碳纤维-铜复合材料性能的影响

用粉末冶金法制造了碳纤维分布均匀的碳纤维一铜复合材料,测定了复合材料的力学性能和物理性能,表明在碳纤维与铜基体之间存在界面结合,碳纤维含量对复合材料性能影响极大。     

高刚度环氧树脂与高模碳纤维的界面相容和性能匹配

自行开发了一种高刚度环氧树脂（5182树脂）,研究了5182树脂的增刚机制、耐热性能和力学性能。结果表明,原位生成的酰亚胺刚性链段及增加的多交联位点提高了5182树脂交联网络的刚性,其玻璃化转变温度达228℃,拉伸模量达到4 375 MPa。采用高刚度5182树脂制备了国产BHM3和东丽M40J高模碳纤维增强高刚度环氧树脂复合材料,考察了高模碳纤维/高刚度环氧树脂单丝复合材料的界面黏结性能和断面微观形貌,并评价了高模碳纤维/高刚度环氧树脂单向复合材料的宏观力学性能。结果表明,由于树脂模量的提高及界面破坏区域由碳纤维表面转移到环氧树脂区,高模碳纤维/高刚度环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度最高达106.8 MPa,宏观力学性能优异,尤其弯曲性能和层间剪切强度大幅提高。      

Mechanical,electrical and thermal properties of aligned carbon nanotube/polyimide composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high strength and modulus, large aspect ratio, and good electrical and thermal conductivities, which make them attractive for fabricating composite. The poly(biphenyl dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine) (BPDA/PDA) polyimide has good mechanical and thermal performances and is herein used as matrix in unidirectional carbon nanotube composites for the first time. The strength and modulus of the composite increase by 2.73 and 12 times over pure BPDA–PDA polyimide, while its electrical conductivity reaches to 183 S/cm, which is 10¹⁸ times over pure polyimide. The composite has excellent high temperature resistance, and its thermal conductivity is beyond what has been achieved in previous studies. The improved properties of the composites are due to the long CNT length, high level of CNT alignment, high CNT volume fraction and good CNT dispersion in polyimide matrix. The composite is promising for applications that require high strength, lightweight, or high electrical and thermal conductivities.     

Thermal and mechanical properties of waste grass broom fiber-reinforced polyester composites

The main focus of this study is to utilize waste grass broom natural fibers as reinforcement and polyester resin as matrix for making partially biodegradable green composites. Thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of composites were investigated as a function of fiber content and temperature. The waste grass broom fiber has a tensile strength of 297.58 MPa, modulus of 18.28 GPa, and an effective density of 864 kg/m³. The volume fraction of fibers in the composites was varied from 0.163 to 0.358. Thermal conductivity of unidirectional composites was investigated experimentally by a guarded heat flow meter method. The results show that the thermal conductivity of composite decreased with increase in fiber content and the quite opposite trend was observed with respect to temperature. Moreover, the experimental results of thermal conductivity at different volume fractions were compared with two theoretical models. The specific heat capacity of the composite as measured by differential scanning calorimeter showed similar trend as that of the thermal conductivity. The variation in thermal diffusivity with respect to volume fraction of fiber and temperature was not so significant.The tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composites showed a maximum improvement of 222% and 173%, respectively over pure matrix. The work of fracture of the composites with maximum volume fraction of fibers was found to be 296 Jm⁻¹.     

碳纤维含量对短碳纤维－铜复合材料性能的影响

用粉末冶金法制造了碳纤维分布均匀的碳纤维一铜复合材料，测定了复合材料的力学性能和物理性能，表明在碳纤维与铜基体之间存在界面结合，碳纤维含量对复合材料性能影响极大。     

高强高模聚酰亚胺纤维/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能与破坏机制

以高强高模聚酰亚胺（PI）纤维为增强体,以航空级环氧树脂（EP）为基体,通过热熔法制备预浸料并采用热压罐成型技术制备了PI/EP复合材料层合板,对其力学性能和破坏形貌进行了分析。结果表明:高强高模PI纤维与EP具有良好的界面结合力,PI/EP复合材料的层间剪切强度为65.2 MPa,面内剪切强度为68.6 MPa;良好的界面结合状态能充分发挥PI纤维优异的力学性能,PI/EP复合材料的纵向拉伸强度达1 835 MPa,弯曲强度为834 MPa;PI/EP复合材料纵向拉伸破坏模式为散丝爆炸破坏,同时由于高强高模PI纤维还具有优异的韧性和较高的断裂伸长率,PI/EP复合材料从受力到失效断裂的时间较长;PI/EP复合材料纵向压缩破坏模式为45°折曲带破坏。高强高模PI/EP复合材料为航空航天先进复合材料增加了一个全新的选材方案。      

碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料的制备及热电性能研究

将不同含量(0.5%,1.0%,1.5%(质量分数))的碳纤维掺入到硫铝酸盐水泥基体中,制备了碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料。通过SEM、阿基米德排水测试法、四探针法等手段,研究了碳纤维含量对增强水泥基复合材料断面结构、抗弯强度、孔隙率、电导率、热导率和塞贝克系数的影响,并模拟太阳辐射进行了能量收集实验。结果表明,碳纤维均匀地分布在水泥基体中形成网格结构,碳纤维与水泥基体有很强的结合力。当碳纤维含量由0.5%(质量分数)增加到1.5%(质量分数)时,水泥基复合材料的抗压强度由71.36 MPa增加到106.51 MPa,增长了49.26%;孔隙率由0.8%增加到2.0%,增长了150.0%;电导率由0.0214 S/m增加到0.2408 S/m,增长了1025%;热导率由0.261 W/(m·K)减小到0.210 W/(m·K),减少了19.54%;塞贝克系数迅速增大,最大为1.22×10^4μV/K。当碳纤维含量为1.5%(质量分数)时,厚度为20 mm的水泥基复合材料每1 m^2可输出5~6μW的功率;在400 min辐照下,试样表面温度迅速达到70℃左右,1 m^2水泥基复合材料面板上收集到的能量高达8.1×10^-6 J。由此可知,碳纤维含量的增加,极大地提高了碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料的热电性能。     

莫来石与碳纤维协同填充的聚四氟乙烯基复合材料及其摩擦学性能

为了提高聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）的摩擦学性能,采用机械混匀、带温预压及烧结等工艺制备了莫来石和碳纤维填充的PTFE基复合材料,并通过FTIR、XRD、万能材料试验机、洛氏硬度计、DSC及热机械分析分别表征了PTFE基复合材料的显微结构、力学性能和热学性能;然后,使用MRH-3 型高速环块磨损试验机测定了复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率,通过自制的硅油砂浆磨损装置测定了复合材料在不同温度下的耐砂浆磨损性能;最后,借助3D测量激光显微镜研究了复合材料摩擦面形貌,并分析了摩擦磨损机制。结果表明:莫来石和碳纤维在PTFE体系中起到填充增强作用,20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的弹性模量由364 MPa增加至874 MPa;20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的干摩擦系数较大,但其磨损率与纯PTFE相比降低了3个数量级以上,且此复合材料在水摩擦条件下仍能保持较好的摩擦系数和磨损率,摩擦系数为0.157,磨损率为7.40×10-6 mm3·N-1·m-1;此外,20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料在较高温度下仍能表现出良好的耐砂浆磨损性能。所得结论表明改性得到的PTFE 基复合材料的摩擦学性能显著提高,复合材料可用于有杆抽油井防偏磨。      

Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of lead-silicon carbide fiber and lead-carbon fiber composites made by electrodeposition

Multifilament silicon carbide fibers (Nippon Carbon, Nicalon type) and carbon fibers (Thornel, Pan T 300 and Pitch type) were used to produce lead-matrix composite materials for battery plate grid applications. Lead was impregnated into the fibers by electrodeposition from fluoborate baths. The electrical conductivity of carbon fibers was sufficient for direct electroplating; silicon carbide fibers were electroless plated with copper beforehand. The experimental conditions for good penetration of lead into the fiber tows were determined.Unidirectional composite samples with a fiber volume fraction of 5 to 25% were prepared from both lead impregnated fiber sheets and rods by hot-pressing (280°C, 50 MPa, 5–30 mm). The flexural strength and modulus of these samples were measured as a function of the infiltration current density and of the fiber volume fraction. Ultimate strengths in the range 300–400 MPa were attained for both lead-silicon carbide and lead-carbon composites, at a fiber volume fraction of about 25%. These latter composites exhibited a good corrosion resistance towards 38.5 wt-% sulfuric acid under non-anodic conditions.     

莫来石纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备及性能研究

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶及超临界干燥技术制备了掺杂莫来石纤维的SiO2气凝胶复合材料,并对材料的热学性能和力学性能进行了测试,结果表明:SiO2气凝胶复合材料的热导率与其密度、温度和纤维添加量有关;添加莫来石纤维可以明显提高SiO2气凝胶的弹性模量和机械强度,改善材料的力学性能;莫来石纤维添加量控制在3%左右可以使SiO2气凝胶材料保持较低的热导率和较高的机械强度.     

Preparation and properties of polyamide 6 thermal conductive composites reinforced with fibers

The majority of inorganic particles-filled thermal conductive composites highlight thermal conductivity in detriment of mechanical properties. In this work, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), alumina (Al₂O₃) and flake graphite-filed polyamide 6 (PA6) composites prepared by twin-screw extruder, were reinforced with carbon and glass fibers separately. Effects of fiber type and content on thermal conductivity, mechanical properties and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the PA6-based composites were investigated. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the composites improved with increasing carbon fiber content, while decreased slightly with glass fiber loading. Furthermore, strength, modulus and HDT of the PA6-based composites increased with the increase of fiber content. The reinforcing effects of the two fibers on the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were compared and interpreted in this paper. By incorporating simultaneously high thermal conductive fillers and high-strength fibers, the combined composites hold a good potential in heat dissipation applications.     

C/C-ZrC复合材料的微观结构和力学性能研究

采用ZrOCl₂溶液浸渍法把锆化合物引入碳纤维预制体, 经热处理、热梯度化学气相渗透致密化和高温石墨化工艺制备了C/C-ZrC复合材料。性能测试结果表明, C/C复合材料的弯曲强度和模量随ZrC含量的增加而增大, ZrC含量为12.08wt%时, 其强度和模量分别为42.5 MPa 和9.6 GPa, 比未改性试样分别提高了70.0%和43.3%。基体中结合较弱的微米级ZrC颗粒的存在不利于碳基体强度的提高, 但其对材料最终性能的影响是次要的, 碳基体中亚微米/纳米级ZrC颗粒的存在和良好的ZrC-C界面结合, 提高了碳基体的强度和模量, 进而提高了复合材料的最终性能。     

连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度预测模型的发展及其影响因素

基于高强、高韧、高模和压拉平衡为特征的第三代先进复合材料的需求,综述了连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度预测模型的发展历程。基于纤维微屈曲、纤维扭结带、联合预测模型及渐进损伤失效模型,分别讨论了连续纤维增强树脂复合材料压缩失效机制,并在联合预测模型基础上,探究了碳纤维（直径、模量、体积分数、初始偏角）、树脂基体（弹性模量、剪切模量）及纤维/树脂界面三要素对连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度和压缩失效形式的影响。      

Investigations on the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy,carbon/epoxy and hybrid composites used in the reinforcement and the repair of aeronautic structures

This paper reports the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and hybrid laminated composites used in the reinforcement and/or the repair of aeronautic structures. These composites were manufactured by the hand lay-up process. Their physical, thermal and mechanical behaviors are discussed in terms of moisture absorption, thermal stability, tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and abrasive wear resistance. The impact of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of each composite group has been also investigated.The main results indicated that after water immersion, all composites showed significant moisture absorption especially for glass/epoxy composite. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the hybrid composite presented the best thermal stability behavior while the glass/epoxy composite the bad behavior. The mechanical properties of the carbon/epoxy composites, in the bulk material, were considerably higher than those of the glass/epoxy; the hybrid structure presented intermediate mechanical properties. The same trend was also observed in terms of wear properties. Finally, a deleterious effect on the strength of all composites due to hygrothermal exposure was established. However, carbon/epoxy composites seem to be less susceptible to aging damage after 90 days at 90 °C.     

Mechanical properties of 3D fiber reinforced C/SiC composites

High toughness and reliable three dimensional textile carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composites were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Mechanical properties of the composite materials were investigated under bending, shear, and impact loading. The density of the composites was 2.0–2.1 g cm⁻³ after the three dimensional carbon preform was infiltrated for 30 h. The values of flexural strength were 441 MPa at room temperature, 450 MPa at 1300°C, and 447 MPa at 1600°C. At elevated temperatures (1300 and 1600°C), the failure behavior of the composites became some brittle because of the strong interfacial bonding caused by the mis-match of thermal expansion coefficients between fiber and matrix. The shear strength was 30.5 MPa. The fracture toughness and work of fracture were as high as 20.3 MPa m^1/2 and 12.0 kJ·m⁻², respectively. The composites exhibited excellent uniformity of strength and the Weibull modulus, m, was 23.3. The value of dynamic fracture toughness was 62 kJ·m⁻² measured by Charpy impact tests.     

先驱体浸渍-裂解法制备SiBN纤维增强SiBN陶瓷基复合材料

连续纤维增强氮化物陶瓷基复合材料是耐高温透波材料的主要发展方向,纤维是目前制约耐高温透波复合材料发展的关键,而SiBN陶瓷纤维是一种兼具耐高温、透波、承载的新型陶瓷纤维。以聚硅氮烷为陶瓷先驱体,以SiBN连续陶瓷纤维为增强体,采用先驱体浸渍-裂解法制备了SiBN陶瓷纤维增强SiBN陶瓷基复合材料,研究了复合材料的热膨胀特性、力学性能、断裂模式以及微观结构。结果表明:SiBN陶瓷纤维增强SiBN陶瓷基复合材料呈现明显的脆性断裂特征,复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别为88.52 MPa和6.6 MPa,纤维的力学性能仍有待于提高。