ELID磨削工艺参数优化对光学玻璃表面质量影响的试验研究

在线电解砂轮修整(ELID)磨削技术是一项新的、高效的磨削方法,它有效地实现了许多难加工材料的超精密加工和高效加工.本文针对光学玻璃的特性,将ELID磨削方法应用于光学玻璃的精密加工,通过实验研究了ELID磨削中工艺参数对加工表面的影响规律,找到了在一定条件下优化的工艺参数.     

YG8材料ELID磨削过程中法向磨削力的研究

在线电解修整(Electrolytic In-Process Dressing,ELID)磨削方法由于其高效的镜面磨削效率而被广泛应用于硬、脆性材料的镜面磨削加工。在精密平面磨床上加装喷嘴电解ELID磨削系统,进行了硬质合金材料YG8的ELID磨削试验研究。实验分析了磨削力与输出电压、脉冲频率、脉冲电流占空比、砂轮转速、工作台进给速度及磨削深度等ELID磨削工艺参数变化的影响关系。同时,在相同的磨削参数下,对ELID磨削和普通磨削条件下的磨削力进行对比分析。试验结果表明:ELID磨削能明显降低磨削力,与普通磨削相比较,能更好地实现YG8的超精密磨削加工。     

光学玻璃的精密加工技术

对光学玻璃的高效精密特种加工技术进行了分析。对ELID法﹑激光加工﹑超声磨削以及精密铣削的最新研究进展进行了综述。介绍了采用ELID技术和控制加工工艺参数,使砂轮单个磨粒的最大切削深度小于脆性材料的临界切削厚度,实现了脆性材料的塑性加工,并得到精密光滑的表面;在加工非球曲面时,使零件的精加工抛光量降到最低。采用激光加工技术通过增加预热激光束,极大地降低了已加工表面的热应力及拉伸应力,使得加工质量有了大幅度的提高。通过选用适当的刀具和工艺参数,使被加工工件表面粗糙度值比普通磨削降低了30%～40%。通过优化刀具﹑加工方式及工艺参数,提高了光学玻璃精密铣削的加工质量和效率,降低了加工成本。     

高锰钢精密超精密镜面加工技术及试验研究

目的 利用ELID磨削技术对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢进行精密超精密镜面磨削加工试验研究,解决其加工性能差的问题,以提升表面质量,采用二次回归通用旋转设计试验,探究不同试验因素对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢加工表面质量的影响规律,并对各因素工艺参数进行优化。方法 对MSG-612 CNC超精密成型平面磨床进行ELID磨削工艺模块化改造后,采用240#、W10粒度的金属结合剂金刚石砂轮对直径f50 mm、厚度10 mm的样件进行ELID磨削加工,对比两种粒度砂轮的加工效果。应用二次回归通用旋转设计进行工艺试验,搭建表面粗糙度二次回归数学模型,探究不同试验因素对工件表面质量的影响程度,使用判定系数R2检验二次回归模型对实际情况的拟合程度。最后,由lingo软件对二次回归数学模型进行优化,得出ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢ELID磨削各试验因素工艺参数的最佳组合。结果 经W10金属结合剂金刚石砂轮加工后,样件获得较高精度的镜面效果,两种粒度所加工的样件表面均无烧伤。判定系数R2检验二次回归模型对实际情况的拟合度为99.24%,模型的预测结果对实际加工有指导意义。优化得出的最佳工艺参数组合为：砂轮线速度35 m/s,电解电压90 V,砂轮进给量2 μm,电解间隙0.734 mm。结论 ELID精密超精密镜面磨削加工技术可大幅提高ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢的加工效率和加工精度,减少工件表面烧伤,在高锰钢磨削加工方面具有良好的应用价值。     

石榴石铁氧体的ELID高效磨肖

铁氧体、光学玻璃、陶瓷等硬脆材料已经在许多领域获得了广泛的应用.因此有必要研究这类材料的高效磨削方法.本文在平面磨床上采用铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮在线电解修整方法(ELID)进行了高效磨削实验.分别采用铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID磨削技术与树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对石榴石铁氧体工件进行了加工.实验结果表明在同样的磨削条件下,采用ELID磨削技术时的磨削力约为使用树脂结合剂砂轮磨削力的2/5～3/5.实验结果说明采用ELID磨削技术可以提高加工效率,同时保证加工后的表面质量.     

W-Mo合金精密镜面加工工艺的实验研究

为了研究W-Mo合金材料精密加工的新途径,采用在线电解修整(ELID)精密磨削和超精密研抛技术,对其进行了精密镜面加工实验,分析了此材料超精密镜面表面的形成机理。通过ELID磨削加工得到了表面粗糙度Ra0.020μm加工表面,再以研抛压力为0.1~0.3 N/cm2,转速为60~100 r/min等优化研抛参数进行研抛加工,获得了表面粗糙度为Ra0.012μm精密镜面加工表面。实验表明:ELID精密磨削加工是保证工件表面质量的基础,超精密机械研抛时研抛压力及转速等参数对工件表面质量起主要影响作用。     

应用ELID技术进行微晶玻璃超精密磨削

由于微晶玻璃具有优良的物理、机械性能，在光学等领域得到了越来越多的应用。ELID磨削利用在线．电解的方法修整超细粒度的金刚石砂轮，可以有效地实现硬脆材料的超精密加工。本文将ELID磨削技术应用于微晶玻璃的超精密加工，通过改进ELID磨削的关键技术，包括砂轮电火花整形、电解修整电源和ELID磨削液的改进，实现了微晶玻璃的超精密磨削加工，同时通过采用原子力显微镜对不同磨削参数下的工件表面进行分析，以保证在塑性状态下对微晶玻璃进行磨削。因此提高了ELID磨削的质量。获得了Ra2．308nm的较好表面质量。     

石榴石铁氧体的ELID高效磨削

铁氧体、光学玻璃、陶瓷等硬脆材料已经在许多领域获得了广泛的应用。因此有必要研究这类材料的高效磨削方法。本文在平面磨床上采用铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮在线电解修整方法（ELID）进行了高效磨削实验。分别采用铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID磨削技术与树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对石榴石铁氧体工件进行了加工。实验结果表明在同样的磨削条件下，采用ELID磨削技术时的磨削力约为使用树脂结合剂砂轮磨削力的2/5-3/5。实验结果说明采用ELID磨削技术可以提高加工效率，同时保证加工后的表面质量。     

基于ELID磨削机理的GCr15轴承钢内圆工艺试验研究

针对GCr15轴承钢内圆传统磨削加工方式存在的精度低、烧伤及裂纹等缺陷,文章采用ELID精密镜面磨削技术对其进行工艺试验研究。在ELID精密镜面磨削机理及钝化膜数学模型的理论指导下,进行正交试验探究磨削深度、砂轮线速度、电解电压及占空比对表面粗糙度的影响及其最优参数组合,并采用极差法分析探究各因素对工件磨削质量影响程度的大小。研究结果表明在磨削深度0.5μm,砂轮线速度30m/s,电解电压50V,占空比50%的最佳工艺参数下可获得表面粗糙度为13nm的已加工表面     

铸铁基金刚石砂轮磨削LHG8光学玻璃表面质量研究

利用ELID磨削技术时光学玻璃LHG8的磨削性能进行了试验研究,通过试验分析磨削工艺参数及砂轮粒度对磨削性能的影响,讨论了磨削中磨削力的变化规律.结果表明,磨削力随着磨削深度的减小而减小,表面质量随着磨削深度的减小与磨粒的减小而提高.在ELID磨削中,能够使用微细砂轮得到较高的表面质量.     

A fundamental study on the mechanism of electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding

Demands for high quality surface finish, dimensional and form accuracy are required for optical surfaces and it is very difficult to achieve these using conventional grinding methods. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding is one new and efficient method that uses a metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel in order to achieve a mirror surface finish especially on hard and brittle materials. However, studies reported so for have not explained the fundamental mechanism of ELID grinding and so it has been studied here by conducting experiments to establish optimal grinding parameters to obtain better surface finish under various in-process dressing conditions. In this research the results show that the cutting forces are unstable throughout the grinding process due to the breakage of an insulating layer formed on the surface of the grinding wheel; however, a smoother surface can be obtained using a high dressing current duty ratio at the cost of high tool wear. ELID grinding is efficient for feed rates of less than 400 mm/min, and surface cracks are observed when it exceeds this limit.     

Development of an on-machine profile measurement system in ELID grinding for machining aspheric surface with software compensation

Efficient manufacture of dimensionally accurate optical surface on hard and brittle materials is a major concern for optoelectronic industry. Electrolytic in process dressing (ELID) grinding is proved as a reliable process to achieve this optical quality nano-surface finish on hard and brittle materials. Besides surface finish it is important to ensure dimensional accuracy by improving profile and form accuracy of the ground aspheric surface. Kinematic factors are commonly considered the reasons for the dimensional inaccuracy in a machined part. Software compensation is a direct and economical method to overcome several kinematic factors and improve the dimensional accuracy. Last, but most important, is the monitoring of achieved surface profile to ensure more accurate profile radius in the finished part. So an on-machine profile measurement system based on coordinate measuring machine (CMM) principle has been developed to check the profile radius of the ground surface. In this study software compensation was applied in ELID grinding of an aspheric surface in order to compensate the wheel wear until the measured surface profile machined on BK7 glass reaches within tolerable limit.     

在线电解修整(ELID)超精密磨削中的金刚石磨具特性研究

ELID(Electrolytic In-process Dressing)磨削技术是在电化学加工、电解磨削原理基础上发展起来的一项磨削新技术,主要用于硬脆材料超精密磨削过程中金属基结合剂超硬微细磨粒砂轮的在线修整.本文以金刚石微粉砂轮在线电解修整(ELID)磨削氮化硅陶瓷为例,着重研究了磨具特性对硬脆材料超精密磨削过程的影响.研究表明,磨具组织沿砂轮圆周的不均匀性将会导致砂轮表面钝化膜状态的不一致,这将直接影响砂轮局部参与切削的磨粒数量,影响单个磨料的实际磨削厚度.这首先将对工件表面的磨削质量,特别是对表面粗糙度产生直接影响,同时也非常不利于实现材料的高效去除.     

氧化铝陶瓷ELID高效磨削技术的研究

陶瓷材料具有优异的机械性能，其应用越来越广泛。然而由于陶瓷的高硬度及其易碎性使其难于加工。在线电解修整磨削技术已经被应用于硬脆材料的超精密加工，由于可以实现砂轮的在线修整，尤其被广泛应用于细粒度砂轮的磨削中。本文在平面磨床上应用铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮与ELID磨削技术进行高效磨削研究。实验结果表明，在同样的磨削条件下，采用ELID磨削时的磨削力约为使用树脂结合剂砂轮磨削力的2／5～3／5。实验结果说明采用ELID磨削技术加工效率可以得到极大提高。而且，在线电解修整作用可以保持砂轮的锋锐性，有利于保持硬脆材料高效磨削的连续性。     

Depth-of-cut errors in ELID surface grinding of zirconia-based ceramics

Based on the analysis of a surface grinding system and the material removal mechanism, a mathematic model has been proposed to predict the accumulated error between the total set depth-of-cut (DoC) and the total actual depth-of-cut (ADoC) in multi-pass surface grinding of zirconia-based ceramic materials. Design of Experiments (DoE) approach has been implemented to carry out experiments. The influence of the set DoC of each grinding pass, the total set DoC, and the grinding wheel velocity on the accumulated errors in ADoC has been investigated in detail in surface grinding of zirconia-based ceramics both with electrolysis in-process dressing (ELID) and without ELID. It has been observed that the accumulated DoC errors increase faster in the first few passes and gradually reach a saturation after a certain total DoCs (about 8–10 grinding passes) and a higher step DoC leads to a faster (fewer passes) saturation of the accumulated DoC errors. Compared to grinding without ELID, it has been found that ELID-grinding is characterized with better process stability and ELID offers positive effects on material removal rate (MRR), especially in case of removing large volume of material with the same grinding parameters.     

电镀金刚石砂轮磨削光学玻璃表面质量综述

目前光学玻璃被广泛应用到航空航天、光电、空间技术以及精密工程等领域,其表面质量的加工要求越来越高。通过研究电镀金刚石砂轮对光学玻璃的磨削加工,从磨削力和表面形貌两方面分析了磨削参数对光学玻璃表面质量的影响,综述了超声磨削和模压成型两种加工方式的研究进展,并预测了未来光学玻璃加工的发展趋势。      

Surface finishing of Ni–Cr–B–Si composite coatings by precision grinding

A Ni–Cr–B–Si/10vol%WC coating material has been precision ground to an optical quality surface finish (<10 nm R_a) using a combination of a very stiff precision machine tool, Tetraform “C”, 76 μm CBN grinding wheels and electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) assisted grinding. When grinding without ELID, surface finish has been shown to be limited by damage to primary and secondary carbides. This damage may be in the form of carbide pull-out or localised fracture and removal of the larger primary WC particulate. ELID assisted grinding helps maintain CBN grit protrusion and sharpness and thus promotes efficient cutting during grinding, minimising pull-out and localised damage to the harder phases within the coating microstructure. ELID therefore improves both the overall surface finish and surface integrity of the workpiece.     

钢结硬质合金在瓷粉料干压成型模具中的应用

分析了钢结硬质合金Gw50的热处理工艺,提出采用ELID精密镜面磨削技术代替原来的传统磨削工艺,对钢结硬质合金模具进行精密磨削,使其能够满足产品质量要求,并提高了劳动生产率.     

A comparative study: surface characteristics of CVD-SiC ground with cast iron bond diamond wheel

Efficient precision machining of CVD-SiC (chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide) reflection mirrors in extremely low surface roughness and high form accuracy is greatly demanded by advanced industrial fields. The existing lapping methods have a great difficulty in satisfying these demands. Some researchers proposed ductile mode grinding technology, but it inevitably required a very expensive grinding machine, and its grinding process with such fine abrasive wheel was usually unstable. Dr. H. Ohmori put forward a new idea of application of ELID-grinding to ultraprecision grinding of CVD-SiC mirrors. The method had a potential to solve the above problem. In this paper, the precision grinding of CVD-SiC was performed by two kinds of methods. One is the ELID grinding; the other is the ordinary grinding with the saw-like-abrasive-stone-dressed cast iron bond diamond wheel. A comparative study of surface characteristics of ground CVD-SiC has been carried out. The following conclusions have been drawn below. (1) The surface characteristics of wheels dressed by these two methods are different. (2) The surface roughness ground by ELID grinding was only slightly better than the one produced by the ordinary grinding method. (3) The microscopic characteristics of CVD-SiC ground by these two methods differed largely. (4) ELID grinding is greatly recommendable in precision grinding of hard-brittle materials on ordinary machines of low rigidity.