碳含量对热等静压FGH4169合金原始颗粒边界与力学性能的影响

用3种不同碳含量的GH4169合金粉末为原料,采用粉末热等静压+热处理工艺制备碳含量(质量分数,下同)分别为0.026%,0.045%和0.078%的FGH4169合金,研究碳含量对FGH4169合金PPB(prior particle boundary,原始颗粒边界)和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随碳含量从0.026%增加到0.078%,FGH4169合金析出碳化物增多,超过0.078%后,形成PPB;FGH4169合金中碳化物主要为富Ti和Nb的MC型碳化物,但碳含量对合金中碳化物的种类及形貌没有明显影响;在一定碳含量范围内,随碳含量增加,FGH4169合金基体上析出的γ'相数量减少,且碳化物越来越趋向于在原始颗粒边界聚集,导致合金的室温和650℃高温强度和塑性逐渐减小。     

粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态FGH96合金组织的影响

对氩气雾化法制备的高温合金FGH96粉末进行了热等静压(HIP)处理,分析了粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态合金组织的影响,研究了FGH96合金组织中PPB的类型、相结构和形成机制。结果表明,氩气雾化FGH96粉末的氧含量较低,平均氧含量约为50×10-6,随着粉末粒度降低,颗粒比表面积增大,促进了粉末氧含量的升高;粉末经HIP处理后氧含量具有遗传特征,原始粉末氧含量越高,HIP态合金氧含量也越高,且平均氧含量增至83×10-6;粉末尺寸和氧含量对合金致密化行为无明显影响,HIP态合金密度约为8.33 g·cm-3。小尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出ZrO2和MC碳化物,而大尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出大尺寸花瓣状γ’相和少量MC碳化物。粉末粒度和氧含量影响PPB析出,小尺寸粉末因氧含量高经HIP处理时颗粒边界处存在更多、尺寸更大稳定的ZrO2,ZrO2成为MC碳化物析出形核的核心,促进了大量MC碳化物的析出。     

粉末高温合金FGH96中的原始粉末颗粒边界及其对合金拉伸断裂行为的影响

采用等离子电极旋转雾化法和热等静压法(hot isostatic press,HIP)分别制备FGH96粉末与合金,对原始及高温(1 150℃)预热处理后的FGH96粉末表面析出相以及HIPed FGH96合金的原始粉末颗粒边界(prior particleboundary,简称PPB)进行分析,进而研究PPB对合金室温和750℃拉伸断裂行为的影响。研究发现:原始粉末表面无明显析出相,1 150℃预热处理后粉末表面有块状MC和细小氧化物分布;热等静压法制备的FGH96合金及其热处理后,PPB析出相主要由颗粒和块状的金属碳化物MC及富Zr的氧化物颗粒组成;该合金经过固溶和时效处理后,颗粒状MC部分溶解而块状MC长大,PPB碳化物的尺寸分布由单峰分布转变为双峰分布;常温拉伸时微孔在PPB上形成并扩展,合金沿PPB断裂;750℃拉伸时,合金强度与塑性较常温下明显降低,部分M23C6在晶界析出,块状和颗粒状碳化物部分溶解,为M23C6提供碳源,合金断口呈现沿晶和沿PPB混合断裂的形貌。     

消除粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界机制北大核心

采用SEM、TEM研究了高温合金粉末颗粒内部与合金中碳化物的类型和组成,采用热力学软件计算了不同Hf含量FGH4096的碳化物组成,结果表明,粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界上的析出物为以TiC为主的MC型碳化物,MC型碳化物(TiC、ZrC、HfC、NbC、TaC)在镍基高温合金中按溶解度从大到小为TiC>NbC>TaC>ZrC>HfC。TiC在FGH4096中的溶解度较HfC的大,雾化粉末快速凝固过程中,加入Hf的FGH4096合金碳化物析出量大于不加Hf的FGH4096合金碳化物析出量,HfC均匀形核于整个粉末颗粒中。在热等静压过程中,Hf与C的结合力强而形成HfC,最终在FGH4096合金中形成(Hf,Ti,Nb)C,致使C元素无法扩散至粉末颗粒表面形成TiC,避免了原始粉末颗粒边界的形成。加入Zr消除FGH4096中原始颗粒边界的机制与添加Hf的FGH4096相同。     

氩气雾化镍基高温合金粉末的氧化特性研究

采用氩气雾化法(AA法)制备出FGH96高温合金粉末,将筛分后的粉末在真空和氩气保护下存储,对储存条件、储存时间以及粉末特性对粉末中氧含量的影响进行研究,分析气雾化高温合金粉末的氧化特性.结果表明,随着储存时间的延长,粉末中的氧含量均呈现增长趋势,真空下粉末的氧含量变化曲线最趋平缓,储存一个月,氧含量由88.3×10(-6)增加至110×10(-6),适合做较长时间的储存;氩气气氛下,短时间内粉末的储存效果较好,随着时间延长储存效果下降,氧含量增长较快,储存一个月达到137×10(-6).AES分析结果表明粉末表面存在氧化造成的成分偏析以及碳、氧元素污染,氧元素主要与富集表面的Ti,Cr等元素生成氧化物,粉末表面状态对单个粉末的氧化特性有较大的影响,粉末表面越粗糙,粘附的卫星颗粒越多,粉末的氧含量越大,粉末的氧含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,表现为高斯分布,其中氧的富集层厚度最大约为38 nm,粉末表面越光滑则氧含量越少,氧含量沿深度分布曲线表现为单调减小,氧元素以物理吸附为主.     

Hf和Zr对FGH96合金PPB及力学性能的作用研究

采用PREP(等离子旋转电极法)制粉+HIP(热等静压)成形工艺制备FGH96合金,研究了w(Hf)+w(Zr)分别为0.0 +0.04％、0.3％+0.04％、0.6％+0.04％和0.3％+0.06％时合金的显微组织,以及室温和800℃冲击性能,室温、650℃和750℃拉伸性能,650℃/970MPa持久性能.结果表明:FGH96合金的PPB未形成连续的网膜结构,对合金性能危害较小；适量的Hf可消除PPB组织,改善合金的高温性能,尤其能显著提高持久寿命和塑性,消除缺口敏感性；含Hf时,过量的Zr促使氧化物在粉末边界连续析出,严重降低合金持久性能.FGH96合金中,Hf、Zr的最佳含量为0.6％、0.04％.     

消除粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界机制

采用SEM、TEM研究了高温合金粉末颗粒内部与合金中碳化物的类型和组成,采用热力学软件计算了不同Hf含量FGH4096的碳化物组成,结果表明,粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界上的析出物为以TiC为主的MC型碳化物,MC型碳化物(TiC、ZrC、HfC、NbC、TaC)在镍基高温合金中按溶解度从大到小为TiC＞NbC＞TaC＞...     

FGH95粉末高温合金原始颗粒边界及其对性能的影响

本文针对FGH95合金中原始颗粒边界的组成及其对合金冲击韧性、拉伸性能和持久性能的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:其原始颗粒边界的组成与粉末的氧含量有很密切的关系。当氧的含量低于40×10-6时,原始颗粒边界主要由大尺寸γ′组成,这种原始颗粒边界不会对合金的力学性能产生影响;当氧的含量大于70×10-6时,原始颗粒边界主要由MC型碳化物组成,这种原始颗粒边界将对合金的力学性能产生不利影响。     

粉末预热处理对HIP Rene‘95粉末高温合金组织的影响

本文研究了Rene′95合金粉末经不同温度预热处理再热等静压(HIP)后合金原始颗粒边界(PPB)碳化物析出、γ′含量及晶粒度的变化;探讨了采用粉末预处理方法减少HIP Rene′95合金PPB碳化物聚集的可能性。结果表明:预处理可以明显改善HIP Rene′95合金PPB碳化物的聚集程度,并且增加合金γ′含量而不改变合金的晶粒度。指出,这是由于预处理改善了HIP前粉末颗粒的表面状态,改变了碳化物在PPB的形核条件所致。     

热等静压及其加锻造和热挤压粉末高温合金FGH95的组织和性能

本工作的目的在于研究不同成型工艺对粉末高温合金FGH95组织和性能的影响,以确定合适的成型工艺。采用了氩气雾化的FGH95合金粉,用热等静压(HIP)、及其加锻造和热挤压三种工艺使之致密化。对各种压坯的显微组织和机械性能进行了研究。扫描电镜和透射电镜的研究结果说明,经过锻造或挤压的合金,其显微组织有明显的改善。热等静压合金的断口是沿粉末颗粒间断裂的,这是由于显微组织中存在着原始颗粒边界(PPB),降低了合金的力学性能。在热等静压加锻造或热挤压的合金中,由于消除了原始颗粒边界,断口是穿晶断裂的,因而改善了合金的强度和塑性。采用热挤压或热等静压加锻造成型工艺比较有效。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.