探测气溶胶消光特性的双波长米散射激光雷达

研制了一台双波长米散射激光雷达,用来探测对流层大气气溶胶532nm和1064nm两个波段的消光特性及其时空分布.该雷达系统采用四个通道分别用于对流层下部和中上部532nm及1064nm的大气回波信号,并采用窄带滤光片.借助小孔光阑,有效压制背景,以提高系统白天探测能力.描述了该雷达系统的总体结构和技术参数以及数据处理方法.给出了合肥地区(N31°54',E117°10')对流层大气气溶胶532nm及1064nm大气气溶胶消光系数的垂直廓线及其时空分布的典型探测结果,分析了气溶胶的波长依赖指数和532nm波段的光学厚度.观测和分析结果表明,双波长具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征.     

机载双波长米散射激光雷达大气回波信号与信噪比的模拟计算

为了研究机载双波长米散射激光雷达的技术参数对其探测性能的影响,为该激光雷达的设计与研制提供理论分析依据,使用合适的大气消光模式和机载米散射激光雷达方程,对其接收的大气后向散射回波信号以及信噪比进行了模拟计算,讨论了几何重叠因子和不同消光模式对回波信号的作用,分析了激光脉冲能量、累积激光脉冲数、接收视场、滤光片半宽度等技术参数对信噪比的影响.结果表明设计的机载激光雷达完全可以进行10 km高度以下大气气溶胶和云的探测.     

船载激光雷达观测青岛海域气溶胶光学性质实验研究

研制了一套能连续探测海洋大气气溶胶光学性质垂直分布的船载小型米散射激光雷达系统,用该系统于2015年5月和9月在青岛海域开展了海洋大气气溶胶观测实验.以同船搭载的Microtops II型手持式太阳光度计同步测量得到的气溶胶光学厚度作对比数据,比较了两种仪器的气溶胶光学厚度测量结果,得到观测海域柱平均激光雷达比为32.4sr,标准偏差4.6sr.由Fernald方法得到了实验海域夏季15 km以下的气溶胶消光系数廓线.连续观测实验表明研制的船载米散射激光雷达结构紧凑,易于在船载平台操作,能对海洋大气气溶胶的光学特性进行连续有效的高时空分辨率廓线测量.     

基于1064nm米散射激光雷达的大气消光特性的研究

介绍了一台自行研制的1064nm微脉冲米散射激光雷达的总体结构、技术参数及其工作原理。给出了具体探测的实验结果,推算出系统的几何重叠因子,根据激光雷达方程的反演方法,得出了大气气溶胶消光系数随高度变化的垂直分布廓线图。该激光雷达系统在夜晚的探测高度可达5km左右。通过激光雷达系统的日夜连续监测,可得到消光系数随高度及时间变化的三维分布图,对于进一步研究大气气溶胶的浓度、分布、散射及吸收特性都具有重要的意义。     

基于星载激光雷达双通道信息的气溶胶消光系数廓线反演算法研究

星载Mie散射激光雷达是当前应用最为广泛的获取全球尺度气溶胶剖面信息的探测设备。然而,大气气溶胶类型多样,通常假定气溶胶遵循特定模式并以此为先验,从而实现从激光雷达信号反演气溶胶消光系数廓线,但这一定程度上会影响反演精度的进一步提升。鉴于此,提出了一种基于星载激光雷达双通道信息的气溶胶消光系数廓线的迭代反演优化算法。该方法首先在给定的先验气溶胶模式下获得初始消光-后向散射比（即激光雷达比）,并基于此分别反演两个通道的气溶胶消光系数和光学厚度。同时借助构建的气溶胶光学厚度与气溶胶质量柱总量之间的关系,得到两通道独立估计的大气气溶胶质量柱总量。最后以两通道大气气溶胶质量柱总量相同为约束,实现仅依赖激光雷达数据的激光雷达比及气溶胶相关光学参数的迭代优化。由于双通道激光雷达观测的限制,该方法适用于两种类型气溶胶混合下的反演,利用内蒙古包头地区的多年气溶胶背景场,对反演模型的精度和适用性进行了评估。与采用经验估算激光雷达比的Fernald方法反演结果相比,所提算法反演的气溶胶消光系数廓线在532 nm和1064 nm通道的平均精度分别提高了21.16%和3.00%。此外,还将该方法应用在CALI...     

机载激光雷达探测大气气溶胶时人眼安全的数值分析

采用美国ANSI标准,定量分析了机载环境激光雷达进行气溶胶探测时激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量、激光束发散角及高度的关系;计算了当1064 nm和532 nm激光脉冲能量相等时不同高度上激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量;同时模拟计算了激光脉冲眼睛安全系数SL与1064 nm和532 nm的激光脉冲能量、高度的关系,为我国第一台机载大气探测激光雷达探测气溶胶提供了激光脉冲能量设置的理论依据.     

探测气溶胶-水汽的拉曼-米散射激光雷达系统

设计和构建了发射波长为355 nm和532 nm的户外型全天时激光雷达系统,用于探测大气气溶胶和水汽。运用355 nm和532 nm的米散射、532 nm的偏振、氮气和水汽分子的拉曼激光雷达技术,用于对边界层结构、对流层气溶胶和云光学特性及其形态、水汽混合比进行连续探测研究。该系统结构紧凑,运输方便,具备远程操作、数据传输、一键式启动等功能。利用该系统对大气气溶胶和水汽进行探测,探测结果表明：在大气气溶胶的探测过程中,在重污染条件下混合层高度较干净天低,在0.5 km以下,而干净天在1 km左右;通过对消光系数、Angstrom指数和退偏振比分析可知,重污染条件下,底层大气气溶胶以球形粗粒子污染物为主,干净天底层大气气溶胶以球形细粒子污染物为主;在云层中,Angstrom指数明显减小,且出现负值,说明云粒子半径较大。在水汽探测过程中,采用自标定方法获得系统的标定常数为121,与已标定的激光雷达系统对比,误差在±0.3 g/kg以内;连续探测结果表明可对夜晚5 km及白天混合层以内进行探测。该系统满足产品化的需求,可广泛运用于大气环境的监测领域中。     

气溶胶雷达比和波长指数的仿真研究

为深入研究气溶胶光散射特性,以米散射理论和粒谱分布为基础,仿真计算了多种气溶胶的雷达比和波长指数,研究了二者与入射光波长、气溶胶尺寸及复折射率之间的关系,仿真结果表明水云和雾在355 nm、532 nm和1064 nm波长的激光雷达比均约为19 sr,波长指数的绝对值很小,表明消光系数与波长之间不存在明显的依存关系.大陆型气溶胶的雷达比与其中soot型气溶胶的含量正相关,这与soot型气溶胶的强吸收性有关.大陆型气溶胶在532 nm波长的雷达比最大,在355 nm和1064 nm的雷达比相对较小.大陆型气溶胶的消光系数随波长增加而减小,其波长指数的平均值约为1.3.     

Raman-Mie激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶波长指数

Angstrom波长指数能够很好地反映大气气溶胶粒子的半径大小,而Raman方法测量对流层气溶胶较Mie散射方法假设的参数少,测量精度高.在介绍了一台双波长探测对流层气溶胶光学特性的L625Raman-Mie激光雷达系统及其测量原理的基础上,利用该激光雷达的探测数据,计算并分析了合肥地区对流层气溶胶的波长指数,给出了合肥地区对流层气溶胶光学特性的一些典型特征并讨论了其成因.结果表明L625激光雷达测量对流层气溶胶波长指数是可靠的.     

大气气溶胶和云雾粒子的激光雷达比

对探测大气气溶胶和云雾粒子的激光雷达的关键参量——激光雷达比问题进行了详细的讨论，利用实际大气气溶胶和云雾粒子的光学特性对0．532μm和l.064μm波长上的激光雷达比进行了计算分析，得到了各种气溶胶粒子组份和典型的集合状态以及云雾粒子的激光雷达比。发现激光雷达比和粒子的物理、光学性质密切相关，不同种类的粒子的激光雷达比有巨大的差异，并且两个波长上激光雷达比的相互关系也不相同，这些结果为激光雷达探测大气气溶胶和云雾粒子提供了依据。     

Algorithm to Retrieve Aerosol Optical Properties From High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar and Polarization Mie-Scattering Lidar Measurements

We developed an algorithm to estimate the vertical profiles of extinction coefficients at 532 nm for three aerosol types that are water-soluble, soot, and dust particles, using the extinction and backscattering coefficients at 532 nm for total aerosols derived from high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) measurements and the receiving signal at 1064 nm and total depolarization ratio at 532 nm measured with Mie scattering lidar (MSL). The mode radii, standard deviations, and refractive indexes for each aerosol component are prescribed by the optical properties of aerosols and clouds database; the optical properties for each aerosol component are computed from Mie theory on the assumption that their particles are spherical and homogeneous, except for dust. To consider the effect of nonsphericity, the dust lidar ratio at 532 nm is assumed to be 50 sr, the value that is reported for Asian dust from the other observational studies. We performed sensitivity study on retrieval errors. The errors in extinction coefficient for each aerosol component were smaller than 30% and 60% when the measurement errors were $pm$5% and $pm$ 10%. We demonstrated the ability of the algorithm by applying to the $ hbox{HSRL} + hbox{MSL}$ data measured at Tsukuba, Japan. Plumes consisting of water-soluble aerosols, soot, dust, or their mixture were retrieved; these results were consistent with simulation with a global aerosol transport model. Introducing the dust lidar ratio significantly improved a correlation between the retrieved dust concentration and the aerosol depolarization ratio at 532 nm derived from $ hbox{HSRL} + hbox{MSL}$ than the use of spherical dust optical model in the retrieval.      

Aerosol Lidar Intercomparison in the Framework of SPALINET—The Spanish Lidar Network: Methodology and Results

A group of eight Spanish lidars was formed in order to extend the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network-Advanced Sustainable Observation System (EARLINET-ASOS) project. This study presents intercomparisons at the hardware and software levels. Results of the system intercomparisons are based on range-square-corrected signals in cases where the lidars viewed the same atmospheres. Comparisons were also made for aerosol backscatter coefficients at 1064 nm (2 systems) and 532 nm (all systems), and for extinction coefficients at 532 nm (2 systems). In total, three field campaigns were carried out between 2006 and 2007. Comparisons were limited to the highest layer found before the free troposphere, i.e., either the atmospheric boundary layer or the aerosol layer just above it. Some groups did not pass the quality assurance criterion on the first attempt. Following modification and improvement to these systems, all systems met the quality criterion. The backscatter algorithm intercomparison consisted of processing lidar signal profiles simulated for two types of atmospheric conditions. Three stages with increasing knowledge of the input parameters were considered. The results showed that all algorithms work well when all inputs are known. They also showed the necessity to perform, when possible, additional measurements to attain better estimation of the lidar ratio, which is the most critical unknown in the elastic lidar inversion.     

大气模式对气溶胶光学参量反演及分类的影响研究

气溶胶对全球生态系统、物质循环具有重要影响,研究气溶胶光学参量等基础数据反演的准确性意义重大。利用来自欧洲气溶胶研究激光雷达网的4个观测站点(波坦察、莱比锡、里尔、埃武拉)在两次集中观测任务中的数据,对使用不同大气模式的温度、压强数据在反演气溶胶光学参量(消光和后向散射系数)及气溶胶分类中所产生的影响进行研究。结果表明：选用不同的大气模式对气溶胶光学参量进行反演会导致计算结果出现偏差,其中对于Raman法获取气溶胶消光系数的影响较大,在355 nm和532 nm处的最大偏差均可达到～20%。大气气溶胶浓度也会对不同模式的气溶胶光学参量反演结果产生影响,并且随观测波长的不同而有所差异。此外,不同大气模式会使气溶胶激光雷达比以及?ngstr?m指数等与气溶胶类型相关的参量反演结果产生偏差,并最终影响气溶胶的分类。文中研究结果对于揭示大气模式的选取在反演气溶胶光学参量中的重要性以及对于气溶胶分类乃至大气科学的相关研究都具有重要的参考价值。     

测污激光雷达探测气溶胶消光特性和?ngstr?m指数

为了研究测污激光雷达对水平能见度和垂直气溶胶消光系数变化趋势的探测,采用污染气体探测激光雷达,以斜率法和Fernald方法,反演了301.5nm和446.6nm在水平及垂直方向的消光系数,以及波长的?ngstr?m指数。结果表明,水平方向上,301.5nm和446.6nm的消光系数和能见度随时间变化均保持一致性;垂直方向上,301.5nm和446.6nm气溶胶消光系数随时空变化趋势相同,?ngstr?m指数随着时间的推移有所变化,但空间变化趋势相同。该结果对分析差分吸收激光雷达修正气溶胶的影响是有所帮助的。     

敦煌辐射校正场典型气溶胶垂直廓线的激光雷达观测

激光雷达可以获取气溶胶的三维信息。在2010年中国辐射校正场（Chinese Radiometric Calibration Site,CRCS2010）试验中,利用一部米散射激光雷达获取了敦煌辐射校正场区域15天的观测数据。利用经典的Fernald反演方法得到了这一区域的大气气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线并分析了其对辐射定标的影响。观测结果表明敦煌地区在从近地面到2～4 km处存在着一层气溶胶浓度高值层。用于辐亮度辐射定标的飞机飞行高度需要大于此高度,以避开气溶胶高浓度层的影响。并利用MODTRAN(MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission))辐射模式中的气溶胶廓线与实测气溶胶廓线分别进行辐射模拟,对于FY3/MERSI各可见-近红外通道都有不同程度的差异,其中蓝通道（<500 nm）有4%～5%的辐射差异。     

Retrievals of profiles of fine and coarse aerosols using lidar and radiometric space measurements

The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) spaceborne lidar, expected to be launched in 2004, will collect profiles of the lidar attenuated backscattering coefficients of aerosol and clouds at 0.53 and 1.06 /spl mu/m. The measurements are sensitive to the vertical distribution of aerosols. However, the information is insufficient to be mapped into unique aerosol physical properties and vertical distribution. Spectral radiances measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the Aqua spacecraft, acquired simultaneously with the CALIPSO observations, can constrain the solutions. The combination of the MODIS and CALIPSO data can be used to derive extinction profiles of the fine and coarse modes of the aerosol size distribution for aerosol optical thickness of 0.1 and larger. Here we describe a new inversion method developed to invert simultaneously MODIS and CALIPSO data over glint-free ocean. The method is applied to aircraft lidar and MODIS data collected over a dust storm off the coast of West Africa during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE). The backscattering-to-extinction ratio (BER) (BER=/spl omega//sub o/P(180)/4/spl pi/) can be retrieved from the synergism between measurements avoiding a priori hypotheses required for inverting lidar measurements alone. For dust, the resultant value of BER =0.016 sr/sup -1/ is over 50% smaller than what is expected using Mie theory, but in good agreement with recent results obtained from Raman lidar observations of dust episodes. The inversion is robust in the presence of 10% and 20% noise in the lidar signal at 0.53 and 1.06 /spl mu/m, respectively. Calibration errors of the lidar of 5% to 10% can cause an error in optical thickness of 20% to 40%, respectively, in the tested cases.     

户外型探测臭氧和气溶胶激光雷达系统研制

激光雷达探测臭氧和气溶胶垂直廓线分布近年来在环境监测领域获得广泛应用。介绍了一套可同时用于探测臭氧和气溶胶浓度的激光雷达系统。采用Nd:YAG激光器,通过二倍频器和四倍频器分别产生532 nm和266 nm激光光源,基于受激拉曼散射原理,在两根拉曼管中分别充有氘气和氢气,产生拉曼频移光289 nm,299 nm,通过差分吸收算法原理反演垂直空间臭氧浓度廓线,通过米散射算法原理来反演气溶胶浓度廓线。水平扫描试验结果显示,雷达系统的探测结果与近地面点式臭氧分析仪测量结果有较好的一致性,相对误差小于10%。在安徽合肥科学岛外场观测结果表明:臭氧探测高度,白天可以达到3 km,晚上可以达到5 km,气溶胶探测高度,白天可以达到10 km,晚上可以达到15 km。