Quantitative study of the carboxylic acids in Green River oil shale bitumen

Bitumen fractions were extracted by a benzene/methanol reflux of Green River oil shale (GROS) before and after treatment with HCl, HF, and HCl/HF. Acid leaching released 80% more bitumen than could be extracted without acid treatment. This additional bitumen had greater concentrations of carboxylic acids and their salts than the untreated oil shale bitumen. The carboxylic acids were separated from all bitumen fractions (untreated, post HCI, post HF, and post HF/HCl) and individual acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. The same types of acids were present in all four bitumen fractions but showed significant differences in their relative abundances. These carboxylic acids and salts were present in the original GROS and were not formed during the treatment. The post-HCl bitumen fraction contained Mg and Fe salts of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids with carbon numbers in the range of 21–38. Significantly, even though calcium is the major cation in the carbonate minerals of GROS, no Ca was present in the ash of these carboxylic acid salts. These results indicate that there is a strong interaction between carboxylic acids present in GROS and its mineral matrix (especially carbonate minerals). These carboxylic acids are possible coupling agents that ‘glue’ mineral and organic material together. The treatment of the oil shale also resulted in the formation of highly purified kerogen, low in ash yield (2 wt %) which had undergone only very mild acid treatment.     

Fate of minor free amino acids and phospholipids in crude tallow during steam splitting

Minor free amino acids and phospholipids contained in crude tallow were monitored during steam splitting of crude tallow. The bulk of the phospholipids was found in the glycerol sidestream after splitting. Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine were present in both crude tallow and the glycerol fraction. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine present in crude tallow were hydrolized with the glycerides. Because of this hydrolysis, high amounts of serine and ethanolamine are found in the fatty acid and glycerol fractions. In addition to constituent amino acids of proteins present in crude tallow, other biological amino acids such as taurine and ornithine were also present.     

Effect of the Intensification of Mechanical Processing on the Conversion of the Mineral Matter of Coal Fuel

The influence of intense preliminary mechanical processing in a disintegrator on the conversion of the mineral matter of Kuznetsk black coal was determined. With the use of X-ray spectral fluorescence analysis and a method of coal sample separation based on density, a significant redistribution of the mineral components with the use of an energy-intensive mill (disintegrator) was found in comparison with standard mills utilized in heat-power engineering in terms of both particle-size fractions and density. Crushing in the disintegrator leads to a more uniform distribution of mineral substances over the fractions. A small fraction becomes enriched in mineral elements such as calcium- and iron-containing minerals bound to the organic matter. The separation based on density showed that crushing in the disintegrator leads to a significant decrease in the concentration of iron-containing minerals and a decrease in the portion of organic components in the heavy fraction, as compared with crushing in a ball–tube mill.     

Weathering Products of Basalt in the Galilee. I. Rock-Soil Interface Weathering

The most common weathering form of the cover basalt in the Galilee is a thin weathering crust characterized by a sharp concentration change of some of the chemical constituents across the rock-soil interface. Large losses of Mg, Ca, Na, K and smaller ones of Si have occurred in the clay fraction of the crust and are accompanied by the nearly complete disappearance of mafic minerals. Plagioclase persists in part in the clay fraction of the crust indicating a greater stability of this mineral. Clay minerals formed in the course of the weathering include smectite, halloysite and kaolinite. The chemical and mineralogical transitions across the sharply defined weathering front are associated with changes in the pH environment of the unaltered rock, of the crust and of the soil.     

Proximal analysis, fatty acids profile, essential amino acids and mineral content in 12 species of fishes of commercial importance in Venezuela

Proximate composition, fatty acid profile, essential aminoacid and minerals were determined in twelve fish species (armadillo, bocachico, cachama, carpeta, corvina, lisa, mero, merluza, pargo, robalo, tilapia and trucha). Proximate analysis: moisture, protein and ash, were performed using AOAC methodology, fat by Bligh and Dyer method, fatty acids by Gas Chromatography, aminoacid using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and minerals by spectrophotometric method. Results showed that moisture varies between 70.49% for Armadillo and 78.64% for Mero, protein between 18.70% for Merluza and 25.53 for Armadillo, ash between 0.94% for Mero and 2.13% for Carpeta and fat between 1.12% for Pargo and 6.15% for Cachama. Unsaturated fatty acids (omega 3) were the most common found for all the spices. Essential amino acids studied were present in all the spices. Tilapia (10.938 g/100 g of fish), Bocachico (9.231 g/100 g of fish) and Mero (8.738 g/100 g of fish) shown greater content of essential amino acids. Phosphorous was the most concentrated mineral with a mean value of 238.13 mg/100 g of fish followed by calcium with 42.11 mg/100 g of fish. It was concluded that all studied species are an excellent source of protein, omega 3 fatty acids and minerals.     

内折香茶菜叶挥发油的化学成分

用水蒸气蒸馏法、两相溶剂萃取法从新鲜内折香茶菜叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油的化学成分进行了分析,用气相色谱面积归一法测定了各个成分的相对质量分数。共分离出16个峰,鉴定出16个化学成分。内折香茶菜挥发油中的主要成分为香芹酚(相对质量分数76.45%)、石竹烯(5.65%)、1-甲基-4-(1-异丙基)-1,4-环己二烯(3.68%)和2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)-双环[3.1.1]2-庚烷(2.74%)。     

Buckwheat leaf meal fat. I. Its physical and chemical characteristics and the constituents of the water-soluble and unsaponifiable fractions of the saponified fat

Summary The leaf meal fat of the Japanese buckwheat plant has been prepared, and its physical and chemical characteristics have been determined. Spectrophotometric analysis of the fat of this variety indicates that in composition it is similar to the fat of the Tartary variety, the one now preferably used for manufacture of rutin. The large quantity of unsaponifiable matter is unusual. This fraction contains carotene, xanthophylls, phytol, β-sitosterol, and an eicosanol. Also of interest is the presence in the fat of significant quantities of lecithin when isopropanol is used for extraction. The water-soluble acidic constituents of the saponified fat consist of the organic acids formic, acetic, and lactic, and the inorganic acids phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric. Ammonia was present in the alcohol distillate collected after saponification, and glycerol was identified in the water-soluble acid fraction. Quantitative values are given for formic and lactic acids and for ammonia. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.     

稻壳快速热裂解生物油的特性研究

Physicochemical properties of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of rice husk were studied in the present work.Molecular distillation was used to separate the crude bio-oil into three fractions viz.light fraction,middle fraction and heavy fraction.Their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer(GC-MS).The thermal behavior,including evaporation and decomposition,was investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(TG-FTIR).The product distribution was significantly affected by contents of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin.The bio-oil yield was 46.36%(by mass) and the yield of gaseous products was 27%(by mass).The chemicals in the bio-oil included acids,aldehydes,ketones,alcohols,phenols,sugars,etc.The light fraction was mainly composed of acids and compounds with lower boiling point temperature,the middle and heavy fractions were consisted of phenols and levoglucosan.The thermal stability of the bio-oil was determined by the interactions and intersolubility of compounds.It was found that the thermal stability of bio-oil was better than the light fraction,but worse than the middle and heavy fractions.     

Triacylglycerols of winter butterfat containing configurational isomers of monoenoic fatty acyl residues. I. Disaturated monoenoic triacylglycerols

The triacylglycerols of winter butterfat were fractionated according to the type and degree of unsaturation into six fractions by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag-HPLC). The acyl carbon number distribution of the triacylglycerols in each fraction was elucidated by reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry (MS). The MS analysis of each fraction gave deprotonated triacylglycerol [M - H]⁻ ions which were produced by chemical ionization with ammonia. The daughter spectrum of each of the [M - H]⁻ ions provided information on its fatty acid constituents. Successful fractionation of triacylglycerols differing in the configuration of one fatty acyl residue by Ag-HPLC was important because geometrical isomers could not be distinguished by the MS system used. In addition to the fatty acid compositions, reversed-phase HPLC analysis demonstrated the purity of the collected fractions: molecules having acis-trans difference were separated nearly to the baseline. Triacylglycerols differing in the configuration of one fatty acyl residue were not equally distributed in relation to their acyl carbon numbers. This indicates that during the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols,cis- andtrans-fatty acids are processed differently. Although the fatty acid compositions of the corresponding molecular weight species of disaturatedtrans- and disaturatedcis-monoenoic triacylglycerols were similar, there may be differences in the amounts of different fatty acid combinations or in the distribution of fatty acids between the primary and secondary glycerol positions. In addition to the main components, it was possible to analyze minor triacylglycerols, such as molecules containing one odd-chain fatty acid, by the MS system used.     

药对款冬花、紫菀及其单味药中挥发油的GC-MS分析

为比较款冬花与紫菀配伍前后挥发油成分的变化,采用水蒸气蒸馏分别对药对款冬花-紫菀及单味药挥发油进行了提取,并结合GC-MS-计算机检索技术对所得样品化学成分进行了分离和结构鉴定,用峰面积归一法测定各组分的相对质量分数。结果表明,从药对款冬花-紫菀、款冬花和紫菀挥发油分别鉴定了37、31和32个色谱峰,各占挥发油总峰面积的96.48%、88.47%和91.61%。药对产生4种新的化合物,而且它们共有成分配伍前后含量也有所改变。     

Nutritive Evaluation of the Bambara Groundnut Ci12 Landrace [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] Produced in C?te d’Ivoire

The nutritional evaluation of the Bambara groundnut Ci12 landrace (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) seeds produced in Côte d’Ivoire shows a 19% content of protein, containing all the essential amino acids with tryptophan as the limiting amino acid, a total dietary fiber level of 10%, with a low soluble fraction content, and a fat content of 1.4%, with a high proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids (61%) of which 36% were n-6 fatty acids. This legume contains phosphorus, as the major mineral, followed by magnesium and calcium, and trace elements (iron, copper and zinc). It is characterized by the same amount of α-tocopherol and antioxidant capacity as common legumes. The high concentration of essential amino acids, n-6 fatty acids and minerals, mainly Fe, in the Ci12 landrace of Bambara groundnut indicates that this local legume has the potentiality to improve the nutritional status in Côte d’Ivoire and it could be regarded as a nutrient dense food.     

Evaluation of the protein quality of Erythrina edulis (balú)

The protein content (N x 6.25) of the seeds of Erythrina edulis (balú) varies between 18-21%; when the fraction corresponding to non-protein nitrogen is extracted with trichloroacetic acid (10%), this value decreases to 14-15%. Remarkable differences in the distribution of the protein fractions are observed when two schemes of extraction are assayed. The amino acid analysis shows that this legume has similar or higher amounts of most amino acids than those present in other leguminosae; the calculated chemical score and protein score show that methionine is the first limiting amino acid and tryptophan, the second. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of thermically-treated flours has the highest value at 30 minutes of treatment (1.15).     

Extraction and characterization of soluble protein fractions from Phaseolus lunatus L seeds

Legume proteins as a potential source of valuable nutrients, are the object of several studies in order to obtain the best use. A basic knowledge becomes more important for those proteins from species not wholly utilized, before using them as food ingredients. The objective of this work was to determine several structural and nutritional characteristics of the protein fractions from Phaseolus lunatus, separated in different solvents. The relative amount of extraction for the albumins (ALB), globulins (GLB), prolamines (PRL), and glutelins (GLT) was 62.3, 34.8, 1.4 and 1.5%, respectively. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic profile of both ALB and GLB, showed seven common bands in intervals from 10 to 95 kDa, and 14 to 99 kDa, respectively; the amino acids profile showed that PRL was the rich fraction in sulfurated amino acids (11.5 g/100 g protein); the content of lysine in the fraction of ALB was smaller than expected but the requirement of the FAO in the fractions of GLB and GLT was covered. In general, the fraction of GLB had the best balance of amino acids and digestibility (80%); however, it had a relationship of calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of 0.11, smaller than the ratio in ALB (0.97). The calorimetric analysis showed denatured temperatures around 90 degrees C for the ALB, GLB, and GLU fractions. The PRL fraction probably did not present a thermal transition because the proteins were denaturalized by the extraction conditions.     

Nutrient composition of deoiled sandal seed meal: Minerals and amino acids

Deoiled seed meal prepared from the decoated seeds of sandal (Santalum album Linn) contains 52.5% of protein and about 5% mineral constituents. The proteins are rich in essential amino acids. The deoiled sandal seed meal could be of utility as a feedstuff for farm animals.     

水及还原温度对氧化铕促进的Cu—ZnO催化剂上甘油氢解性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了氧化铕（Eu2O3）促进的Cu—ZnO催化剂,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、N2O脉冲吸附等手段对所制备的催化剂物化性质进行表征,考察了它们在连续流动固定床反应器中甘油氢解反应的催化性能,讨论了反应液中水的质量分数及还原温度对Eu2O3促进的Cu—ZnO催化性能的影响．结果表明：引入Eu203不改变甘油氢解反应的产物分布,但能显著提高催化剂的稳定性;减少反应液中水含量及降低还原温度有利于提高催化剂的稳定性;稀土Eu2O3能够增强Cu—ZnO的抗水氧化能力,使催化剂表面Cu^0难被水氧化而不易失活。     

药对厚朴-麻黄及其单味药中挥发油成分GC-MS的比较分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别对药对厚朴-麻黄及单味药麻黄和厚朴的挥发油成分进行了提取,并结合GC-MS对所得样品化学成分进行了分离和结构鉴定,用气相色谱峰面积归一法测定各组分的相对质量分数。结果显示,从麻黄-厚朴、麻黄和厚朴挥发油分别鉴定出44、38和39个色谱峰,分别占挥发油总峰面积的98.42%、99.07%和99.21%。药对麻黄-厚朴中挥发油化学成分有28种来自厚朴,25种来自麻黄,新产生了6种化合物。     

Effect of high fat/high erucic acid diet on phosphatidate synthesis and phosphatidate phosphatase in the subcellular fractions of rat heart and liver

Rats of weaning age were fed for a period of 1,3 or 6 weeks either a control diet (laboratory stock diet) or a semisynthetic diet containing 20% by weight of either mustard seed oil (1/3 of the total fatty acids were comprised of erucic acid) or corn oil (2/3 of the total fatty acids consisted of linoleic acid). Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were isolated from the hearts and livers of these rats, and the rate of acylation ofsn-[U-¹⁴C] glycerol 3-phosphate (P) was examined using palmitoyl-CoA or erucoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. In addition, activities of phosphatidate phosphatase of the mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions were assayed. Studies on the acylation of glycerol 3-P with palmitoyl-CoA demonstrated that feeding of the high fat/high erucic acid diet for 1,3 or 6 weeks significantly increased the rate of formation of monoacylglycerol 3-P by the cardiac subcellular fractions as compared to the control. The rate of formation of diacylglycerol 3-P also increased but to a lesser degree. Feeding the high fat/high linoleic acid diet tended to increase acylation of glycerol 3-P by cardiac subcellular fractions. However, neither high fat diet influenced acyltransferase activities of the hepatic subcellular fractions or phosphatase activities of the cardiac and hepatic fractions. Studies on the acylation of glycerol 3-P with erucoyl-CoA demonstrated that the rate of acylation was ca. 1/10 that measured using palmitoyl-CoA in all experiments; in particular, the formation of diacylglycerol 3-P was extremely slow, suggesting that erucoyl-CoA is an unsuitable substrate for the position-2 of the monoacylglycerol 3-P. The rate of acylation by the cardiac and hepatic subcellular fractions was not influenced by the feeding of the high-fat diets. The rate of glycerol 3-P acylation by both cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial fraction was ca. 2/3 of the rate of acylation by the respective microsomal fraction. In addition, the ratio of monoacyl-to diacylglycerol 3-P synthesized by the mitochondrial fraction was smaller than that by the microsomal fraction. These results suggest that acylation of glycerol 3-P by the mitochondrial cannot be attributed to the action of the contaminating microsomal enzymes.     

The chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of chinese yak (maiwa) milk

The paper surveyed the chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of Maiwa yak milk, and compared the results with reference composition of cow milk. Compared to cow milk, yak milk was richer in protein (especially whey protein), essential amino acids, fat, lactose and minerals (except phosphorus). The contents of some nutrients (total protein, lactose, essential amino acids and casein) were higher in the warm season than in the cold season. Higher ratios of total essential amino acids/total amino acids (TEAA/TAA) and total essential amino acids/total non essential amino acids (TEAA/TNEAA) were found in the yak milk from the warm season. However its annual average ratio of EAA/TAA and that of EAA/NEAA were similar to those of cow milk. Yak milk was rich in calcium and iron (p < 0.05), and thus may serve as a nutritional ingredient with a potential application in industrial processing.     

The behaviour of minerals in Cold Lake oil sands under dry combustion conditions

In the in situ or underground combustion oil recovery process, ignition is initiated at an air injection well and a combustion zone is propagated underground from this well to the production well. Under these conditions, the reservoir minerals undergo structural changes, new mineral phases are synthesized and their grain sizes are altered. These reactions control the porosity and the permeability of the reservoir. Cold Lake whole tar sand was subjected to air flow thermal conditions encountered under fire flood. The very fine-grained minerals were separated from the burnt oil sand as well as from the sand fraction from which bitumen had been removed with organic solvents. These mineral fractions were examined by 9.4 and 34 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The EPR results indicate the presence of Mn²⁺ impurity ions in carbonates and Fe³⁺ impurity ions in kaolinite and illite clays. A broad transition at g ≈ 2 is attributed to the presence of Fe₂O₃ and a very broad transition at g 12 is attributed to the presence of Fe₃O₄. In addition, the EPR and FTIR results indicate that the bitumen is adsorbed on the mineral fraction. XRD shows that combustion produces a significant amount of Fe₂O₃ and reduces the quantity of kaolinite, illite and smectite clay. Treatment of both mineral fractions with dilute H₂SO₄ and HCl acids showed that the organic fraction adsorbed on minerals is immune to the acid attack while Fe₂O₃ and Mn²⁺ are removed.     

Study on the structure and gasification characteristics of selected South African bituminous coals in fluidised bed gasification

The gasification characteristics of three South African bituminous coals were investigated in a bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The three coals are similar in rank, but two are inertinite-rich coals and the third has a high vitrinite content. The microstructural characteristics of the parent coals and their resultant chars were determined using XRD, FT-IR, Raman and petrographic analysis. The microstructural changes that occurred in the organic (maceral) and the inorganic (mineral) fractions of the selected coals were evaluated. The change in the carbon structure was correlated to the proportions of inertinite and vitrinite macerals in the coals. High vitrinite content resulted in an increase in the order of the disordered carbon structure after gasification and this leads to greater graphitised ordered carbon structures. While a high inertinite content resulted in low or no structural transformation of the chemical structure. The transformation of inorganic mineral constituents of the coal was correlated to the amount of inertinite present in the selected coals. Higher proportions of inertinite macerals and inertinitic chars resulted in higher proportions of melted minerals. Char samples with low proportions of organic matter resulted in higher proportion of melted minerals covering the char surface.