白鹤滩水电站地下厂房开挖过程微震特征分析

 白鹤滩水电站左岸地下厂房规模巨大,开挖卸荷导致局部围岩破坏问题突出。为研究开挖扰动下围岩破坏演化机制及变形机制,通过构建微震监测系统,开展地下厂房开挖卸荷过程微震实时监测。监测结果表明：(1) 微震活动与爆破开挖密切相关,地下厂房第一层开挖过程中,形成3个潜在失稳区域：主厂房4#与5#机组之间下游侧拱肩、主厂房6#与7#机组之间上游侧拱肩和主厂房8#机组顶拱至主变室顶拱的条带状区域。(2) 开挖强度以及断层构造主导下聚集的微震事件矩震级、Es/Ep等参数特征有所差异,由此引起的围岩潜在破坏形式不同,微震活动特征可为微震聚集区围岩提供针对性施工参考。(3) 局部围岩外观变形前的数日内,微震事件在该区域迅速聚集,同时视应力显着增加,累积视体积基本稳定。研究结果可为白鹤滩水电站左岸地下洞室群后期开挖和支护提供重要参考。     

深埋隧道围岩损伤破坏模式的数值试验研究

 深部岩体具有内禀特性。在开挖过程中，由于应力重分布导致围岩损伤破坏，传统岩体力学未能有效揭示其破坏机制。随着细观损伤岩体力学的发展，采用损伤观点解决深埋隧道围岩破坏问题逐渐显示出其优越性，但目前仅在均质性假设的基础上对应力状态和破坏判据进行研究，缺乏对其破坏全过程的相关研究。采用RFPA2D软件对通渝隧道二叠系栖霞组岩性为石灰岩且埋深超过1 000 m的K22+029断面在开挖过程中围岩的渐进破坏过程进行模拟，使用EMS–2型工程多波地震仪实测围岩破坏前、后波速的变化，定量模拟计算围岩损伤度的变化，揭示深埋隧道围岩破坏过程的损伤演化特性及损伤破裂过程中声发射、剪应力及岩体纵波波速等因素的变化特性，得出深埋硬岩隧道以拉剪型破坏为主，围岩破坏顺序依次为拱顶开裂→左、右拱肩裂纹扩展→左、右拱肩围岩深部裂纹；损伤过程中声发射事件数与围岩损伤程度近似成正比关系；损伤围岩表现出明显的非线性特性和损伤局部化特征。所得结论对于隧道施工支护具有指导意义，也为揭示深埋隧道围岩破坏机制进行有益的尝试。     

Comprehensive evaluation of the stability of the left-bank slope at the Baihetan hydropower station in southwest China

The stability of the left-bank slope is a crucial geological engineering problem at the Baihetan hydropower station, China. Due to continuous excavations on the rock slope, different regions of the surrounding rock mass undergo varying degrees of unloading deformation. It is important to assess the stability of the rock slope from a macroscopic viewpoint by investigating its deformation characteristics and mechanisms. Therefore, in this work, microseismic (MS) monitoring was first employed to detect the progressive rock mass damage in the rock slope subjected to excavation, including the initiation, propagation, coalescence, and interaction of rock microfractures. Numerical modeling was subsequently performed to understand the deformation and failure mechanism of the rock slope. Moreover, traditional surveying approaches (i.e., multiple-point extensometers and inclinometers) and field observations were also used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of the rock slope. The MS monitoring results showed that spatiotemporal regularities in the evolution of seismic source locations were indicators of deformation failure and potential sliding surfaces. MS event clustering can be used to delineate activated pre-existing geological structures (i.e., LS331 and LS337). The simulation results show that the deformation and failure characteristics of the rock slope are mainly controlled by pre-existing weak structural planes (i.e., the intraformational faulted zones LS3319, LS331, and LS337 and fault F17). These results agree well with the results of geological data and conventional monitoring data. Our study reveals that an integrated approach combining MS monitoring, numerical modeling, traditional surveying, and field observations leads to a better understanding of the behavior of the rock slope under the influence of excavation as well as greater control of the working faces, ensuring safety under complex geological and excavation conditions.     

A case study on rock damage prediction and control method for underground tunnels subjected to adjacent excavation blasting

The effects of tunnel blast excavation on the surrounding rock mass and the lining systems of adjacent existing tunnels are comprehensively studied for the Damaoshan highway tunnel project as a case study. The damage of the surrounding rock and the lining system under different blast loads are analyzed by field tests and numerical simulations. It is observed that the rock damage extent around the tunnels linearly increases with the peak particle velocity (PPV) of the existing tunnel. A feasible PPV-based damage control method is then proposed for different portions of the tunnels. For the Damaoshan tunnel project, a PPV threshold of 0.22 m/s in the adjacent existing tunnel is prescribed to limit the damage extent to approximately 1.6 m at the tunnel exit and entrance portions. Furthermore, the PPV criteria for the other portions are also determined accordingly. It is also shown that no failure occurs in the linings or at the rock–lining interfaces if the PPV is less than 0.30 m/s. The control method and the threshold PPV proposed in this study have been successfully applied to restrict blast-induced damage during the new tunnel excavation of the Damaoshan tunnel project.     

深埋隧洞TBM施工过程围岩损伤演化声发射试验

锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞处于西南高应力区,地质条件复杂,岩爆、突水、塌方等工程地质灾害突出,掌握TBM开挖围岩损伤演化规律,设计有效的支护方案防治TBM施工过程地质灾害的发生是非常重要的。为此,开展TBM施工过程中声发射监测试验,研究TBM开挖过程中围岩损伤的演化规律。试验结果表明:沿洞轴线方向,TBM开挖时掌子面前约10m的范围内围岩已受到不同程度的损伤,TBM开挖后围岩损伤破裂主要集中在掌子面后7m的范围内,其中以掌子面后3m时为最;沿洞径方向,围岩受损伤的范围约9m,根据损伤程度的不同,划分为松动区、损伤区和扰动区,依次为距洞壁3,3～9和9～22m的范围。从力学的角度揭示损伤演化的机制和松动区、损伤区和扰动区划分的依据,为支护措施设计与支护时机的选取提供科学依据。分析讨论传感器选取、传感器布置、现场噪音及地质条件等各种因素对围岩损伤结果的影响及进一步发展和研究的方向。     

Stability analysis of underground oil storage caverns by an integrated numerical and microseismic monitoring approach

Underground storage in unlined caverns is of great significance for storing energy resources. Construction of underground storage caverns is an extremely complex process, involving extensive multi-bench excavation and strong unloading. Excavation-induced damage of surrounding rock masses may lead to instability of underground storage caverns. The aim of this paper is to put forward a method by integrating numerical simulation and microseismic monitoring for evaluation of cavern stability. A novel numerical method called Continuous–Discontinuous Element Method (CDEM) is applied to simulate micro-cracks under excavation-induced unloading conditions. Meanwhile, a microseismic (MS) monitoring system is employed to monitor real-time MS events during construction of storage caverns. Numerical results are validated using the monitoring data from the MS monitoring system. The integrated method is proved to be successful in capturing micro-cracks in underground storage caverns. Local instability, potential unstable zones and micro-crack evolution are analyzed, and cracking mechanisms are also discussed.     

Can weathering improve the toughness of a fractured rock? A case study using the San Giacomo granite

The physical–mechanical behaviour of the weathered San Giacomo granite, Sardinia, has been investigated using a combination of physical–mechanical tests and microstructural analysis. Fieldwork and microscopy suggest a pervasive microfracture system developed on a pre-existing magmatic quartz anisotropy. Alteration indices, chemical analyses and mineralogy indicate that the yellow staining is produced by the circulation of oxygen-rich rainwater through microfractures in the rock, resulting in the oxidation of biotites. Apart from the obvious modification of the original grey colouring, the precipitation of Fe-oxides and hydroxides has welded fractures together, leading to the partial recovery of the physical–mechanical properties previously compromised due to microfracturing.     

单轴受载下岩体破裂演化特征的声发射CT成像

 岩石受载下的内部破裂演化特征对于研究岩石破坏机制具有重要意义。将声发射(AE)与CT成像技术相结合,对3种不同加载速率下的泥岩试样进行声发射CT反演计算,分析各加载阶段波速分布特征,探究波速演化与岩样宏、微观破裂的关系。研究结果表明：(1) 在加载初期,岩样内部波速范围变化较小,波速异常区面积较小且分布较为零散;随着载荷增加,波速范围不断增加,同时波速异常区面积也在不断扩大;临近破坏阶段,波速范围进一步增加,其低波速区也逐渐形成大面积贯通。(2) 岩样实际宏观破裂位置与低波速区及波速异常丰富区位置吻合,说明临近破坏阶段,岩样内部微裂隙的大量萌生发育使低波速区快速扩展贯通,同时微裂隙周围的岩石颗粒因受挤压而呈现出高波速状态。(3) 受载初期,岩样内初始微裂隙发育萌生位置与低波速区大致吻合;随载荷增加,大量微裂隙开始在低波速区与波速异常丰富区聚集、延伸;在临近破坏阶段,微破裂密集区扩展贯通,其所处区域与岩样破裂位置大体一致。(4) 反演计算调整前后的AE事件整体分布特征保持一致,证明了初始AE事件定位的准确性及声发射CT成像的可靠性。     

Analysis on microseismic characteristics and stability of the access tunnel in the main powerhouse,Shuangjiangkou hydropower station,under high in situ stress

Access tunnel in the main powerhouse of Shuangjiangkou hydropower station was deep buried with high in situ stress and complex geological conditions. Microseismic monitoring technology was established to monitor microcrack evolution process inside the surrounding rock in early excavation stage. Serious falling blocks in the left spandrel of the tunnel were predicted in a timely manner by delimiting major damage areas in the tunnel. Based on comparative analysis on microseismic activity law and field failure characteristics of the access tunnel, a quantitative index was supposed between slight rockburst like falling blocks and microseismic events. Moreover, the change law of daily average apparent stress difference and b value were analyzed based on microseismic event data. In addition, a three-dimensional numerical simulation software (RFPA3D) was used to simulate the damage distribution around the tunnel, and a relationship between spatial position of tunnel damage and direction of the maximum principal stress was qualitatively analyzed. The study results showed that advance speed of the tunnel working face was an important factor affecting the state of stress redistribution in surrounding rock mass, and the change law of b values of microseismic events could be used to predict activity state inside the surrounding rock effectively, which reflected mechanical properties and stress state of surrounding rock. In particular, field falling blocks became more serious with increasing b value, and field surrounding rock was relatively stable with minor b value. A risk of surrounding rock instability was relatively high with small b values. It provided an efficient method of predicting and assessing slight rockburst like falling blocks. The study results can provide significant guidance for field construction and later construction planning.

     

不同开挖方式下深埋隧洞微震特性与岩爆风险分析

在分析钻爆法和TBM法开挖下围岩应力状态的基础上,基于锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞微震监测数据,对比研究了钻爆法和TBM法开挖条件下深埋隧洞的微震特性及岩爆风险。结果表明:1钻爆法开挖引起的围岩应力集中距洞壁较远,形成的应力梯度较小;而TBM法开挖引起的围岩应力集中临近洞壁,形成的应力梯度较大。2钻爆法开挖时围岩应变能主要集中在爆破后数小时,尤其是在1 h内释放,而TBM法以连续的方式开挖卸载,剧烈的能量释放伴随着施工全过程。3TBM法开挖导致的事件震级及震源破裂尺度均比钻爆法开挖引起的大。4钻爆法开挖时,围岩积聚的应变能大多以岩体破裂的形式耗散,以岩爆形式显现的较少;而TBM法开挖时,围岩应变能常逐次释放,导致事件频繁发生,而且部分应变能以岩爆形式显现,一般地,同一小范围内常多次发生轻微岩爆,高等级岩爆孕育过程中常伴有低等级岩爆,如中等岩爆发生前伴有轻微岩爆,强烈岩爆孕育过程中伴有轻微和(或)中等岩爆,以此类推。综合上述研究结果认为,在具有强岩爆风险的深埋隧洞中,就防治岩爆而言,钻爆法优于TBM法。     

乌东德水电站右岸地下厂房开挖围岩破坏模式及形成机制研究

 乌东德水电站右岸地下厂房洞室群布置复杂,中低应力条件下,“陡倾、小夹角”等不利岩层产状导致结构面控制型破坏现象突出。结合地质、现场勘查、常规监测、微震监测及数值模拟资料,全面总结和分析右岸厂房下游拱座岩体破坏模式及形成机制。首先,基于现场勘查及常规监测资料,归纳和总结围岩破坏的基本特征与规律,包括其破坏形式、空间位置、破坏规模、破坏发展特征等主要信息;其次,总结岩体破坏孕育、发展过程中微震活动强度的时间演化规律,分析得到基于微震活动特征的层状岩体破坏前兆;最后,采用“微震监测”为主“数值模拟”为辅的综合分析手段,揭示下游拱座岩体发生弯曲倾倒的破坏本质及其形成机制,探讨岩体结构对拱座围岩破坏的力学影响机制。该研究可为陡倾层状岩体中大型地下洞室优化开挖方案和支护措施提供依据,也可为同类大型地下洞室相似围岩破坏的防控提供参考。     

爆破动荷载作用下围岩累积损伤效应声波测试研究

基于声波测试原理,利用RSM-SY5智能型声波仪,对厂坝铅锌矿某巷道围岩在爆破动荷载作用下产生的累积损伤效应进行了现场试验研究。研究表明:既有开挖爆破对巷道围岩的影响深度为0.8～1.2 m,根据钻孔的深度,在3.5～4.8 m深度的岩体内进行爆破累积损伤效应研究是可行的;随着爆破次数的不断增加,岩体声波速度逐渐降低,损伤度D呈现出非线性累积规律;随着与爆源距离的增大,岩体爆破损伤程度减小,累积损伤效应逐渐变得不明显;水平和垂直方向测试结果存在较大差异,说明爆破作用下岩体损伤具有各向异性的特征。爆破装药位置和药量对岩体损伤累积规律有一定的影响。装药区段范围内的岩体损伤程度最严重,装药量越大,岩体损伤程度也越大。测试成果为进一步的岩体力学参数研究和地下洞室稳定性分析提供了参考依据。     

基于MSFM的复杂速度岩体微震定位研究

快速精准的微震震源定位方法是微震监测技术更好地发挥岩体稳定性预测预警作用的基础。精确的初至波走时计算是提高微震定位精度的关键。针对实际工程中带有空洞和速度分区的复杂波速岩体,引入速度快、精度高和对复杂模型适应性强的多模板快速行进法multi-stencils fast marching methods(MSFM)用于初至波走时计算。该方法利用坐标旋转的方式生成新的计算模板,使网格对角邻点参与计算,提高了the Fast Marching Method(FMM)在对角方向的计算精度。首先,对比分析了一、二阶FMM和MSFM计算精度和效率,表明二阶MSFM具有更高的计算精度;其次,在分层速度岩体和带空洞岩体中分别采用单一速度模型和二阶MSFM计算初至波走时,通过与解析解对比发现,二阶MSFM较单一速度模型的计算绝对误差平均减小了97.65%和95.18%;然后,建立速度分层且带有隧洞的岩体模型,验证了二阶MSFM算法对复杂速度模型适应性极强的特点;最后,提出了基于MSFM的复杂速度岩体微震定位算法,并将其应用到白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡微震定位。通过对现场采集的4个爆破事件进行定位试算,得到使定位误差平均值最小(9.6 m)的相对最优层速度组合并用于考虑空洞的速度模型构建,爆破事件走时正演验证了本速度模型的可靠性。对2015年5月的128个微震事件分别采用单一速度模型和提出的定位算法进行定位,通过对比定位效果,发现后者定位的事件较前者在岩体主要损伤区(层内错动带LS331和LS337)附近有更明显呈条带状分布的聚集现象。研究表明MSFM算法作为走时正演方法具有很好的应用价值,提出的基于MSFM的微震定位方法能够有效地提高震源定位精度。     

盐岩层中天然气存储洞室围岩长期变形特征

采用有限差分法软件FLAC3D对一天然气存储地下盐岩洞室围岩的流变数值分析表明,由于盐岩的大流变特性,盐岩层中的稳定应力场具有静水压力的特征,这一点对围岩的稳定有十分重要的意义。在设计平均天然气内压6MPa条件下,当达到设计使用年限(80a)时,洞室的剩余存储能力仍保有初始存储能力的27 5%。考虑模型尺寸效应及模型边界条件的影响,计算结果为相对保守的可靠估计。     

白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡岩石损伤变形反馈分析

为研究白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡岩石微破裂损伤状态下的宏观变形,基于现场微震监测数据以及宏观变形资料,运用震源半径表征岩石破裂尺度,采用考虑岩石破裂尺度的损伤本构关系,通过将岩石微破裂信息导入左岸边坡准三维数值模型,再现开挖工况左岸坝肩岩体卸荷变形过程,建立微震损伤与边坡宏观变形的定量联系。反馈分析结果表明:边坡岩体开挖工况下考虑微震损伤模型较未考虑微震损伤变形特征更接近于实际位移测值。考虑微震损伤效应的反馈分析方法作为一种初步的探索性工作,可为高陡边坡稳定性研究提供新思路。     

变埋深下软弱破碎隧道围岩渐进性破坏试验与数值模拟

 以一定范围内埋深(25～60 m)的3车道公路隧道软弱破碎围岩(公路隧道IV级)为研究对象,研制相似模型材料和配套试验设备,再现开挖后围岩的渐进性破坏全过程,分析不同埋深下围岩的应力场特征。通过模型材料室内试验获取岩体相关计算参数,引入弹塑性损伤本构模型对试验工况进行有限元数值模拟,计算结果与模型试验吻合较好。综合模型试验和数值模拟结果,可以得出以下结论：(1) 围岩破坏区是隧道塌落荷载的来源,主要集中在拱顶上方区域,在两侧边墙下方和拱底也有局部存在;(2) 隧道埋深对围岩破坏区域大小有重要影响,随着埋深的增大,围岩破坏区域呈渐进扩大趋势;(3) 围岩内的周向应力在隧道开挖后先升高而后逐渐降低,其最大值所在位置即对应压力拱位置,且该位置随着破坏区域的扩大而不断向围岩内部移动,形成动态压力拱现象;(4) 通过对围岩内部周向应力最大值的测试来获取隧道压力拱范围,并进而确定围岩塌落荷载大小,这在理论上是可行的。     

大帽山小净距隧道群中夹岩累计损伤效应研究

 小净距隧道的爆破施工不可避免地造成围岩累计损伤,岩体力学性能劣化。结合大帽山小净距隧道群的监控量测实践,基于动力损伤变量和围岩内部位移,研究小净距隧道群中夹岩的累计损伤效应。声波波速和围岩内部位移的监测结果表明,新建大帽山隧道的爆破施工已经导致中夹岩产生一定程度的损伤、破坏和滑移,但围岩位移并没有持续变化失稳,岩体仍具有一定的强度;通过对新建隧道和原有隧道损伤范围的比较发现,双侧壁导坑法施工造成围岩的累计损伤范围比全断面法施工大近3倍,并且循环爆破施工造成围岩的累计损伤更显著,所以围岩累计损伤效应是小净距隧道施工过程中必须高度重视的;上断面爆破施工一般使岩体内的裂纹被激活,声波波速显著下降,下断面爆破致中夹岩墙产生类墙体的振动,使岩体变松散滑动,围岩内部位移显著增大;并且围岩的滑动都是爆破时发生的,爆破停止滑动也就停止;在判断围岩的累计损伤程度和范围时,应充分考虑声波波速变化率和位移量,仅通过声波波速变化率可能做出误判;与爆源越近,围岩的损伤度和位移量越大,越远越小,且累计损伤效应呈现明显的非线性特征。     

Whole section anchor–grouting reinforcement technology and its application in underground roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock

Strata control technology for roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock is one of the most challenging areas in underground roadway support. Based on the case of the serious deformations that occurred in a western main roadway of a Chinese coal mine, this paper analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of deformation of roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock. A mechanical model of the roadway’s surrounding rock has been established to study the different forces at play in the plastic zone of the roadway via means of site observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and onsite experiments. Based on the double shell anchor–grouting reinforcement mechanism, whole section anchor–grouting reinforcement technology (WSAGRT) was implemented in the coal mine with the pertinent support parameters optimized by numerical simulation. The results show that the deformation of the rock surrounding the roadway has been held in check effectively, and thus WSAGRT warrants a safer and more effective mining environment.     

Quantification and interpretation of seismicity

Methods based on acoustic emission and microseismicity (AE/MS) have proven to be valuable for monitoring microcracking at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Canada. The source locations of the seismic events induced by the excavation have helped to map out the extent of the excavation damage/disturbed zone (EDZ) around tunnels. This paper describes methods for advanced processing and interpretation of AE/MS data, and the quantification of changes in material properties using velocity interferometry. Examples of methods that are generally not used routinely in the analysis of AE/MS data are given. These include (1) long-term spatial and temporal source parameter trends and magnitude–frequency studies; (2) source mechanism analysis; and (3) source location refinement by the use of relative location, and clustering techniques. Results from these studies are shown to aid in the understanding of the effect of confining pressure on AE/MS activity around tunnels, and the mechanics of rock failure in the EDZ. Also, the reduction of source location error is shown to be critical for delineating structures that may exist in clusters of AE/MS data. Finally, examples of the use of seismic sources to produce repeat measurements of seismic velocity along raypaths in 3D orientations through a rock mass are given. This is found to be a highly sensitive method for quantifying changes in rock properties such as Young's modulus, as well as for modelling the change in crack density and saturation occurring in a rock mass with time.     

Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions

The rock failure process is associated with acoustic emission (AE). Hence, violent rock failure processes such as rock burst under different stress paths in laboratory can be studied using the AE monitoring technique. In this paper, single-face dynamic unloading tests under true-triaxial condition were carried out for Paleozonic marine sedimentation limestone samples produced by blocks cored from 1140 m depth in Jiahe coal mine of China. Frequency-spectra analysis was conducted for the full-wave AE data and figures showing the relationship of frequency–amplitude of AE signals in rock burst stages were obtained. The dynamical damage process and characteristics of limestone under the test condition are summarized. It is found from the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of the AE signals that there exist two main frequency ranges, i.e. lower (60–100 kHz), and higher (170–190 kHz), for the samples. When the limestone samples are under relatively lower stress, the AE signals are characterized by high frequency and low amplitude. As the stress increases, the AE signals tend to shift more towards a signature of high amplitude. Near the bursting failure of the rock samples, it is observed that there are much higher amplitude and lower frequency events. The AE accumulated energy release rapidly increases from the unloading state of the rock samples to its failure. The dynamic unloading test facility provides a useful tool to gain an insight into the characteristics of rock bursts.