一种模拟土体流动的连续体数值方法

介绍了一种先进的能够处理土体流动问题的连续体数值模拟方法——粒子有限元法(PFEM)。这一方法不仅继承了传统有限元法扎实的数学理论基础(即每一个增量步分析均为经典拉格朗日有限元分析过程),同时还能绕开在大变形情况下由于固定网格拓扑结构带来的计算困难。详细阐述了粒子有限元法的基本思想以及如何基于已有的有限元法程序发展粒子有限元法,并揭示了粒子有限元法中的几个关键性技术。为验证粒子有限元法的准确性并展示其先进性,采用粒子有限元法模拟了准静态和动态颗粒柱的坍塌问题以及边坡稳定性问题。模拟结果表明:粒子有限元法特别适合于模拟包含岩土材料流固转换行为的大变形工程问题。     

对岩土工程数值分析的几点思考

本文从连续介质力学理论出发,积极探析了岩土工程中数值分析的重要性,指出了岩体工程数值分析中的关键性问题,倡导了应积极促进岩土本构理论的研究工作,并且对于岩土工程数值的分析工作提出了建议和意见。     

接触问题的一种有限元解法及其在岩土工程中的应用

岩土结构与岩土体的界面及岩土体中存在的节理、滑动面等各类接触面的模拟是岩土计算中一个重要但尚未很好解决的问题 ,应用虚功原理建立接触问题的计算公式 ,发展了相应的有限元计算方法 ,并用该法计算了挡墙土压力、单桩承载力、盾构法施工的隧道等问题 ,证明了该法求解岩土工程问题的可行性及有效性。     

基于ALE方法的贯入桩周土大变形问题的研究

桩的工作性状是岩土工程中最不确定的问题之一,其中主要原因是对桩在打入加载过程中所造成的桩周土物理状态和应力状态的改变还不是很清楚,对其进行数值模拟时,需要考虑大变形、边界条件改变及桩、土接触问题,一般有限元法在网格剖分上不能解决大变形问题,在边界条件及桩、土界面处理方面不能很好的模拟实际情况。计算实例表明,基于ABAQUS的ALE(任意拉格朗日-欧拉法)方法有效的模拟了贯入时土体的应力变化情况,并得到以下结论: ALE方法能有效避免拉格朗日法有限元分析中网格畸变以及高度扭曲问题,与实际相符合,真实的反映了岩土工程中的弹塑性的变形情况,可以应用到岩土工程中的大变形问题中。以ALE方法为基础对CPT(静力触探试验)贯入试验进行有限元模拟对合理解释CPT的试验的结果是非常有效的。     

Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: A case study from the Bangkok MRT

The Bangkok metropolitan area, located on a thick river soft clay deposit, has recently started a construction project on a mass rapid transit underground railway (MRT). This paper presents a finite element study on the Bangkok MRT underground construction project. The excavation of Sukhumvit Station was selected as the case study for the FEM numerical modelling in this paper. The numerical study focuses on the initial input on the ground conditions and the constitutive soil models. The geotechnical parameters were selected based on the soil investigation reports carried out for the purpose of the construction. The parameters selected for the constitutive models used in the FEM analysis were calibrated against the laboratory testing results. Finally, all the FEM simulations were compared with the data from field investigations.     

Numerical analysis of blast-induced wave propagation and spalling damage in a rock plate

The paper focuses on the numerical analysis of blast-induced stress wave propagation and related spalling damage in a rock plate or wall. Firstly, a large-scale contact explosion is simplified as a one-dimensional (1-D) strain problem, and a cross-format centered finite-difference scheme is presented. Secondly, the finite-difference code is used to explore the wave propagation in a rock plate, and compared with the commercial software LS-DYNA. Thirdly, a continuum damage constitutive model for rock is introduced and successfully incorporated into the LS-DYNA through its user-defined subroutine. Coupling with the erosion technique, the improved LS-DYNA is used to simulate the blast-induced spalling damage at the back-side of rock plate. Numerical results show that the 1-D finite difference code is convenient and accurate. Also, the user-defined subroutine can well describe the process of spalling damage.     

Influence of particle contact models on soil response of poorly graded sand during cavity expansion in discrete element simulation

The discrete element method (DEM) has been extensively adopted to investigate many complex geotechnical related problems due to its capability to incorporate the discontinuous nature of granular materials. In particular, when simulating large deformations or distortion of soil (e.g. cavity expansion), DEM can be very effective as other numerical solutions may experience convergence problems. Cavity expansion theory has widespread applications in geotechnical engineering, particularly to the problems concerning in situ testing, pile installation and so forth. In addition, the behaviour of geomaterials in a macro-level is utterly determined by microscopic properties, highlighting the importance of contact models. Despite the fact that there are numerous contact models proposed to mimic the realistic behaviour of granular materials, there are lack of studies on the effects of these contact models on the soil response. Hence, in this study, a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations with different contact constitutive models was conducted to simulate the response of sandy soils during cylindrical cavity expansion. In this numerical investigation, three contact models, i.e. linear contact model, rolling resistance contact model, and Hertz contact model, are considered. It should be noted that the former two models are linear based models, providing linearly elastic and frictional plasticity behaviours, whereas the latter one consists of nonlinear formulation based on an approximation of the theory of Mindlin and Deresiewicz. To examine the effects of these contact models, several cylindrical cavities were created and expanded gradually from an initial radius of 0.055 m to a final radius of 0.1 m. The numerical predictions confirm that the calibrated contact models produced similar results regarding the variations of cavity pressure, radial stress, deviatoric stress, volumetric strain, as well as the soil radial displacement. However, the linear contact model may result in inaccurate predictions when highly angular soil particles are involved. In addition, considering the excessive soil displacement induced by the pile installation (i.e. cavity expansion), a minimum distance of 11a (a is the cavity radius) is recommend for practicing engineers to avoid the potential damages to the existing piles and adjacent structures.     

刚柔性法向接触对混凝土防渗墙应力的影响研究

为在深厚覆盖层上高土质心墙堆石坝的设计中准确预测混凝土防渗墙的应力,开展了防渗墙刺入黏土的模型试验,利用CT断层扫描获得了防渗墙顶端土体的变形性状;提出在防渗墙顶端与土体的法向接触模拟中,应采用柔性法向接触本构模型;建立了有限元模型,研究了刚柔性法向接触对混凝土防渗墙应力的影响。结果表明:防渗墙顶端切削周边土体,发生了明显的刺入位移;刚性法向接触本构模型不允许接触面发生嵌入,因而防渗墙顶端周边土体对防渗墙的约束效应过于强烈,导致防渗墙顶端较高的压应力;柔性法向接触本构模型允许一定程度的接触面嵌入,接触面嵌入位移可理解为实际刺入位移,可较好地模拟实际工程中防渗墙刺入黏土的冲切破坏现象。     

Application of vector form intrinsic finite element on integrated simulation of wind turbine

Large wind turbine system is a periodic time‐varying system with many rigid‐flexible coupling bodies. It is difficult to deal with the singular stiffness matrix produced by the rotation of blades via the traditional finite element method. However, the vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method can effectively solve the geometric deformation of elastic continuum, the nonlinear or discrete constitutive model, the coupling motion continuum, and rigid body. In this study, a solver program of space beam element is developed by VFIFE method, and three typical examples are chosen to verify its accuracy. And then the integrated simulation of wind turbine system is established, and its dynamic response is analyzed. The natural frequencies of the turbine system, which are obtained by modal parameter identification, can agree well with the results obtained by traditional finite element method. The weighted amplitude wave superposition method and the proper orthogonal decomposition method as well as B‐spline surface interpolation are employed to obtain the wind time series of wind turbine under the normal operation condition. The wind‐induced dynamic response of wind turbine system is calculated by VFIFE method. The numerical results can reflect the periodic influence of gravity on the internal forces of blades and the interaction between blades and the tower.     

克服岩土工程有限元病态问题方法的对比与研究

位移有限元方法应用于岩土工程数值计算时，常会遇到各种有限元病态问题，诸如材料极不均匀体、极端各向异性体、不可压缩或几乎不可压缩弹性体、板的“自锁”等有限元病态问题。研究目前岩土工程界提出的多种克服有限元病态问题的方法及各自的特点（如正则化方法、归一化方法及变刚度方法等）。通过平面杆件系统的有限元计算算例，分析和对比正则化方法、归一化方法和变刚度方法在解决有限元病态问题时的优劣性。     

Geometrically non-linear analysis including shear deformation of composite laminates

Geometrically non-linear deformations of composite laminated plates are computed using the perturbation finite element method (PFEM). The PFEM is more economic in terms of computational time than conventional finite element iterative procedure, and results in semi-analytic solutions because deformations are polynomial functions of external loads, and vice-versa. To account for the transverse shear effect on deformation of a laminated plate, a discrete-layer shear deformation theory is introduced. This approach predicts more accurately the distribution of displacements and stresses through the thickness than single-layer theories. Detailed derivation of the theory is presented in the paper. A three-node triangular element model and computer program have been developed and implemented as part of this study. Computed numerical results of several examples show that the perturbation finite element solutions are in good agreement with exact solution, experimental data and calculated numerical result from other investigators.     

基于强度折减的边坡动力安全系数确定方法研究

地震边坡稳定性分析已成为岩土工程界和地震工程界抗震减灾研究的重要课题之一。通过数值分析对土质边坡地震动力响应规律进行研究,发现边坡上PGA分布突变点的连线与潜在滑动面位置存在较好的对应关系。据此可通过PGA分布突变点的连线轮廓来大致确定边坡的潜在滑裂面,同时,这些PGA分布突变点可以选定为判定坡体临界稳定状态的关键点。基于强度折减法,以关键点的相对位移作为边坡动力破坏的控制性指标,结合地震特征位移和安全系数来评价边坡的动力稳定性,以特征位移与强度折减系数曲线上的特征位移产生突变时对应的强度折减系数作为边坡的地震动力安全系数。     

台北市软弱地基改良后之深开挖分析

为降低于软弱黏土层开挖可能引起挡土壁及地表沉陷过大之问题,常搭配辅助性之挡土措施。其中地基改良方法,实务上大都简化假设改良之复合土壤平均强度来进行分析。为求能更进一步探讨台北市软弱黏土层地基改良后之深开挖行为,本研究系以台北市内湖重划区已开挖完成案例,再利用二维有限元法程序PLAXIS来进行分析,并与现地监测数据比较分析,藉以探讨软弱黏土层地基改良后之深开挖特性。     

梯度塑性理论的计算方法与应用

基于有限元自动生成系统 (FEPG) ,开发使用梯度塑性理论的有限元程序,用于解决应变软化后的网格依赖性问题。提出带阻尼因子的 算法,联立求解位移方程和屈服面方程,既可同时解得位移和塑性乘子,又避免了广泛使用的应力返回算法中的应力拉回运算。在 D-P 准则中引入软化模量和材料内部特征长度,使本构模型能够考虑软化和梯度效应。在软化问题求解上使用阻尼牛顿法,算例结果表明,带阻尼因子的算法能够计算应变软化问题,以有限元弱形式表达的梯度塑性理论,使用一阶单元就能够得到合理的结果,在一定网格范围能够得到稳定的应力应变曲线。     

Numerical modelling of large deformation problems in geotechnical engineering: A state-of-the-art review

Many problems in geotechnical engineering involve large movements or rotations, examples include natural processes such as landslides, and man-made processes such as earthmoving and pile penetration. While the use of numerical modelling, primarily the finite element method (FEM), is now routine in geotechnical design and analysis, the limitations of conventional FEMs soon become apparent when attempting to model large deformation problems. For this reason, the search for alternatives remains a key goal of many geotechnical researchers, both to find accurate methods but also to develop efficient ones. In this review paper, prompted by Technical Committee 103 of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), we survey the current state-of-the-art in numerical modelling techniques aimed at large deformation problems in geotechnics. The review covers continuum and discontinuum methods and provides a clear picture of what is and is not currently possible, which will be of use to both practitioners seeking suitable methods and researchers developing existing or new methods.     

3D mode discrete element method with the elastoplastic model

The three-dimensional mode-deformable discrete element method (3MDEM) is an extended distinct element approach under the assumptions of small strain, finite displacement, and finite rotation of blocks. The deformation of blocks is expressed by the combination of the deformation modes in 3MDEM. In this paper, the elastoplastic constitutive relationship of blocks is implemented on the 3MDEM platform to simulate the integrated process from elasticity to plasticity and finally to fracture. To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional criterion for contact fracturing, a new criterion based on plastic strain is introduced. This approach is verified by two numerical examples. Finally, a cantilever beam is simulated as a comprehensive case study, which went through elastic, elastoplastic, and discontinuous fracture stages.     

Unified description of different soils based on the superloading and subloading concepts

Geotechnical engineering often involves different types of geomaterials, such as sandy soil and clayey soil. Existing studies have confirmed that these soils have some common features, i.e. their mechanical behaviors depend not only on the inherent characteristics but also on their initial states. To describe the main mechanical behaviors of different soils within a simple and reasonable constitutive framework is of great significance for the numerical analysis on geotechnical engineering. This paper first introduces a model based on the concepts of superloading and subloading, which considers the “state dependence” (effects of overconsolidation and structure) of soil and only adds two material parameters compared with the Cam-Clay model. Secondly, conventional triaxial tests are systematically carried out on four types of soils (i.e. sand, silty clay, clay, and intermediate soil) with different initial void ratios, and the mechanical similarities and differences of these soils are discussed uniformly. After that, six material parameters of these soils are uniformly determined based on the concepts of superloading and subloading, and then used in constitutive calculations to verify the feasibility. The calculated results show a good agreement with test data, indicating that the model based on the concepts of superloading and subloading has great potential for describing the general mechanical behaviors of different soils within a unified framework. This work is expected to be applied to constitutive selection and parameter determination in the geotechnical numerical analysis of complex soil profiles.     

基于物质点方法饱和多孔介质动力学模拟(Ⅱ)——饱和多孔介质与固体间动力接触分析

基于物质点方法(material point method,MPM)理论框架,提出了处理饱和多孔介质与固体间动力接触问题的新方法。其中饱和多孔介质的动力学响应通过文献[1]中发展的耦合物质点方法进行分析,单相固体的力学行为由传统单相物质点方法进行预测。通过本文提出的接触算法使二者相结合,在保证饱和多孔介质与固体间不存在相互穿透的前提下,允许饱和多孔介质与固体间的相互滑动,以预测整个接触/碰撞系统的动力学响应。同时进行了数值算例计算,通过算例验证了此方法的正确性,展示了此方法有效性。     

现代土力学研究的新视野——宏微观土力学

随着岩土工程领域的不断拓展,特别是在深地、深海、深空工程（“三深工程”）方面需要面对更多复杂的岩土材料和环境条件。基于连续介质和唯象的常规土力学理论与方法在描述岩土材料的非连续性、大变形和破坏等复杂特性以及复杂环境影响上有许多缺陷。宏微观土力学力图从本质上探求岩土材料复杂宏观特性的微细观机理,建立其多尺度分析理论与方法,解决岩土力学与工程中的疑难与关键问题,从而帮助提高工程设计水平。本文回顾了宏微观土力学近40 a的发展历程,从宏微观土力学的研究方法、理论和应用等方面综述了国内外学者的主要研究成果,包括典型土体的微观特性、微观本构理论、宏微观关联、基于微观机制的宏观本构理论等。研究土体包括陆地上黏土、结构性砂土、黄土、深海能源土和太空土（月壤）。重点阐述了宏微观土力学的重要研究手段之一的离散单元法在模拟陆、海、空疑难岩土力学与工程中的应用与拓展,探讨了宏微观土力学研究所面临的各种挑战和重大机遇。通过系统介绍上述研究成果,勾勒了宏微观土力学的基本框架,以期推动该研究方向的加速发展。