Failure behavior and mechanism of slopes reinforced using soil nail wall under various loading conditions

Soil–nailing technology is widely applied in practice for reinforcing slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on slopes reinforced with a soil nail wall under three types of loading conditions. The behavior and mechanism of failure process of the reinforced slopes were studied using image-based observation and displacement measurements for the slope, nails, and cement layer. The nailing significantly increased the stability level and restricted the tension cracks of the slopes. Increasing the nail length improved the stability of the reinforced slopes with deeper slip surfaces. The reinforced slope exhibited a significant failure process, in which slope slippage failure and cement layer fracture occurred in conjunction with a coupling effect. The deformation localization was induced by the loading within the slope and ultimately developed into a slip surface. The nailing reinforced the slope by significantly delaying the occurrence of the deformation localization within the slope. The failure of nails was recognized as a combination of pull-out failure and bend deformation. The loading conditions were shown to have a significant effect on slope deformation and nail deflection, and they consequently influenced the failure behavior and its formation sequence.     

水位下降条件下土坡破坏的离心模型试验研究

水位下降引起土坡破坏的规律机理对于发展稳定性分析方法具有重要意义。研制了离心模型试验中超重力场水位升降模拟设备,进行水位下降条件下黏性土坡变形破坏的离心模型试验。根据试验位移测量结果,基于变形与破坏过程集成分析的思路探讨了土坡破坏机理。水位下降导致土坡发生由坡顶向坡脚的渐进性的错动破坏。水位下降条件下土坡的变形和破坏过程是耦合的。变形局部化发展是导致滑裂面出现的根本原因。滑裂面出现后滑动体内部仍发生显著的变形,并与滑裂面上的错动变形相耦合。     

开挖对边坡变形影响的离心模型试验研究

边坡开挖是工程中经常遇到的问题。采用清华大学土工离心机以及新开发的开挖模拟设备进行了土坡开挖的离心模型试验,测量了开挖过程中边坡位移场的变化。基于位移测量结果提出了一种确定开挖影响范围的方法,分析了开挖后边坡的变形响应。结果表明：开挖后坡体内部根据竖向应变性质的不同可分为开挖松动区、开挖压缩区和无影响区3个区域,不同区域土体的变形特性有所差别。开挖后边坡内部的潜在滑裂面在变形破坏过程中是变化的,从坡体内部向坡面方向移动。开挖条件下边坡表现出明显的渐进破坏过程。     

Effect study of cracks on behavior of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Deep-seated landslides in slopes are often induced by rainfall due to pre-existing cracks or weak layers. A series of centrifuge model tests under rainfall conditions were conducted on slopes with different types of cracks. The histories of suction and displacement of the slope were measured during the tests to investigate the infiltration–deformation–failure process of the slopes. The wetting front curved notably near the crack under rainfall conditions. The deformation of the slope was mainly caused by the saturation of soil and crack-affected water infiltration under rainfall conditions. The displacement process of the slopes with cracks can be divided into a small displacement stage, a rapid increase stage, and a stable stage. The influence of the crack on the infiltration and deformation of the slope decreased with increasing distance from the crack. Rainfall induced significant vertical deformation near the vertical crack rather than horizontal deformation. In contrast to the oblique crack, the vertical crack on the slope top was unlikely to lead to global landslide under rainfall conditions. The deformation–failure behavior of the slope with cracks was also affected by the rainfall style and rain intensity.     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

基于图像分析的土坡离心模型试验变形场测量

开发了离心场条件下土坡离心模型试验变形场非接触测量技术并进行了实际应用。基于图像相关分析理论,开发了新的土坡离心模型试验过程中土体位移非接触测量系统以观测离心机运行中土坡的位移。针对简单土坡进行了离心模型试验,测量了土坡的位移场变化过程。测量结果规律性好,表明该非接触测量技术能够较好地测定离心模型试验中土体侧面任意点在任意时刻的位移,适用于离心场环境中土坡变形过程的测量。加载导致土坡在某些位置出现变形集中,意味着这些位置发生了应变局部化。应变局部化的发展与土坡破坏有着密切联系。     

Centrifuge Model Tests on a Cohesive Soil Slope Under Excavation Conditions

Problems induced by slope excavations are quite common. An in-flight excavation device was realized to simulate the live excavation of slopes at high g levels during centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to simulate the excavation of a slope at different inclinations and heights, and the effect of the excavation size was taken into consideration. The displacement histories of points over the slope were measured by an image capture and displacement measurement system. Measurement results showed that the excavation-induced deformation process could be divided into several phases with different displacement distribution features. The excavation was found to only affect a restricted zone of the slope whose boundary could be outlined by an A-surface. A strain analysis was conducted to determine the excavation-induced strain localization area of the slope. The degree of strain localization increased as the excavation time increased, but the width of the strain localization area was nearly invariable. Shear failure first occurred near the excavation surface and then extended upwardly to the slope surface under excavation conditions, while tension failure played a dominant role in the upper part of the slip surface. The strain localization area moved towards the slope surface with an increasing slope inclination. The lower part of the final slip surface was located in the strain localization area.     

Centrifuge modeling of the geotextile reinforced slope subject to drawdown

Geotextile is an effective reinforcement approach of slopes that experiences various loads such as drawdown. The geotextile reinforcement mechanism is essential to effectively evaluate the safety of geotextile-reinforced slopes under drawdown conditions. A series of drawdown centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of slopes reinforced with different geotextile layouts. The deformation and failure of unreinforced and reinforced slopes were compared and the geotextile reinforcement was indicated to significantly increase the safety limit and the ductility, reduce the displacement, and change the failure feature of slopes under drawdown conditions. The slopes exhibited remarkable progressive failure, downward from the slope top, under drawdown conditions. The progressive failure was induced by coupling of deformation localization and local failure based on full-field measurements of displacement of slopes subjected to drawdown. The geotextile reinforced the slope by decreasing and uniformizing the slope deformation by the soil-geotextile interaction. Through geotextile displacement analysis, the geotextile-reinforced slope was divided into the anchoring zone and the restricting zone by a boundary that was independent of the decrease of water level. The geotextile restrained the soil in the anchoring zone and the soil restrained the geotextile in the restricting zone. The reinforcement effect was distinct only when the geotextile was long enough to cross the slip surface of the unreinforced slope under drawdown conditions.     

抗滑桩加固黏性土坡变形规律的离心模型试验研究

采用土工离心机及专用振动台,进行了静动力加载条件下抗滑桩加固黏性土坡的离心模型试验。测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场和加速度响应的变化过程以及抗滑桩的位移和应变分布。试验结果表明地震过程中土坡的加速度响应自下而上逐渐增大,震后残余变形的水平分量最值相比震前向坡上部移动。静动力加载过程中,抗滑桩内侧土体存在一个面,其内外两侧的土体位移表现出不同的水平位移变化规律,从而可以将抗滑桩加固土坡划分成4个分别具有不同变形特性的区域;同一高程处桩的水平位移大于内侧土体而小于外侧土体;抗滑桩与土发生较复杂的相互作用,并使得土坡的变形趋于均匀。     

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure. However, previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level (drawdown). In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts. In the centrifuge model tests, the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions: across-pile failure and through-pile failure. In the through-pile slope failure, a discontinuous slip surface was observed, implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable. The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil, as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles. The slope exhibited progressive failure, from top to bottom, during drawdown. The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles. In addition, the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles, and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased. This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure, and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.     

降雨条件下折线型滑面的大型滑坡稳定性离心模型试验

以大型土工离心机为技术依托,采用离心模型试验,研究开挖和降雨对滑面为折线型的大型滑坡变形破坏和稳定性的影响。试验中采用变形标志点、颗粒图像测速技术(PIV)和可承受高离心力的传感器,在获取坡体土压力、孔隙水压力和位移矢量场的基础上,综合分析开挖和降雨诱发大型滑坡变形破坏的特征及失稳模式。试验结果表明,在滑面形态变化大的部位开挖卸荷容易引起折线型滑面大型滑坡的局部复活;受开挖卸荷和降雨影响,滑坡后缘的开挖斜坡位移最大且最先失稳;受降雨的影响,滑坡前部位移较大,坡体表面变形破坏严重,开挖斜坡下部发育一条次级滑裂面,滑坡后缘和开挖平台前沿滑面坡度突变处各形成一条潜在主滑裂面。离心模型试验显示折线型滑面的滑坡受开挖和降雨的影响可表现出分级分块滑动的变形破坏特征。稳定性分析表明,降雨使折线型滑面的大型滑坡不同滑段稳定性系数不同程度降低,滑坡后缘、开挖斜坡和滑坡前缘处于不稳定状态。     

Centrifuge model test and numerical interpretation of seismic responses of a partially submerged deposit slope

Partially submerged deposit slopes are o ften encountered in practical engineering applications.Howeve r,studies on evaluating their stability under seismic loading are still rare.In order to understand the seismic behavior of partially submerged deposit slopes,centrifuge shaking table model tests(50 g) were employed.The responses of horizontal accelerations,accumulated excess pore pressures,deformation mode,and failure mode of the partially submerged deposit slope model were analyzed.In dynamic centrifuge model tests,EQ5 shaking event was applied numerically.The results indicated that in the saturated zone of the deposit slope,liquefaction did not occur,and the measured horizontal accelerations near the water table were amplified as a layer-magnification effect.It was also shown that the liquefaction-resistance of the deposit slope increased under multiple sequential ground motions,and the deformation depth of the deposit slope induced by earthquake increased gradually with increasing dynamic Ioad amplitude.Except for the excessive crest settlement generated by strong shaking,an additional vertical permanent displacement was initiated at the slope crest due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure under seismic loading.The result of particle image velocimetry(PIV) analysis showed that an obvious internal arc-slip was generated around the water table of the partially submerged deposit slope under seismic loading.     

Centrifuge model tests of deformation and failure of nailing-reinforced slope under vertical surface loading conditions

A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on a nail-reinforced slope under vertical surface loading conditions considering different slope gradients and nail lengths. The ultimate load of the slope decreased significantly with the increasing gradient of the slope or the decreasing nail length. The slope exhibited significant progressive failure that was captured by a displacement-based analysis. At first, the vertical load caused local slippage near the slope toe and the inner edge of the loading plate. Then, it extended to the interior of the slope and eventually to an entire slip surface. The H-surface was obtained according to the measured displacement to distinguish the zone where the surface load influenced the horizontal displacement of the slope. The H-surface and the position where the peak vertical displacement occurred in a horizontal line moved from the internal slope to the slope surface from the slope top to the slope bottom. This demonstrates the dispersion of the surface load application within the slope. The deflections of nails can be obtained from the corresponding soil deformation. The deflection of nails increased with the increasing load pressure, and exhibited diverse features in its distribution in the upper and the lower parts of the slope.     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制研究

反倾岩质边坡是我国西南水利水电工程、山区交通工程、矿山工程中一种常见的边坡类型,目前已成为影响此类工程正常运行的安全隐患之一。通过基底摩擦物理模型试验,研究了发育一组与岩层层面正交节理的反倾碎裂结构岩质边坡变形破坏全过程,分析了边坡变形破坏过程中的宏观变形、岩层位移、岩层弯折角等,揭示了反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制及空间受力演化规律,并进行了反倾碎裂结构岩质边坡变形分区。研究结果表明:(1)根据实验变形破坏特征,将反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡划定为拉裂–倾倒型、拉裂–滑移倾倒型、弯曲拉裂–(滑移)倾倒型3种破坏模式,并可分为稳定区、(弯曲)拉裂–倾倒区、压致拉裂–(滑移)倾倒区、剪切–滑移区等变形区,当坡角或倾角较大时,剪切–滑移区不存在。(2)随着坡角增大,边坡破坏由渐变转化为速变,最先变形部位也由坡体中部向坡顶转移,破坏过程中岩层弯曲特性逐渐弱化;坡角大小一定,倾角较小时,坡体易先发生变形乃至沿破裂面滑移破坏;坡角或倾角较大时,坡体易发生拉裂–倾倒破坏。(3)坡体不同位置岩层变形破坏明显不同步,变形符合蠕变三阶段特征,且当岩层刚开始发生张拉变形时,该岩层变形速率方向基本水平,当发生倾倒变形后,岩层产生明显的竖直变形速率,可作为划分坡体岩层初始变形阶段的判识标准。(4)以拉裂–倾倒破坏为主的岩层最大弯折角明显较小,其破裂面呈阶梯状;以弯曲拉裂–(滑移)倾倒为主的岩层最大弯折角与破坏深度明显较大,其破裂面多呈直线或不规则折线状。     

开挖和堆载作用下黄土边坡变形特征离心试验研究

为了研究开挖和堆载对黄土边坡变形破坏特征的影响,采用原状黄土在离心机上模拟黄土边坡在开挖和堆载作用下的变形过程,得到了两种工况下黄土边坡的位移变化规律和破坏特征。位移矢量图表明:开挖和堆载前,坡体变形以自重应力作用下的竖向变形为主;开挖和堆载后,坡体中后部土体以垂直向下变形为主,前部土体变形以水平变形为主;对模型边坡控制点位移特征分析,发现开挖对前部土体变形影响较大,堆载对后部土体变形影响较大,但开挖是影响边坡变形的最主要因素;开挖和堆载作用下黄土边坡的变形过程完全不同。     

非均质边坡多级稳定性分析方法

为了实现对非均质边坡稳定性的全面表征与系统评价,提出了一种针对非均质边坡的“多级次”评价方法。这种方法以强度折减理论为基础,首先对岩土体进行多次局部强度折减,得到边坡不同深度、不同岩层控制的多级潜在滑动面;然后运用极限平衡法进行各个潜在滑动面的稳定性计算,即可得到边坡不同深度、不同级次的稳定性系数。这种方法在确定多级滑动面的过程中充分利用了强度折减法客观性的优点,避开了极限平衡方法主观性的缺点,折减所得滑动面更能反映边坡在重力作用下的变形破坏过程,优于滑弧法搜索结果。通过规则模型的验证及实际边坡的应用,证明这种方法对于综合评价非均质边坡的稳定状态是有效的,并可为边坡的治理、监测设计及施工提供指导。     

循环荷载下节理岩体边坡动力响应的试验研究

 在振动荷载的长期循环作用下,岩质边坡中的原生结构面可能扩大并产生新的破裂面,直接影响到岩质边坡的稳定性。以某节理岩体边坡为原型,根据相似理论制作模型框架并在其内建造室内节理岩体边坡模型,利用振动台对边坡模型进行振动加载,研究在振幅分别为1.0,1.25,1.5 mm的振动荷载作用下节理岩体边坡的动力响应规律,对比水平方向和竖直方向振幅都为1.5 mm时边坡模型的变形差异。循环加载试验表明,在振动荷载作用下,边坡变形随振动荷载振幅、振动时间的增大而增大;边坡模型对于竖向的振动荷载更加敏感;边坡模型在受到振动荷载作用时,顶部的变形大于底部的变形;长期的振动荷载作用会导致原生裂隙延伸、扩张、贯通,引起边坡变形增大;根据变形情况提出边坡在振动荷载作用下的变形过程及变形导致的整体性滑坡和局部滑塌2种可能的破坏模式。研究结果对节理岩体边坡在循环荷载作用下的动力响应、疲劳劣化机制和边坡工程的长期安全性等理论研究和工程应用具有参考意义。     

Influence of tensile strength on toppling failure in centrifuge tests

In toppling of rock slopes, thin slabs of rock displace out of the slope, eventually forming a rupture surface. This toppling process involves slip between the thin slabs and tensile rupture across the slabs. A numerical modelling methodology based on a discrete element framework was used to investigate centrifuge model tests of a toppling slope. The methodology, which includes internal flaws in the intact rock slabs, was able to predict the rupture surface inside the rock mass more accurately than is possible with the conventional discrete element method. Also, this modelling approach predicted the horizontal deformation patterns observed in the experimental study. The effect of tensile strength on the flexural toppling failures was investigated to further our understanding of the flexural toppling. The tensile strength was found to be a key factor in this failure mechanism, and the failure load was found to be controlled by the tensile strength. Moreover, the friction angle of the intact rock did not have a significant effect on the toppling failure mechanism.     

Centrifuge Model Test Study of Rainfall-Induced Deformation of Cohesive Soil Slopes

A rainfall simulation device was developed to realize uniform rainfall at high g-levels in centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on cohesive soil slopes during rainfall, and the displacement and suction of the slopes were measured. The slope exhibits a relatively shallow slide after a heavy rainfall, and exhibits a shear zone with significant deformation in the interior of the slope. The vertical displacement is significantly larger than the horizontal displacement of the slope during rainfall. The rainfall-induced displacement process can be divided into three phases: (1) small displacement, (2) rapid increase, and (3) large displacement with minor rate of increase. Strain analysis was conducted on the basis of the measured displacement, and the results showed that the rainfall-induced deformation of the slope is governed by two types of mechanisms: increasing overburden weight and softening of soil. For a point in the slope, the first mechanism occurs from the beginning of rainfall; and the second mechanism occurs only when the water infiltrates there, which is described using the wetting front. Accordingly, another term, stable front, describes a boundary of zero increment of deformation. These two fronts gradually advance into the slope with increasing rainfall and divide the slope into three zones. The middle zone exhibits the most significant deformation.