TLBO optimized sliding mode controller for multi-area multi-source nonlinear interconnected AGC system

This paper represents design of output feedback sliding mode controller (SMC) for multi area multi-source interconnected power system. After designing output feedback SMC, teaching and learning based optimization (TLBO) technique is utilized to optimize feedback gain and switching vector of the controller. The superiority of the proposed approach is shown by comparing the result with output feedback tuned SMC with differential evolution and particle swarm optimization and state feedback SMC tuned with genetic algorithm for a two area thermal interconnected power system. Further, the proposed approach is extended to multi-area multi-source non linear automatic generation control (AGC) system with/without HVDC link. First area consists up thermal, hydro and gas; second area consists up thermal, hydro and nuclear as generating unit. Additionally, the superiority of proposed approach is shown by sensitivity analysis, which is carried out with wide changes in system parameters.     

互联电网AGC控制研究进展

综述了互联电网AGC控制研究进展。归纳并分析了6个研究方向:基于经典控制器的结构与参数优化的AGC控制;基于模糊控制器及改进的AGC控制;基于CPS信息的AGC控制;多类型发电机组协调下的AGC控制;利用SMES的AGC控制;利用TCPS的AGC控制。     

The Sliding-Mode Control Based on a Novel Reaching Technique for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Abstract

In order to improve the robustness, disturbance rejection and dynamic response performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed servo system, a novel sliding mode control (NSMC) strategy is adopted to replace the traditional proportion integral (PI) regulator in the design of speed controller. The mathematical model of PMSM is analyzed and a sliding mode controller based on a novel reaching technique is proposed. The integral of speed error is introduced into sliding mode surface to avoid the requirements of acceleration signal and reduced the steady-state error of the system. Meanwhile, a variable speed reaching method is imported to make the approaching speed correlate with the change of system state |s|, so as to improve the dynamic quality. In addition, the sigmoid function is used to replace the sign function in the conventional SMC, which further reduces chattering phenomena. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed NSMC method based on the new reaching technique can realize precise speed control. Compared with the conventional PI and SMC control, this method not only achieves a fastest and best response speed, but also has a strongest robustness of resisting the external disturbance.     

四开关逆变器驱动永磁同步电机的模糊滑模直接转矩控制

为解决四开关逆变器驱动永磁同步电机的常规直接转矩控制(DTC)中磁链和转矩脉动较大、逆变器开关频率不恒定的问题,提出采用滑模控制器替代常规DTC中的滞环调节器以获得所需电压矢量,并采用空间矢量调制策略获得固定的逆变器开关频率。为避免常规滑模控制器输出抖动对系统性能的影响,引入了模糊控制器以平滑系统输出。仿真结果表明,采用该策略能有效抑制磁链和转矩脉动,同时能保持DTC系统固有的转矩快速响应特性和强鲁棒性。     

考虑饱和环节的自动发电控制时滞系统串级控制

自动发电控制(AGC)调节过程中存在发电机变化率约束、时延等约束条件,使得基于线性模型的AGC控制策略不能反映真实电力系统的频率调节特性。针对AGC时滞系统同时存在饱和与时延的问题,提出了一种基于内外环比例—积分(PI)稳定域的串级控制系统遗传优化策略。基于AGC系统的负荷频率控制与机组控制组成的串级控制回路,采用Hopf分岔代数判据和时滞系统稳定域理论,分别求取了内外回路的PI稳定域,证明了饱和及时延参数会影响到PI稳定域的变化。通过将稳定域转化为控制器参数优化的约束条件后,对内环优化采用不同指标进行对比,证明了绝对误差积分(IAE)指标对于扰动具有更好的抑制能力;而对外环的对比表明采用时间乘平方误差积分(ITSE)指标具有更小的波动量。遗传优化结果表明所提控制策略能够有效抑制饱和及时延环节对系统性能的影响。     

永磁直线同步电机的智能增量滑模控制

针对永磁直线同步电机直接驱动伺服系统的位置跟踪精度易受参数变化、外部扰动、端部效应等不确定性因素的影响,提出了一种将小波神经网络(wavelet neural network,WNN)和增量滑模控制器相结合的智能增量滑模控制方法。利用系统先前的状态信息和控制动作作为反馈量,同时选择饱和函数作为切换函数来设计增量滑模控制器,不仅削弱了抖振,而且提高了系统的跟踪性能;利用WNN实时观测和补偿参数变化和外部扰动等影响,并采用改进的粒子群优化算法在线调整WNN的学习率,对不确定因素进行实时估计。从理论上分析证明了此控制器可以保证系统收敛,提高了直线伺服系统的控制性能。通过系统实验,证明了所提出方案的有效性,与滑模控制(sliding mode control,SMC)相比,系统具有强鲁棒性和良好的位置跟踪精度,明显地削弱了抖振现象。     

基于加权积分型增益的永磁同步电机滑模控制

针对传统滑模控制器(SMC)存在抖振、动静态特性不佳的问题,提出一种基于加权积分型增益的SMC。新型趋近律在传统指数趋近律的基础上引入加权积分型增益,并经过李雅普诺夫定理验证滑模面的可达性。将加权积分型增益SMC与传统、积分型增益SMC进行对比。仿真结果表明,所提加权积分型增益SMC能够改善传统SMC的抖振,减小滑模观测器的估算偏差,并且具有快速性和对外部干扰的不敏感性,证明了所提控制策略的有效性与优越性。     

基于变增益滑模控制器的PMSM矢量控制系统

滑模控制（SMC）存在的抖振对系统的性能具有较大影响。在滑模控制器永磁同步电动机（PMSM）矢量控制系统基础上,引入变增益控制,提出一种变增益滑模控制器控制方法,较好地改善了系统的动态性能。仿真试验结果表明,该方法有效地抑制了抖振,具有更好的抗负载扰动能力,提高了系统快速性。     

基于串级PI-(1+PD)算法的含飞轮储能互联电网AGC控制器设计

针对传统控制器存在的响应速度较慢、超调较大及鲁棒性较差等问题,提出一种基于串级PI-(1+PD)算法的含飞轮储能互联电网AGC控制器设计方法。首先,建立含飞轮储能的两区域互联电网AGC系统模型,模拟飞轮储能联合火电机组参与AGC的过程。然后,设计一种基于串级PI-(1+PD)算法的AGC控制器。外环采用PI控制,内环采用带滤波系数的(1+PD)控制。在保证系统稳态性能的前提下,提高动态响应速度和抗扰能力,并通过粒子群算法的迭代寻优获得最优的控制器参数。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink进行算例仿真分析。结果表明：与传统PID控制和PI-PD控制相比,所提方法不仅具有更快的响应速度与更小的超调量,而且增强了系统抵御内部参数摄动的鲁棒性。     

电网AGC与AVC协调控制方法

电力系统有功功率与无功功率耦合日益紧密,自动发电控制(AGC)与自动电压控制(AVC)相互解耦的模式会影响电网的运行控制效果。基于AGC与AVC不同的控制周期,在时间尺度上建立了分钟层和秒层两级衔接的AGC与AVC协调控制模式,提出了控制方法。在分钟层级上,建立有功功率与无功功率联合的最优潮流模型,提出AGC与AVC的联合优化控制方法;在秒层级上,完善AGC与AVC各自的控制策略,提出AGC与AVC的协调校正控制方法。通过算例验证表明,所提方法在满足AGC与AVC各自控制目标的同时,实现了电网的经济运行,抑制了AGC与AVC的相互影响,促进了AGC与AVC的相互支撑。     

基于模糊神经网络滑模控制器的一类非线性系统自适应控制

虽然滑模控制具有控制简单和对不确定性与扰动不灵敏等优点，但是控制信号中的颤动是其应用中需解决的主要问题。该文首先针对一类非线性系统提出了一个新型控制器-模糊神经网络滑模控制器。新控制器不仅能消除颤动，而且比一般滑模控制器具有更强的鲁棒性。然而它与一般滑模控制器相比有较大的跟踪误差。为了解决这个问题，提出了结合滑控制器和模糊神经网络滑模控制器的自适应控制方法。这种自适应控制方案可以减小跟踪误差，增强系统的鲁棒性和消除控制信号中的颤动。仿真结果说明了控制方案的有效性。     

Ant Colony Optimized Fuzzy Control Solution for Frequency Oscillation Suppression

This paper presents a novel approach in addressing a critical power system issue, i.e., automatic generation control (AGC) in a smart grid scenario. It proposes the design and implementation of an optimized fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for AGC of interconnected power network. There are three different sources of power generation considered in the two-area interconnected model of power system network. First area is equipped with a single reheat thermal unit and a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit, while another area has a hydro-unit with SMES. A multi-stage optimization strategy for the optimal solution of FLC for tie-line and frequency oscillation suppression is proposed in this paper using an ant colony optimization technique. The optimization of FLC is carried out in four different stages. The first stage is the optimization of range of input and output variables; the second stage is the optimization of membership function; the third and fourth stages are the optimization for rule base and rule weight optimization, respectively. The performance of the proposed controller is also compared with another control approaches to stabilize P_tie-line and Δf oscillations; these are the Ziegler–Nichols-tuned proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller and genetic algorithm optimized PID controller. A comprehensive analysis of the traditional techniques and proposed techniques is presented on the basis of major dynamic performance parameters, i.e., settling time and peak overshoot.     

A new intelligent online fuzzy tuning approach for multi-area load frequency control: Self Adaptive Modified Bat Algorithm

The primary aim of the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is to maintain system frequency and tie-line interchanges in a predestine limits by regulating the power generation of electrical generators, in case of fluctuations in the system frequency and tie-line loadings. This paper proposes a new online intelligent strategy to realize the control of multi-area load frequency systems. The proposed intelligent strategy is based on a combination of a novel heuristic algorithm named Self-Adaptive Modified Bat Algorithm (SAMBA) and the Fuzzy Logic (FL) which is used to optimally tune parameters of Proportional–Integral (PI) controllers which are the most popular methods in this context. The proposed controller guaranties stability and robustness against uncertainties caused by external disturbances and impermanent dynamics that power systems face. To achieve an optimal performance, the SAMBA simultaneously optimizes the parameters of the proposed controller as well as the input and output membership functions. The control design methodology is applied on four-area interconnected power system, which represents a large-scale power system. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed controller, the obtained results are compared with those of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and Optimal Fuzzy PID (OFPID) controller, which are the most recent researches applied to the present problem. Simulation results demonstrate the successfulness and effectiveness of the Online-SAMBA Fuzzy PI (MBFPI) controller and its superiority over conventional approaches.     

Robust Sliding Mode Speed Controller-based Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) and Load Torque Estimator for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) Drives

This paper presents a robust sliding mode control (SMC)-based model reference adaptive system (MRAS) aimed at improving the dynamic performance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. MRAS following a speed controller for IPMSM drives is developed. The error signal between the plant speed and MRAS speed is augmented to permit the prescribed specifications be maintained using SMC. The load disturbance is detected using a load torque estimator and is compensated through the q-axis current reference value. The load torque estimator is used to provide a feedforward value in the speed controller in order to decouple the load torque from the speed control. This method can improve IPMSM dynamic performance against the disturbance torque without increasing SMC gain due to both chattering and stability limitations. The complete field-oriented control of an IPMSM drive with the proposed controller is successfully implemented in real time using the DSP-DS1102 control board for a laboratory 1-hp motor. A performance comparison of the proposed controller with the conventional PI controller is also provided. The efficacy of the proposed controller is verified by simulation and experimentation under different operating conditions. It is found that the proposed controller provides an excellent speed response under load torque disturbance and parameter uncertainty.     

基于滑模控制的TSMC-PMSM调速系统

设计了一种基于双级矩阵变换器(TSMC)驱动的永磁同步电机(PMSM)滑模变结构直接转矩控制方案。该方案针对一般滑模控制器的抖振问题,设计了积分滑模面、符号函数平滑和变指数趋近律,并应用于PMSM转矩和磁链的控制,既克服了滞环直接转矩控制(DTC)转矩和磁链脉动大的不足,又解决了一般滑模控制器的抖振问题。采用DSP和FPGA开发了一套系统实验样机,给出了系统的软硬件设计方法,实验结果验证了系统设计的有效性,实现了系统高性能调速及网侧电能质量的优化。     

一种考虑风电渗透率变化的AGC方法

新能源发电渗透率的提高给传统自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)带来了新的挑战。数据研究表明,风电渗透率的改变会对AGC系统的参数产生影响,在此基础,提出一种基于系统补偿的AGC方法,在AGC参数不能及时在线整定的情况下,能降低对系统稳定性的影响。首先,构建含有风电的区域互联AGC系统模型;然后,讨论了当风电渗透率发生变化时,AGC系统参数的调整依据;在此基础上,设计补偿环节与传统模型预测控制器(model predictive controller,MPC)形成串联结构,以消除当风电渗透率发生变化时,由于参数不匹配对AGC效果的不利影响;最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性,仿真结果表明:当风电渗透率发生变化时,通过补偿环节参数的调整能够有效消除其对系统参数的影响,从而获取更好的频率控制效果。     

一种载人电动飞机永磁同步电机的在线辨识滑模控制方法

为了降低载人电动飞机在巡航过程中永磁同步电机（PMSM）转速响应系统易受参数摄动和外界扰流影响,提出了一种电动飞机PMSM的转动惯量在线辨识与转矩扰动补偿滑模控制（SMC）方法。通过一种自适应遗忘因子最小二乘算法对转动惯量进行在线辨识,对控制器的参数进行实时匹配,并将辨识后的转动惯量引入龙贝格扰动观测器对负载转矩变化进行观测,同时针对扰动进行估算与补偿。以一种新型趋近率的滑模转速控制策略代替PI转速控制策略,该方法在保留SMC鲁棒性强的优点削减了滑模变结构带来的抖振干扰,提升了系统的响应速度,最终通过仿真及半实物试验方式验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种伺服电动机混合速度控制器的设计

设计了一个由滑模控制器和神经模糊控制器组成的伺服电动机混合速度控制器.为了得到一个既能削弱抖振现象又能得到快速、光滑动态响应的伺服电动机速度控制系统,应用误差带方法,系统用滑模控制在瞬态阶段得到快速动态响应,用神经模糊控制在稳态阶段得到光滑动态响应.分别用滑模控制和混合控制对系统进行了仿真和实验,验证所设计控制器的性能,并对结果进行了详细对比.     

考虑双通道随机时延的区域互联电网AGC方法

在区域互联电网网络化自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)过程中,信息传输在双通道(如控制器到执行器(C-A)、传感器到控制器(S-C))均存在时延问题。基于模型预测控制(MPC)技术,拟利用其预测特征,通过控制过程中信息的存储与处理,消除双通道随机时延对控制效果的负面影响。首先,在考虑双通道时延的前提下,构建互联电网AGC系统模型,并就时延的存在对控制效果的影响进行了分析。然后,针对互联电网AGC系统的控制模式对集中式MPC(CMPC)的实现方法进行了讨论,分析了在CMPC框架下双通道时延的处理方法。在此基础上,分别以阶跃与随机负荷曲线为扰动变量,获取互联电网频率及区域控制偏差曲线。仿真结果表明在考虑互联电网AGC系统双通道随机时延的情况下,所提方法能够保证系统良好的动态响应性能,从而验证了其可行性和有效性。     

Proportional-Resonant and Slide Mode Control for Single-Phase UPS Inverter

Slide mode control (SMC) is recognized as the most robust control with high stability, while the proportional-resonant (PR) control shapes the output waveform closely according to the reference sinusoidal signal. Keeping in view the characteristics of slide mode and PR control, a cascaded controller is proposed for bipolar single-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter. The outer voltage loop uses the PR control while the inner loop uses the SMC. Chattering in the SMC has been removed using smoothed control law in narrow boundary layer condition. The stability of the controller has been analyzed using Lypunov stability criteria. The smoothed control law applied to the pulse width modulator results in fixed switching frequency of the inverter. The performance of the controller has been analyzed for single-phase inverter through simulations and experiments for both the linear and non-linear loads. The performance of controller has been compared with the other techniques of SMC and standard controllers. The proposed controller shows significant improvement in terms of reducing the total harmonics distortion to 0.5% for linear load and 1.25% for non-linear load, strong robustness, and fast response time of only 0.3 ms.