肉桂油的化学成分分析及风险性研究

目的分析不同厂家肉桂油质量差异,并进行质量风险评估研究。方法分别对市售的不同厂家的肉桂油、自制肉桂油与肉桂油标准对照品,运用GC、GC-MS方法对其含量及化学成分进行分析,对比分析差异性。结果桂皮醛含量在75.12%～97.90%之间;各厂家肉桂油中所含化学成分种类差异较大,检出可能成分80种,其中反式桂皮醛、3-甲基-苯并呋喃酮为各厂家肉桂油的主要共有成分。结论市售的肉桂油在有效成分含量及化学成分组成上存在较大差异,质量可控性较差。     

不同压力下猪肉香精挥发性风味成分的差异性

为了考察不同压力下猪肉香精挥发性风味成分的差异性,采用固相微萃取法(SPME)分别萃取常压和加压热反应条件下制备的猪肉香精中挥发性风味成分,并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)和气相色谱-嗅闻技术(GC-O)进行鉴定。结果显示:常压制备的猪肉香精中共鉴定出45种挥发性成分,其种类及质量分数分别为:烃类5种(6.58%),醛类16种(21.20%),醇类10种(6.07%),酸类8种(3.15%),杂环及其他化合物6种(37.19%)。加压制备的猪肉香精中共鉴定出38种挥发性成分,包括烃类3种(1.49%),醛类14种(9.65%),醇类6种(1.96%),酯类、酮类和酸类共计5种(2.89%),杂环及其他化合物10种(47.73%)。两者均鉴定出的化合物有22种,包括苯甲醛、枯茗醛、蘑菇醇、4-甲基-5-羟乙基噻唑、茴香脑等。通过常压热反应方式制备的猪肉香精中主要挥发性风味成分较多,更接近厨房菜肴。     

顶空固相微萃取与气质联用分析光皮木瓜果实中的挥发性成分

光皮木瓜果实香气浓郁,是很好的香精制作原料。为探明其香气组成,实验以成熟光皮木瓜为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取与气质联用方法,分析检测了木瓜果实中的挥发性成分。共鉴定出45种化学成分,占总质量分数的95.58%。相对质量分数较高的依次为2-己烯醛(33.12%)、4-(2,6,6-三甲基-环己-1-烯基)-2-丁醇(19.15%)、正己醛(12.91%)、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛(6.15%)、4-(2,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-基)-2-丁酮(3.28%)。实验表明,C6化合物是构成光皮木瓜果实清香味的主要成分。     

HS-SPME结合GC-MS分析煎鸡蛋的挥发性风味成分

采用顶空固相微萃取与GC-MS联用方法对煎鸡蛋中挥发性成分进行提取与分析,考察萃取头、萃取温度和吸附时间对分析结果的影响,得到优化的顶空固相微萃取条件为:黑色萃取头(75μm Carboxen/PDMS),吸附温度75℃,吸附时间70 min。在优化的条件下分析,共鉴定出50种挥发性风味成分,其中,醛类16种(40.588%)、含氮化合物14种(23.639%)、醇类8种(7.156%)、烃类3种(4.800%)、酚类及杂环化合物3种(1.755%)、酮类3种(0.868%)及含硫化合物3种(0.563%)。鉴定出含量较高(相对质量分数大于2.5%)的物质有:2,5-二甲基吡嗪、3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基吡嗪、壬醛、苯甲醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛、辛醛、2-甲基丁醛、反-2-癸烯醛、3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯、1-辛烯-3-醇。     

鸡肉及其酶解液挥发性风味成分的对比分析

为了研究酶解对鸡肉挥发性风味成分的影响,采用SPME法提取鸡肉及其酶解液中的挥发性风味成分,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分离鉴定。结果显示:鸡肉酶解液共鉴定出63种挥发性风味成分,包括醛类19种、醇类7种、酸类2种、酮类6种、酯类2种、醚类2种、酚类3种、烃类8种、杂环化合物14种。水煮鸡肉的挥发性风味成分共19种,包括醛类11种、醇类3种、酮类1种、酯类1种、烃类2种、杂环化合物1种。两者共同鉴定出的物质有:己醛、辛醛、壬醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、对甲氧基苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、右旋萜二烯。     

干草果中的关键香气成分分析

草果是一种天然香料植物,为了确定干草果中的关键香气成分,采用溶剂萃取结合溶剂辅助风味成分蒸发的方法提取了干草果果壳和干草果种仁中的挥发性成分,使用气相色谱-质谱-嗅觉检测器联用仪对所得提取物进行了分析,鉴定出22个香气活性成分;通过与标准品的香气特征、质谱、保留指数进行比对,对它们进行了定性。以2-辛醇和2-异丙基苯酚为内标,对22个香气活性成分(OACs)进行了定量分析,结果表明,OACs在干草果种仁中的含量大于在干草果果壳中的含量。计算了OACs的香气活性值;根据香气活性值,确定出了干草果中的19种关键香气成分。其中,反-2-癸烯醛、1,8-桉叶素、芳樟醇、反-2-十二烯醛、辛醛、反-2-辛烯醛、癸醛、β-蒎烯、正己醛、α-松油醇、香兰素是果壳和种仁共有的关键香气物质,它们使得二者香气具有相似之处;而(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、橙花醇、香叶醇、香叶醛、乙酸香叶酯、反式橙花叔醇、4-松油醇是导致二者香气有所不同的主要成分。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人参养荣丸中桂皮醛含量

本文采用RE-HPLC方法对人参养荣丸中所含桂皮醛进行含量测定,以乙腈-0.1%H3PO4水溶液(43:57)为流动相,流速:1.0mL·min-1,290nm波长下进行检测.结果表明:人参养荣丸中的桂皮醛与其它成分分离度良好.桂皮醛对照品进样量在0.043～0.215μg内呈线性关系,r=0.9996,RSD=1.36%(n=8).为人参养荣丸质量标准研究提供可靠参考.     

活性炭部分指标对烟气中低分子醛酮类物质含量的影响

将添加不同pH值、比表面积和水分含量活性炭的复合滤嘴卷烟在标准条件下进行抽吸,利用2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液收集主流烟气,高效液相色谱法分析卷烟主流烟气中低分子醛酮类物质含量,研究了pH值、比表面积和水分含量对活性炭吸附作用的影响。结果表明,活性炭pH值由5~7增加到7~9、比表面积由800 m2/g增加到1 200 m2/g时,低分子醛酮类物质总量分别下降13.0%,20.9%;水分含量由6%增加到10%时,低分子醛酮类物质总量分别为685.59,685.88μg/支。pH值和比表面积是影响活性炭对低分子醛酮类物质吸附作用的重要因素。     

SDE-GC-MS分析柴沟堡熏肉挥发性风味成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(simultaneous distillation and extraction,SDE)提取柴沟堡"郭玺"熏肉的挥发性风味成分,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatogrophymass spectrometry,GC-MS)对其进行分析鉴定。结果共鉴定出82种挥发性成分,其中,烃类17种(相对质量分数8.728 3%),醛类23种(相对质量分数57.723 3%),醇类12种(相对质量分数4.042%),酮类10种(相对质量分数2.719 2%),酯类3种(相对质量分数1.947%),酚类9种(相对质量分数6.237 2%),醚类1种(相对质量分数2.406 4%),杂环化合物7种(相对质量分数2.814 1%)。其中,醛类、酚类、含硫含氮及杂环化合物对熏肉的风味可能有较为显著的影响。     

焙烤对核桃乳关键性香气成分的影响分析

以新疆核桃为原料，考察焙烤时间对核桃乳关键性香气成分的影响。通过感官分析法对核桃乳进行评价，采用溶剂辅助风味蒸发法（SAFE）提取核桃乳中的挥发性成分，并利用GC-MS和气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联机（GC-O-MS）对核桃乳中的香气成分进行鉴定。结果表明，共从4个不同焙烤时间核桃乳中鉴定出109种挥发性化合物，主要为含氮类、醛类、醇类、杂环类和酮类等。其中，焙烤23 min核桃乳样品中，每类化合物的含量均相对较高。GC-O-MS结果显示，共从4个样品中检出69种香气化合物，同时检出化合物18种。其中，反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛、5-甲基呋喃醛、反-2-壬烯醛、2-乙基-3,6-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基吡嗪、1-辛烯-3-醇、糠醇和4-乙烯基愈创木酚是焙烤核桃乳中的关键香气物质。综合分析结果发现，焙烤23 min核桃乳样品中，香气化合物的数量最多、香气强度较高，整体呈现典型的坚果、焙烤风味，具有较好的风味特征。     

Über die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Lipoide einiger Gewürze

Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids of Some Spices Fatty acid composition of lipids of ten fruit spices (pepper, pimento, red pepper, chillies, cumin-seed, coriander, celery, dill, cardamon and vanilla), one seed spice (nutmeg), one flower spice (clove), three herb spices (sage, origano, thyme), one leaf spice (laurel), one bark spice (cinnamon) and ginger was determined by gas chromatography after transesterification and compared with the known values. In the lipids of cardamon, vanilla, cinnamon, ginger and laurel, which have not been examined so far, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were found to predominate. In the lipids of pimento and clove which belong to the family of myrtaceae, C₁₈ fatty acids were predominant. Spices belonging to the family of labiates are characterized by a high linolenic acid content.     

反式茴脑生物降解菌株的筛选及其生物转化

以广西特色香料资源茴油为碳源,开展了反式茴脑生物降解菌株的筛选工作,并对反式茴脑生物转化过程进行了初步研究,以期获得的菌株能催化茴油中的主要成分反式茴脑,合成高附加值的天然香料或医药中间体。通过富集培养的方法,从八角树下土壤中筛选能将反式茴脑转化生成茴香醛或茴香酸的细菌菌株,采用薄层层析法、分光光度法和HPLC法相结合对转化液进行分析。结果筛选到一株细菌菌株BT-13能以茴油为碳源高产茴香酸。从形态、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定细菌菌株BT-13为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。     

Effect of Oven Drying,Microwave Drying,and Silica Gel Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-SPME-GC-MS

Fresh or dried ginger is a common traditional Chinese medicine as well as an important spice in China. The volatile components of ginger play important roles in its flavor and bioactivities. In this work, headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the effects of oven drying, microwave drying, and silica gel drying methods on the degree of dehydration and volatile components of ginger. Sixty compounds were identified by GC-MS. The major volatile compounds were zingiberene (26.4–37.1%), β-phellandrene (7.4–12.9%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.2–12.8%), and geranial (6.6–8.1%). The volatiles of silica gel–dried ginger were similar to those of fresh ginger. Microwave-dried ginger had a higher content of zingiberene and satisfactory dehydration efficiency. The result showed that microwave and silica gel can be used in drying of ginger to maintain the taste and appearance of fresh ginger.     

八角特色资源加工利用产业发展现状

八角是我国特色天然植物资源，广泛用于香精香料、食品和医药领域。综述了八角资源量、分布情况及利用部位：世界上85%以上的八角资源产自中国的广西和云南，全国八角种植总面积47.27万公顷，八角干果年均产量约20.69万t，以果实和枝叶利用为主。介绍了八角干果、茴油等初级产品和八角油树脂、茴脑、草蒿脑、莽草酸、茴香醛等深加工产品，以及其加工工艺、质量要求和检测方法。分析了干果加工、茴油提取、精深加工和其他高价值有效成分提取等八角加工利用产业的发展现状、趋势，指出目前八角加工利用产业存在以干果原料直接食用为主、深加工利用比例很少、精深加工技术和新产品开发严重滞后等问题，并提出未来八角加工利用产业的建议与对策：提升精深加工技术、扩大新产品开发和拓宽产品应用面。     

八角茴香油的提取工艺和香气性能

以八角茴香果为原料,比较了超临界CO2流体萃取法(SFE)和水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)对八角茴香油的提取率和香气性能的影响。用正交设计方法,确定了超临界CO2流体萃取八角茴香油的最佳条件为:萃取压力13.8MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间2 h。在该条件下,八角茴香油的萃取率为2.88%。相同的萃取条件下,用水蒸气蒸馏技术提取八角茴香油,精油萃取率为1.39%。通过气味指纹分析仪(电子鼻)检测和气味感官评定,对两种提取方法得到的八角茴香油的香气性能进行了比较,用SFE法所得八角茴香油的质量比SD法所得精油有明显改善,香气更完全,更具新鲜感和天然感。     

Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices

There is a growing interest in natural antioxidants found in plants because of the world‐wide trend toward the use of natural additives in food and cosmetics. Herbs and spices are one of the most important targets to search for natural antioxidants from the point of view of safety. This review presents the results on stabilization of lipids and lipid‐containing foods with different herbs and spices (ground materials or extracts) and reports the structure of the main antioxidatively acting compounds isolated from them. The review presents information about the antioxidative effects of rosemary, sage, oregano, thyme, ginger, summer savory, black pepper, red pepper, clove, marjoram, basil, peppermint, spearmint, common balm, fennel, parsley, cinnamon, cumin, nutmeg, garlic, coriander, etc. Among the herbs of the Labiatae family, rosemary has been more extensively studied and its extracts are the first marketed natural antioxidants. Sage and oregano, which belong to the same family, have gained the interest of many research groups as potential antioxidants.     

八角茴香中莽草酸提取工艺及抗氧化性研究

通过回流提取法、超声提取法、微波提取法对八角茴香中莽草酸的提取工艺进行优化。经过单因素与正交试验获得最佳提取工艺为微波提取方法下提取时间4 min、微波功率400 W、料液比1：20（g/mL）,莽草酸得率4.92％。用DPPH自由基捕获分光光度法对提取液莽草酸进行了研究,发现其对自由基清除率可达到12.71％,具有一定的抗氧化性。     

Determination of the solubility of extracts from vegetable raw material in pressurized CO2: a pseudo-ternary mixture formed by cellulosic structure+solute+solvent

This paper discusses the application of the dynamic method to measure the solubility in pseudo-ternary systems formed by vegetable raw materials (cellulosic structure+solute) and CO₂. For aromatic, medicinal, and spice plants, the soluble portion of the solid is formed of essential oils, oleoresins, pigments, and various substances from several other classes of organic compounds. The experimental data were measured in two independent laboratories, using three experimental set-ups, and three vegetable species: clove buds, eucalyptus, and ginger. The solubility for the system clove buds/CO₂ varied from 0.220 to 0.277 kg-extract/kg-CO₂ for the isotherm of 288.15 K. The ginger extract solubility varied from 2.01×10⁻³ to 7.20×10⁻³ kg-extract/kg-CO₂ for pressures of 100–300 bar, and temperatures of 298.15–313.15 K. The eucalyptus solubility for the isobar of 66.7 bar varied from 3.95×10⁻³ to 4.07×10⁻³ kg-extract/kg-CO₂.     

传统烹饪与软包装无锡酱排骨的挥发性风味成分对比

采用固相微萃取(SPME)法和同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)法与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,提取分析传统烹饪无锡酱排骨的挥发性风味成分。与软包装无锡酱排骨进行比较,前者共鉴定出71种化合物,后者共鉴定出76种,共同检测到的物质有31种。两者在醛类及含氮、含硫及其杂环类化合物上的差异较为显著,是两种排骨样品风味差异的主要原因,而茴香等香辛料使用量的差异可能是导致传统烹饪与软包装无锡酱排骨风味差异的另一原因。     

Pungent spices,ground red pepper,and synthetic capsaicin as onion fly ovipositional deterrents

In laboratory choice experiments, the spices dill, paprika, black pepper, chili powder, ginger, and red pepper deterredDelia antiqua oviposition by 88–100%. Dose-response choice tests demonstrated that 1 mg of ground cayenne pepper (GCP) placed within 1 cm of artificial onion foliage reduced oviposition by 78%. A synthetic analog of capsaicin, the principal flavor ingredient of red peppers, deterred oviposition by 95% when present at 320 ppm in the top centimeter of sand (the ovipositional substrate). However, in no-choice conditions 10 mg GCP was not an effective deterrent. Sevana Bird Repellent and Agrigard Insect Repellent both use red pepper as a principal ingredient; at recommended field rates, neither of these materials was an effective ovipositional deterrent either in laboratory or field. Capsaicin-based materials do not appear to be candidates for onion maggot control via behavioral modification.Paper No. 12514 of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.