基于定向钻进技术的综合立体瓦斯抽采模式

以成庄矿为例,分析了定向钻进技术在顺层钻孔抽采实体煤、高位钻孔抽采采空区、跨破碎带抽采待掘区域等方面的应用,研究了基于定向钻进技术的综合立体瓦斯抽采模式:针对实体煤层采用顺层递进模块式抽采技术,通过长时间、大范围抽采及预抽模块、掘进工作面、回采工作面的循环递进,实现回采煤量和抽采煤量的良性接替;针对"U"型通风上隅角瓦斯集聚区域采用顶板高位定向钻孔抽采技术,高位定向钻孔通过裂隙带与上隅角构成连通系统,采空区内瓦斯通过裂隙被钻孔抽出,从而降低采空区内瓦斯浓度;针对破碎煤层采用煤-岩-煤型顶板梳状定向钻孔技术,主孔布置于顶板中,钻孔跨越破碎煤体后施工梳状分支钻孔进入煤层,从而掩护下一阶段巷道掘进;针对煤层积水情况采用顶抽气-底排水组合式梳状定向钻孔技术,煤层中积水排采钻孔和顶板中瓦斯抽采钻孔在空间上实现水-气流场联通,煤层孔排水降压后利于顶板孔抽采瓦斯。采用该瓦斯抽采模式后,成庄矿瓦斯抽采率达60%以上。     

短钻孔快速抽采工艺在长距离掘进工作面的应用

针对目前高瓦斯煤巷长距离掘进工作面瓦斯治理措施存在成本高、因回风流瓦斯体积分数高而影响掘进速度等问题,提出在长距离掘进工作面应用短钻孔快速抽采工艺,即利用检修班时间采用短钻孔进行掘进工作面快速集中抽采,通过短时间、高强度抽采小范围瓦斯,减小掘进工作面及回风流通风压力,提高煤巷掘进速度。短钻孔快速抽采工艺从时间和空间上克服了现有技术的不足,将掘进工作面长距离长时间瓦斯抽采变为短距离短时间的高效抽采。在山西霍尔辛赫煤矿3605回风巷的应用结果表明,应用短钻孔快速抽采工艺可在控制回风流与工作面瓦斯体积分数和成本的前提下,将煤巷掘进月累计进尺由170 m提高到250 m,提高了近50%,实现了对低透气性煤层长距离掘进工作面瓦斯的有效治理。     

基于关键层理论的采空区覆岩断裂带有效抽采层位研究

采空区覆岩断裂带有效抽采层位是布置高位抽采钻孔治理邻近层和采空区瓦斯的基础。基于关键层理论,建立了断裂带有效抽采层位数学模型,确定了有效抽采层位上下边界：有效抽采层位的下边界为采空区垮落带之上的第1层关键层,上边界为采空区上覆岩层高度为10倍采高以下的第1层关键层,有效抽采层位包含下边界岩层,不包含上边界岩层。根据断裂带有效抽采层位数学模型计算得出段王煤矿8+9号煤层断裂带有效抽采层位为煤层顶板上方12.6 m处的中砂岩到39.3 m处的4号煤;根据采空区覆岩断裂带钻孔窥视结果,得出工作面断裂角约为62°,破断断裂带高度范围为煤层顶板上方11.5～40.5 m区域。在段王煤矿进行高位钻孔抽采试验,得出实际的断裂带有效抽采层位为煤层顶板上方13.9 m处的中砂岩到37.4 m处的砂质泥岩。钻孔窥视分析和高位钻孔抽采试验结果均验证了断裂带有效抽采层位数学模型的准确性,研究成果可为高瓦斯和煤与瓦斯突出矿井的高位抽采工程设计提供理论依据。     

青龙煤矿高位定向钻孔瓦斯抽采实践

针对高位钻孔瓦斯抽采存在钻孔数量多、单孔深度不足、钻孔轨迹不可控、瓦斯抽采浓度较低、抽采不连续等问题,为有效防治青龙煤矿21602工作面回采期间上隅角瓦斯浓度超限,利用高位定向钻孔技术对瓦斯进行抽采,介绍了高位定向钻孔设计施工方案,通过现场实践确定了最佳钻孔布置参数。结果表明:高位定向钻孔具有瓦斯抽采浓度高、抽采量大、抽采率高等特点,且高位定向钻孔瓦斯抽采效果随工作面回采距离的增加呈先稳定后下降的趋势;当高位定向钻孔终孔层位距离顶板39m、距离回风巷右帮水平位移为55m时,瓦斯抽采体积分数达30.5%,瓦斯抽采流量达18m3/min,瓦斯抽采纯量达2.374m3/min,瓦斯抽采效果最佳;上隅角瓦斯体积分数由抽采前的最大值0.72%降低至抽采期间的0.2%～0.4%,有效解决了上隅角瓦斯浓度超限问题。     

综放工作面初采期抛物线型高位钻孔瓦斯抽采研究

针对采用常规高位定向长钻孔在工作面初次来压期间瓦斯抽采效果不佳的问题,以中煤华晋集团有限公司王家岭矿12309综放工作面为工程背景,通过物理相似模拟和数值计算分析了初采期综放工作面煤层顶板覆岩结构和裂隙发育规律:初采期的煤层顶板裂隙发育高度低、数量少,随着工作面的推进,顶板裂隙逐步发育,裂隙发育的高度和范围随着推进距离的增加而增大,裂隙最大发育高度约为28m,工作面来压步距约为50m;初采期工作面瓦斯浓度和涌出量较大,沿工作面倾向,瓦斯浓度从20～150架支架逐渐增大,沿工作面走向,由煤壁300mm至后刮板输送机瓦斯浓度逐渐增大,采空区瓦斯涌出量占工作面瓦斯涌出量的50%以上,瓦斯涌出量整体上呈上升趋势,且有明显的阶段性特征。根据现场实际情况和初采期综放工作面瓦斯涌出特征、覆岩结构及裂隙演化规律,对初采期的常规高位定向钻孔的轨迹进行了优化设计,提出了初采期抛物线型高位定向钻孔瓦斯抽采方法。将钻孔的终孔位置设计在煤层里,与采空区直接导通,用于工作面初采期采空区低位瓦斯抽采,解决了初采期常规高位水平长钻孔层位较高的问题。现场应用结果表明:相比于常规高位定向钻孔,采用抛物线型高位定向钻孔可在工作面采空区基本顶初次来压前有效抽采采空区低位瓦斯,瓦斯抽采纯量平均提高了约37%,上隅角和回风流最大瓦斯体积分数均小于0.80%,达到了瓦斯抽采的预期效果。     

急倾斜厚煤层瓦斯分源抽采技术的应用

为解决大黄山煤矿735综采工作面回采期间瓦斯超限问题,分析了工作面瓦斯涌出的主要来源,提出采用瓦斯分源抽采技术抽采瓦斯的方法,即优化抽采管路,通过穿层钻孔直接抽采采空区瓦斯,实现采空区与本煤层瓦斯分源抽采。应用结果表明,实施瓦斯分源抽采后,工作面回风流瓦斯体积分数稳定在0.36%~0.46%,上隅角瓦斯体积分数稳定在0.4%~0.6%,瓦斯抽采率平均值达59.17%。     

顺层定向长钻孔在厚煤层沿顶掘进工作面的应用

厚煤层沿顶掘进工作面因煤层厚度大,采用普通钻孔不能有效抽采巷道底板煤体瓦斯,易造成工作面瓦斯超限,影响巷道掘进效率。以山西某煤矿主运大巷为试验巷道,通过分析掘进工作面瓦斯治理存在的问题,从抽采工艺参数设计、钻孔施工、抽采试验3个方面开展了顺层定向长钻孔在厚煤层沿顶掘进工作面的应用研究。现场试验结果表明:采用顺层定向长钻孔抽采工艺后,掘进期间主运大巷回风流及工作面瓦斯浓度整体较稳定,回风流平均瓦斯体积分数为0.34%,工作面平均瓦斯体积分数为0.16%,瓦斯涌出量明显下降,瓦斯治理效果显著;与采用普通钻孔抽采工艺相比,巷道掘进月进尺由150m提高至240m,工作面瓦斯体积分数由0.53%～0.79%降至0.25%～0.48%,回风流瓦斯体积分数由0.63%～0.96%降至0.28%～0.69%,掘进400m巷道总用时由175d减少至138d,掘进效率得到有效提高。     

含夹矸煤层水力割缝瓦斯抽采技术研究及应用

为研究水力割缝强化瓦斯抽采技术在含夹矸煤层中的应用,通过理论分析得出,与普通钻孔相比,水力割缝钻孔可通过增加煤层渗透率、煤体暴露面积、瓦斯流动通道3个方面强化瓦斯抽采,并建立了考虑孔隙率和渗透率变化的煤层瓦斯流动控制方程。以东庞矿21218工作面为工程背景,采用COMSOL数值模拟软件建立了含夹矸煤层水力割缝瓦斯抽采数值模型,通过对煤层瓦斯流动控制方程进行解算,研究了不同割缝高度、不同钻孔间距条件下,水力割缝瓦斯抽采钻孔的瓦斯压力分布规律,从而确定了上煤层割缝0.3 m、下煤层割缝0.1 m、钻孔间距7.5 m的水力割缝瓦斯抽采钻孔施工参数。基于上述参数,在东庞矿21218工作面现场施工28组、每组7个水力割缝钻孔,对含夹矸煤层瓦斯进行抽采作业,结果表明：与普通钻孔相比,水力割缝钻孔的每百米巷道施工工程量减少了28.51%,瓦斯抽采纯量由11.53万m³提升至21.43万m³,增幅为85.86%,巷道掘进期间掘进工作面平均瓦斯体积分数由0.06%降至0.01%,瓦斯抽采效果好,且有效提高了瓦斯抽采效率。     

普通钻孔和定向钻孔联合预抽煤巷条带瓦斯研究

针对采用单一顺层普通钻孔或定向钻孔预抽煤巷条带瓦斯时存在普通钻机施工长钻孔易偏离轨迹、定向钻机施工成本较高等问题,以青龙煤矿21601掘进工作面为研究背景,提出了采用普通钻孔和定向钻孔联合预抽煤巷条带瓦斯。数值模拟结果表明:单钻孔预抽瓦斯时,抽采初期钻孔终孔位置处钻孔轴向瓦斯压力等值线呈“V”形分布,随着抽采时间延长,瓦斯压力“V”形分布逐渐平滑;钻孔径向瓦斯压力以钻孔为中心呈环状依次向外递增;预抽93 d时的有效抽采半径达3.80 m;普通钻孔和定向钻孔可分别有效控制煤巷两帮15 m和煤巷掘进工作面前方200 m范围内瓦斯。现场应用结果表明:普通钻孔和定向钻孔联合预抽时,瓦斯抽采总量平均值为19.86×10^3 m^3,瓦斯抽采体积分数平均值为53.5%,瓦斯抽采纯流量平均值为1.97 m^3/min,瓦斯抽采混合流量平均值为3.68 m^3/min,残余瓦斯含量小于8 m^3/t,瓦斯抽采效果良好。     

煤矿井下深孔定向钻进瓦斯抽采技术及应用

为解决试验矿井采用传统抽采技术存在巷道掘进速度慢、采掘接替紧张的问题,提出采用深孔定向钻进瓦斯抽采技术施工定向长钻孔替代常规钻孔进行煤层瓦斯抽采的方案。定向钻进对煤层有效作用面积大,可以大范围改变煤体原始应力的分布,从而打破煤层瓦斯吸附-解吸的动态平衡,使大量吸附态瓦斯转化为游离态;在钻孔负压与煤体地应力和瓦斯压力形成的压力梯度作用下,游离态瓦斯源源不断地流向钻孔空间,使周围煤体瓦斯得到有效排放,煤体发生收缩变形,透气性系数大幅增加,地应力与瓦斯压力梯度减小,从而使得定向长钻孔抽采影响范围扩大,实现煤层瓦斯大面积有效抽采。试验结果表明:采用深孔定向钻进技术施工定向长钻孔成孔良好,试验钻孔总进尺为2 213m,主孔最大孔深达523m,日均抽采纯量为3 528m~3;钻孔平均瓦斯抽采体积分数高达88.3%,最高为98.0%;单孔平均瓦斯抽采纯量为1.23m~3/min,最大超过2m~3/min,瓦斯抽采效果显著;与常规钻孔抽采相比,定向钻孔单孔瓦斯抽采纯量提高了16倍多,单孔瓦斯抽采体积分数提高了2～4倍,巷道月均进尺提高了1倍多。     

瓦斯抽采钻孔漏气通道检测装置研制及应用

瓦斯抽采钻孔孔周裂隙和封孔段空隙通道是造成钻孔漏气失效的主要原因。为有效检测钻孔漏气通道,基于管流流体力学理论和漏气检测判别方法,研制了瓦斯抽采钻孔漏气通道检测装置。通过检测不同钻孔深度气样参数并分析其分布规律和突变情况,确定抽采钻孔失效原因和漏气通道位置;检测装置采用高稳压阻式压力传感器、激光甲烷传感器和荧光氧气传感器实现抽采负压、瓦斯浓度和氧气浓度检测,并采用1.5 m/节快接式25 mm薄壁不锈钢管作为取气管件,钻孔检测深度达30 m。现场应用结果表明,抽采管段检测参数变化稳定,说明抽采管未发生破损或接口漏气等,抽采管密封效果较好;在封孔段,距孔口9~18 m范围内存在多处不同程度的突变点,最大漏气通道在距孔口9~12 m范围内,说明原封孔深度不足,原封孔工艺无法有效密封漏气通道。将封孔深度增加至12 m,并采用“两堵一注”带压注浆封孔工艺,进行对比试验,结果表明,改进后试验钻孔整体抽采效果大幅改善,孔口瓦斯体积分数提升至55%以上,在距孔口12 m以深范围内瓦斯体积分数变化稳定,氧气体积分数近乎为0,漏气通道减少。试验结果验证了瓦斯抽采钻孔漏气通道检测装置能够有效检测漏气通道,为有针对性地调整封孔方式和相关参数及后续改进工作提供依据。     

Road network extraction from high resolution satellite images

In this paper, an approach of roads network extraction from high resolution satellite images is presented. First, the approach extracts road surface from satellite image using one-class support vector machine(SVM). Second, the road topology is built from the road surface. The last output of the approach is a series of road segments which is represented by a sequence of points as well as the topological relations among them. The approach includes four steps. In the first step one-class support vector machine is used for classifying pixel of the satellite images to road class or non-road class. In the second step filling holes and connecting gaps for the SVM's classification result is applied through mathematical morphology close operation. In the third step the road segment is extracted by a series of operations which include skeletonization, thin, branch pruning and road segmentation. In the last step a geometrical adjustment process is applied through analyzing the road segment curvature. The experiment results demonstrate its robustness and viability on extracting road network from high resolution satellite images.     

基于高分辨率SAR图像的道路自动提取*

在传统算法的基础上,用多条件加权法进行道路边缘点的判断,充分利用道路的物理特性,将道路边缘点像素上下文特性作为判断的条件,以实现道路边缘线段的识别。桥接模式的思想是根据道路边缘线平行且宽度一定的特性,通过算法找出两条边缘线段之间的对应点,连接对应点以实现道路提取。经实验测试,该算法能消除地物间的影响和噪声干扰,有效地提高了道路提取的精度和速率。     

Electrostatically driven gas valve with high conductance

The characteristics of a gas valve driven by electrostatic force are investigated. The gas valve consists of a pair of planar electrodes with a conductive film between them. Three valve ports pass through the electrode plates. The film is elastically bent in an S-shape in the middle and the S-bend moves back and forth as voltage is alternately applied between the film and each electrode. This valve has a high conductance achieved by large vertical film displacement. The valve is suitable for rarefied gas control systems, such as the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) apparatus, which requires a gas flow rate on the order of 1 sccm under a low pressure of less than 100 Pa. Experimental models of the gas valve are constructed to investigate the valve's operation. The maximum pressure difference the valve can handle depends on the applied voltage and the size of the port orifice. A valve with 2.0 mm inlet and outlet ports can work under the operating condition of the MBE apparatus     

高体积分数溴气传感器

描述了目前溴气传感器的发展状况,介绍了一种用于高体积分数测量的溴气传感器,阐述了它的工作原理,对电极材料、薄膜材料、电解液、电路等关键技术进行了讨论,给出了它的结构,讨论了性能特点及影响因素。     

Moment-based feature extraction from high spatial resolution hyperspectral images

In this article, we propose a method for extracting spatio-spectral features from high spatial resolution hyperspectral (HS) images. The method is based on extracting two-dimensional moments from neighbourhoods of pixels. Three different types of moments are considered: geometric, complex Zernike and Legendre. Moments of a given type are extracted from a few principal components (PC) of HS data, and are stacked on the original HS data to form a joint spatio-spectral feature space. These features are classified using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The influence of the moments orders and the size of the neighbourhood window on the quality of the extracted features are analysed. A few experiments are conducted on two widely used HS data sets, Pavia University and Salinas. The results demonstrate high capabilities of the proposed method in comparison with some state-of-the-art spatio-spectral HS classification methods.     

Investigation of high extraction efficiency flip-chip GaN-based light-emitting diodes

In order to obtain higher light output power, the flip-chip structure is used. We studied the ratio of the light of GaN sides before and after fabricating metal reflector on p-GaN. The SiO₂/SiN _x dielectric film reflectors were deposited through plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition following the fabrication of metal reflector, and then the dielectric film reflectors on the electrodes were etched in order to expose the electrodes to the air. It is found that comparing with the flip-chip GaN-LED without dielectric film reflectors, light output power can be increased by as high as 10.2% after the deposition of 2 pairs of SiO₂/SiN _x dielectric film reflectors on GaN-LEDs, which cover the sidewalls and the areas without the metal reflector. This result indicates that the high reflector formed by multi-layer dielectric films is useful to enhance the light output power of GaN-based LED, which reflects light from step sidewalls and p-GaN without metal reflector to internal, and then light emits from the surface. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB604902), and the Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality (Grant No. 05002015200504)     

一种新的高分辨率SAR图像道路提取算法

针对高分辨率SAR图像中道路目标难以有效提取的问题,提出一种新的高分辨率SAR图像道路提取算法,它结合了参数化内核图割和数学形态学算法。利用参数化内核图割对高分辨率SAR图像中的道路目标进行初级分割,用数学形态学填充空洞,平滑道路边缘;基于道路的几何特征,使用矩阵度、改进的长宽比、复杂度等因子去除虚警;针对处理过程中出现的道路断裂情况,利用数学形态学提取道路目标的中心线,同时根据线段邻近性、方向一致性准则对其断裂部分进行连接,用数学形态学还原道路宽度,得到道路提取结果。实验结果表明该算法不用进行SAR图像预处理,也可以有效抑制相干斑噪声,并且能准确、较为完整地提取道路目标。     

Metal oxide gas sensor for high temperature application

 The present study is focused on the development of a gas sensor for application in a high temperature environment. The sensor has been realised using thin films prepared on silicon substrates including a high temperature stable heating and wiring system. TiO₂ acts as sensitive layer. Measurements have been carried out in synthetic gas mixtures as well as in gases in a given application. Neural networks and multivariate data analysis have been used for determining the gas concentrations. The capability to detect CO, NO _x , and toluene is shown. Received: 3 February 2000/Accepted: 3 February 2000