Oxygen,Nitrogen, and Sulfur Removal Reactions in Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction

There are a number of ways coal can be converted to liquid fuel. It can be pyrolyzed to produce gas, liquid, and char. It can be first converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can then be converted to liquid fuel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It can be hy-dropyrolyzed to produce gases, naphtha range liquids, and heavy residues. Finally, it can be liquefied in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent to produce liquid and gaseous products. This review is concerned with the last method for conversion of coal to liquid fuel.     

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Removal Reactions in Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction

There are a number of ways coal can be converted to liquid fuel. It can be pyrolyzed to produce gas, liquid, and char. It can be first converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can then be converted to liquid fuel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It can be hy-dropyrolyzed to produce gases, naphtha range liquids, and heavy residues. Finally, it can be liquefied in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent to produce liquid and gaseous products. This review is concerned with the last method for conversion of coal to liquid fuel.     

耐火材料计算机辅助工艺设计系统的开发

根据计算机辅助工艺设计 (CAPP)原理 ,结合我国耐火材料工艺设计的现状 ,利用先进的面向对象编程的VisualFoxpro 6 .0数据库作为开发平台 ,采用可视化编程技术 ,通过各单元模块组装 ,开发了一套耐火材料CAPP系统 ,弥补了我国在这一领域的空白。该系统界面友好 ,使用方便 ,处理快捷、准确 ,维护灵活 ,数据存储安全 ,并且具有工艺派生功能。应用该系统 ,既可减轻工艺设计人员的劳动强度 ,又为优化选择生产设备、维持均衡生产、加强生产管理提供了依据 ,因而具有良好的经济效益 ,同时也为企业信息化建设奠定了基础。     

陶瓷盘与聚氨酯盘搭配使用生产细旦涤纶DTY

使用陶瓷盘与聚氨酯盘搭配组合假捻器生产83dtex/68f涤纶DTY,取得了满意的效果。两种不同材质的摩擦盘搭配使用,既可以实现两种不同材质摩擦盘优缺点的互补,提高成品纤维的品质,还可以延长聚氨酯盘的使用寿命,降低备件费用。     

A cost-effective high solids epoxy binder for protective coatings

Conclusion  From the foregoing it can be concluded that Epikote DX-874 can be used with a variety of curing agents for specific end-use requirements. A solids content of 85–90% by weight can be obtained by careful formulation of the paint. Performance equal to that of a traditional solvent-borne solid epoxy resin — polyamide curing agent binder system can be obtained when the incorporation of an aliphatic flexible part in the epoxy resin is compensated for by a part aromatic or cycloaliphatic component in the curing agent. By an example it is demonstrated that a lower cost can be obtained compared with that of traditional solvent-borne systems. Further cost savings in paint manufacturing, transport and application can be envisaged.     

中央空调循环冷冻水处理剂的研究及应用

作者针对某中央空调循环冷冻水的工况及水质特点，经实验室配方筛选试验，研制出适于该系统的缓蚀处理技术及处理药剂。工业应用表明；该药剂处理技术使得系统中管路的腐蚀得到了控制，制冷机的负荷明显减小，处长了设备的使用寿命，降低了能耗，提高了传热效率，取得了良好的制冷效果，而且处理费用低廉。     

Design equations for optimized PEM fuel cell electrodes

This paper presents simple mathematical expressions that can be used for optimizing fuel cell electrode structures, specifically polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Based on the effectiveness factor, equations relate current density to catalyst utilization and a mass transfer coefficient. These can be used to screen new materials or identify which specific processes need to be improved in an existing electrode design. The optimum thickness, or catalyst loading, and maximum current that can be achieved with a given set of materials can be calculated from a simple set of equations based on the mass transfer characteristics of the electrode materials. These methods can save considerable experimental time and cost during electrode development.     

Keramische Membranen: Materialien – Bauteile – potenzielle Anwendungen

Ceramic membranes can be divided into dense and porous membranes. The materials, microstructure, and manufacturing methods are described and insights into current research topics are given. By adapting the material properties and tailoring microstructures, membranes and components suitable for a variety of processes can be developed. In applications, a distinction can be made between pure gas separation and membrane reactors. In the latter ones, in addition to gas separation, a chemical reaction takes place on one or both sides of the membrane. Membrane reactors can be used to produce basic chemicals or synthetic fuels. The supply of gases can be of interest for power plants, cement, steel or glassworks as well as for the medical sector or for mobile applications.     

Preparation of Ceramic Well Plates for Combinatorial Methods Using the Morphogenic Effects of Droplet Drying

When droplets of a ceramic suspension dry on a non-wetting substrate, powder migrates to the periphery and builds there a wall of powder. This intriguing phenomenon, which is a nuisance in some processes, can be used to make arrays of ceramic wells on a ceramic substrate. These wells can, after sintering, be used to hold ceramic samples made from powder by controlled mixing of ceramic inks or could be made from ceramics that act as heterogeneous catalysts and used to hold reactants. The well plates can even be made from electrically conducting ceramics so that electrical property measurements can be made with a ground electrode.     

Zähmodifizierte Duroplaste mittels Phasen‐kompatibilisierender,Aminoharz‐ummantelter Latex‐Partikel

With a new generation of core‐shell polymer composites, the performance of elastomers and thermoplastics can be combined. Thermosets impact can be modified. At interfaces or positioned in boundary layers of the polymer structure, core‐shell polymer composites can act as a mediator between two phases, even at relatively low content in the matrix. Application parameters of a polymer type, here thermosets, can be positively changed.     

煤气初冷器余热回收新技术

开发了初冷器余热回收利用新技术。通过热泵机组,夏季回收初冷器上段循环水余热制取低温水,冬季回收初冷器中段循环水余热加热采暖水,实现了初冷器余热的综合利用,降低了能耗,改善了环境。     

二氧化碳共聚反应系统压力估算

<正>含二氧化碳、环氧单体和溶剂的聚合反应系统,压力是一个重要参数,是研究该类系统的汽液平衡和动力学所必需的,通常反应在接近临界温度的情况下进行,二氧化碳因压缩和溶解作用部分液化,其压力不能简单地用气体方程估计,而要依靠实验测定。但是作者在研究反应体系相平衡和动力学的规律时发现,如果反应是在规定温度和投料配比的情况下进行的,则系统的压力可以用已知的参数计算出来。     

Effects of decomposition-treatment temperature on infiltration pressure of a surface modified nanoporous silica gel

When a nanoporous silica gel surface modified by silyl groups is decomposition-treated at a relatively low temperature, while the network is stable, the organic surface layers can be deactivated. As a result, the degree of hydrophobicity, which can be measured by the liquid infiltration pressure, is lowered. The infiltration and defiltration behaviors of liquid are dependent on the controlled decomposition-treatment time, the liquid composition, as well as the testing temperature. By adding electrolyte or using higher testing temperature, the infiltration pressure can be increased and the defiltration can be promoted.     

反应器网络综合三分布参数通用模型

提出了一种应用于反应器网络综合的三分布参数通用模型 .3个分布参数分别是侧线进料、侧线循环和侧线采出参数 ,这些参数能影响反应器网络内部的浓度和停留时间分布 ,所以由它们构成的通用模型具有简捷有效的特点 .基于此模型可将反应器网络集成转化成一个优化问题 ,通过有限元正交配置将原来含有微分方程的优化模型转化为非线性优化问题 ,优化计算后得到最优分布参数 .从案例研究可以看出 ,侧线进料、循环和采出策略能较全面地反映在不同动力学和优化目标函数下的最优反应器网络特征 ,并进而简化为工业可行的反应器网络     

Preparation of Al–Si composite from high-alumina coal fly ash by mechanical–chemical synergistic activation

High-alumina coal fly ash (HAFA) is a special solid waste because it contains more than 45% alumina and 35% silica. This material can be applied to prepare Al–Si series ceramics if the impurities can be removed and the Al/Si mass ratio can be elevated to a high level. In this work, a new mechanical–chemical synergistic activation–desilication process is proposed and optimized. During the synergistic activation, the morphology, ironic leaching ratios, efficient desilicated ratio (EDR), and mineral phases of different treatments are investigated. The reactivity of amorphous silica can be elevated to a high level (EDR>11%). After the desilication process, the contents of different impurities can be lowered up to less than 1%, and the Al/Si mass ratio can be elevated from 1.26 to 2.71. Mullite refractories are prepared from desilicated HAFA by forming and sintering process, and the bulk density and apparent porosity can reach to 2.85 g/cm³ and 2.07%, respectively.     

Computation of multiloop controllers having desired closed-loop responses

For n-by-n multivariable processes, multiloop controllers have n degrees of freedom and hence the n diagonal elements of closed-loop transfer functions can be designed to have desired closed-loop responses. Multiloop controllers having desired closed-loop responses can be considered as an extension of the single-input single-output internal model control and they can be used as reference controllers. However, computations of such multiloop controllers have not been well developed. The Newton-Raphson method and the iterative sequential loop closing method can be used, but they can suffer from a divergence problem for some processes. Here, the continuation method is applied to obtain multiloop control systems with desired closed-loop responses for a robust computation. The multiloop controllers with desired closed-loop responses can be used to obtain dynamic interaction measures and design multiloop PID controllers.     

PK301带粉和窜油原因分析及对策

聚丙烯装置的重要设备 PK301因带粉、窜油现象严重,频繁停机.公司成立聚丙烯技术攻关小组,分析深层次原因,采取有效措施,解决了压缩机带粉、窜油的难题,实现了 PK301的长周期运行,确保了低压丙烯的高效回收利用,降低了丙烯单耗,减少了环境污染,提高了经济效益,达到了国内领先水平.     

Measurement of carbon-14 and tritium in the effluent of a gas chromatography column

Several methods of measuring radioactivity in the effluent of a gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) column are reviewed. If there is sufficient radioactivity in individual compounds to be measurable with acceptable precision in less than 15–20 see, the effluent of a GLC column can be assayed for radioactivity during the course of an analysis. The effluent can be passed directly through a heated ionization chamber or proportional counter but both of these are some-what sensitive to changes in the composition of the gas. The effluent can also be combusted to carbon dioxide and water, and the water then converted to HT for tritium assay. These gases can then be assayed in an ionization chamber, proportional counter or flow-through scintillation counter at ambient temperature. The detector volume and gas flow rate can then be large so that changes in gas composition that occur during the course of an analysis are minimized. The gas flow is adjusted for optimal speed of response. Combustion trains have been developed that minimize memory effects in tritium assays that otherwise can cause difficulties. Convenient calibration methods are available for setting up the methods and for determining their efficiencies. When there is insufficient radioactivity in the sample to be measurable during a short time interval, the effluent can be fractionated, high boiling material in each fraction can be condensed out and assayed for radioactivity for longer periods. Automatic and quantitative fraction collecting devices have been developed for use with liquid scintillation counters that make this method of radioassay accurate as well as highly sensitive.     

间接法生产甲壳素纤维

由于天然甲壳素结晶度高,在湿法纺丝过程中溶解甲壳素时需要使用价格较高的有机溶剂。甲壳素脱乙酰基后得到的甲壳胺可以很方便地溶解在稀醋酸水溶液中,经喷丝孔挤出后用稀碱中和沉淀即可得到甲壳胺纤维。在甲壳胺纤维上加上乙酰基后可以得到再生甲壳素纤维。介绍了在用乙酸酐处理甲壳胺纤维制备再生甲壳素纤维过程中,反应时间、反应温度、乙酸酐用量对乙酰化的影响。     

烟剂配方的研究

通过烟剂的热力学计算，确定配方中各组分的合成组成，设计出一个配方，拿去试验，视情况再作调整，这种能使试验的次数减少，较快找到科学的配方。文中也讨论烟剂的安全性问题。