电网电压跌落对海上风电系统无功补偿的影响分析

电网电压跌落时海上风电系统无功补偿容量的需求,是确定海上风电系统无功补偿方案的关键。基于海上风电系统的典型拓扑建立了海上风电系统的功率传输模型,在此基础上分析了电网电压跌落时,风电场有功功率、无功功率以及电网电压跌落幅值对海上风电系统的无功补偿容量的影响,以确定海上风电系统无功补偿方案。最后对一个具体的海上风电场进行PSCAD仿真分析,结果表明:电网电压跌落的幅值、电网电压跌落时风电场输出的有功功率和无功功率对海上风电系统的无功补偿容量有着重要的影响,并因此而影响海上风电系统的动态过程控制。     

不同桥臂电抗配置海上风电柔直换流站暂态应力与绝缘配合对比

全球海上风电柔性直流并网工程总容量已达10 GW,随着单位投资成本不断降低,柔性直流在未来一段时间内仍然是远海风电并网工程的首选方案.由于海上换流站交流电网主要由风电场构成,其暂态电气应力相比陆上换流站有所不同;此外,不同桥臂电抗配置方案会产生不同暂态电气应力.为此,重点针对对称单极系统,对比分析了阀交流侧和直流侧两种...     

海上风电经柔直送出系统受端交流故障联合穿越控制策略北大核心CSCD

针对传统故障穿越控制存在的风电场减载响应慢、直流耗能装置成本高等问题,文章提出一种风电场快速降压减载和直流耗能装置配合的受端交流故障联合穿越控制策略。通过阐明受端电网故障时的直流过电压机理,分析送端系统交流电压与风场侧电流、直流侧电压的耦合关系,提出了基于前馈直流电压补偿的送端换流站降压法;根据风电并网导则确定风电场稳定运行域,基于风电场减载裕度优化直流耗能装置容量,提出了受端交流故障时风电场降压减载和直流耗能装置联合的穿越控制动作时序;基于PSCAD软件搭建某海上风电柔直工程的电磁暂态模型。不同工况的仿真结果表明,文章所提出的联合穿越控制方法能够减少直流耗能装置的配置容量,并提升海上风电柔直送出系统的故障穿越能力。     

海上风电MMC-HVDC联网系统控制策略

该文提出提升海上风电场联网运行性能的高压柔性直流输电系统功率控制策略。采用附加频率控制保持风电机组机械功率和电磁功率的平衡,定交流电压控制维持风电场交流侧电压幅值和相位恒定;提出注入三次谐波调制信号的换流站功率运行区间优化方法,有效防止风速突变引起风电机组输出功率超过额定值而导致的换流站闭锁事件,并采用PR控制器对三次谐波调制信号所引起的高次谐波进行抑制。通过数字物理混合仿真系统,构建8台双馈风电机组的风电场通过柔直联网的系统模型,仿真结果表明设计的控制方法具有良好的动态、稳态特性。     

海上风电场智慧运维管理系统

  目的  针对海上风电场运维安全管理,提出了海上风电场智慧运维管理系统。  方法  通过海上风电智慧调度系统、海上风电雷达多源跟踪及边界警示系统、海上风电场风机平台作业监管系统,搭建出海上风电场智慧运维管理系统。  结果  通过陆上集控中心的海上风电智慧调度系统,实现人员的安全管理以及船舶调度。通过海上风电雷达多源跟踪及边界警示系统,实现海域船只全范围跟踪,并确保海上风电场的风机及海缆安全。通过风机平台的海上风电场风机平台作业监管系统,实现风机作业人员在风机平台的全面管理。  结论  研究的系统实现了海上风电场人、船、风机的全面管理,有力保障了人员的安全管理以及船舶调度,提高了海上风电场的风机及海缆安全性,实现海上风电场智慧运维效率,有望在工程中应用推广。     

半直驱永磁式海上风电机组的发展

<正>0引言半直驱永磁式全功率变流风电机组是由变桨距风轮驱动中速齿轮箱,再由齿轮箱驱动中速永磁发电机发电,通过全功率变流器向电网馈电的风电机组。目前,这种风电机组在陆上风电场和海上风电场都有应用。陆上风电场应用的主要是5 MW以下功率的半直驱永磁式全功率风电机组,海上风电场应用的主要是5 MW及以上功率     

计及集电线路和内部损耗的风电场模型分析比较

风电的接入会改变电网原有的潮流分布而对电网电压稳定性产生影响。潮流计算作为风电接入系统研究的基础,为得到其计算结果的准确性而建立风电场稳态模型具有重要的意义。以往的风电场系统潮流计算都是把整个风电场等效为一个风机处理,并没有详细讨论风电场内部的电网结构,潮流计算无法深入到风电场内部。在DigSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了改进的潮流计算模型,充分考虑了由双馈异步发电机组成的大型风电场的集电系统以及风电机组间电缆的功率损耗对稳态潮流计算的影响。     

一种风电场经柔性直流输电并网控制方法改进探讨

基于PSCAD仿真工具对通过柔性直流输电进行大型风电并网的问题进行了研究。建立了采用永磁同步电机的风电场等效聚合模型,分析了柔性直流输电的结构及控制改进方法,研究了在交流大电网互联和大型风电并网两种情况下的柔性直流输电系统响应。当风电场接入柔性直流输电系统时,输电系统对风电场产生一定的影响,使得风电场的输出波动通过电流内环的电压补偿项经过二次反馈给风电场,从而导致输出有功功率和无功功率的波动。为了解决风电场并网输出波动的问题,对柔性直流输电控制方案进行了改进。仿真结果显示在保持了系统优异故障穿越能力的同时,该改进方案能够有效地减小风电场的输出波动,增强了系统的稳定性     

集约式海上换流站电气应用技术研究

  目的  深远海大规模海上风电送出会选用大容量风机和66 kV集电系统,风机具备直接接入海上换流站的条件,从而可以取消海上升压站,实现集约式设计。针对集约式海上换流站需要关注的电气关键技术点开展初步研究。  方法  在现有海上风电柔性直流输电技术的基础上,通过研究集约式海上换流站的主回路拓扑结构、核心电气设备选择和平台布置方案优化,对电气关键技术点给出了切实可行的技术方案。  结果  随着海上风电66 kV集电系统的逐渐普及,集约式海上风电柔直送出将成为以后的主流设计方案。针对集约式海上换流站的电气关键技术点给出了具有指导意义的研究结论。  结论  集约式海上换流站相比传统海上换流站具有明显的技术优势,形成的研究结论可以为后续深远海大规模海上风电送出项目的方案设计和实施提供技术支持,具有很好的示范应用前景。     

分离式混合储能提升风电场低电压穿越能力研究

为实现风电场低电压穿越(LVRT),文章将全钒液流电池组(VRB)集中式储能配置于风电场出口母线处,超级电容(SC)分散式储能配置于单台风电机组直流母线处。对集中式VRB储能系统DC/AC变换器提出一种稳态下单位功率因数控制,电网暂态故障下有功平抑受限、无功支持优先的改进控制策略。在不同程度电网电压跌落工况下,研究不同位置储能系统对风电场LVRT性能的影响。结果表明,混合储能系统采用所提安装方式和控制策略后可有效实现风电场稳态下输出功率稳定,电网暂态故障下,风电机组直流母线电压稳定,VRB储能系统最大程度向电网提供无功支持,抬升风电场并网点电压。     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Fault ride through of fully rated converter wind turbines with AC and DC transmission

Fault ride through of fully rated converter wind turbines in an offshore wind farm connected to onshore network via either high voltage AC (HVAC) or high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is described. Control of the generators and the grid side converters is shown using vector control techniques. A de-loading scheme was used to protect the wind turbine DC link capacitors from over voltage. How de-loading of each generator aids the fault ride through of the wind farm connected through HVAC transmission is demonstrated. The voltage recovery of the AC network during the fault was enhanced by increasing the reactive power current of the wind turbine grid side converter. A practical fault ride through protection scheme for a wind farm connected through an HVDC link is to employ a chopper circuit on the HVDC link. Two alternatives to this approach are also discussed. The first involves de-loading the wind farm on detection of the fault, which requires communication of the fault condition to each wind turbine of the wind farm. The second scheme avoids this complex communication requirement by transferring the fault condition via control of the HVDC link to the offshore converter. The fault performances of the three schemes are simulated and the results were used to assess their respective capabilities.     

New management structure of active and reactive power of a large wind farm based on multilevel converter

This paper proposes a system of supervision and operation of a new structure wherein a large wind farm is connected to an electrical grid. The farm is managed in such a manner that it can produce the power needed by the grid system. The supervision algorithm is used to distribute the active and reactive power references to the wind turbines proportionally. Based on the aerodynamic power and wind speed of each turbine, the active and reactive power references are produced individually. By using the vector field oriented control, each doubly fed induction generator is controlled through the rotor, which is connected to the two-level pulse width modulation converter. The close loop control is used to provide a constant DC voltage using a five-level neutral point clamped converter. The five-level neutral point clamped converter allows also the adaptation of the voltage level to the electrical grid with better resolution waveform. The analysis of the simulation results shows the effectiveness of the proposed system.     

Electrification of offshore petroleum installations with offshore wind integration

Electric power supply to oil and gas platforms is conventionally provided by gas turbines located on the platforms. As these gas turbines emit considerable amounts of CO₂ and NO_x, it is desirable to find alternative solutions. One alternative is to feed the platforms from the onshore power system via subsea power cables, which already have been implemented on some platforms in the Norwegian part of the North Sea. The paper studies a cluster of petroleum installations in this geographic area, connected to the Norwegian onshore power system through an HVDC voltage link. In the study, an offshore wind farm is also connected to the offshore AC power system. The main focus is investigation of transient stability in the offshore power system, and several fault cases have been studied for different levels of wind power generation.Simulations show that faults on the offshore converter platform can be critical due to the dependency of the reactive power delivered by the HVDC link to the offshore AC system. However, it is shown that local wind power production matching the offshore power demand will improve both voltage- and frequency-stability. Further on, it is indicated that offshore reactive power injections or alternative wind farm control topologies could improve voltage stability offshore.     

Reactive power management and control of distant large-scale grid-connected offshore wind power farms

Reactive power management and control of distant large-scale offshore wind power farms connected to the grid through high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission cable are presented in this paper. The choice of the transmission option is based on the capacity of the considered wind farm (WF) and the distance to the onshore grid connection point. The WF is made up of identical doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs). Modelling and improved analysis of the effective reactive power capability of DFIGs as affected by various operational constraints are provided. In addition, modelling and analysis of the reactive power demands, balance, and control are presented. The minimum capacity and reactive power settings for reactive power compensation required for the system are determined. Possibility of unity power factor operation suggested by the German electricity association (VDEW) is investigated. A summary of the main outcomes of the work presented in this paper is provided in the conclusions section.     

Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this article is on the design of a co‐ordinated voltage control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines that enhances their capability to provide grid support during grid faults. In contrast to its very good performance in normal operation, the DFIG wind turbine concept is quite sensitive to grid faults and requires special power converter protection. The fault ride‐through and grid support capabilities of the DFIG address therefore primarily the design of DFIG wind turbine control with special focus on power converter protection and voltage control issues. A voltage control strategy is designed and implemented in this article, based on the idea that both converters of the DFIG (i.e. rotor‐side converter and grid‐side converter) participate in the grid voltage control in a co‐ordinated manner. By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor‐side converter as long as it is not blocked by the protection system, otherwise the grid‐side converter takes over the voltage control. Moreover, the article presents a DFIG wind farm model equipped with a grid fault protection system and the described co‐ordinated voltage control. The whole DFIG wind farm model is implemented in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The DFIG wind farm ride‐through capability and contribution to voltage control in the power system are assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a DFIG wind farm equipped with voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride‐through control strategy in the active stall wind farm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines' grid support capability in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this paper is on the fault ride-through and grid support capabilities of multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines with a full-scale frequency converter. These wind turbines are announced to be very attractive, especially for large offshore wind farms. A control strategy is presented, which enhances the fault ride-through and voltage support capability of such wind turbines during grid faults. Its design has special focus on power converters' protection and voltage control aspects. The performance of the presented control strategy is assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a PMSG wind farm equipped with an additional voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride-through control strategy in the active stall wind farm.     

Modeling and analysis of reactive power in grid‐connected onshore and offshore DFIG‐based wind farms

The analysis of reactive power for offshore and onshore wind farms connected to the grid through high‐voltage alternating‐current transmission systems is considered in this paper. The considered wind farm is made up with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). Modeling and improved analysis of the effective reactive power capability of DFIGs are provided. Particularly, the optimal power‐tracking constraints and other operational variables are considered in the modeling and analysis of the DFIG reactive power capability. Reactive power requirements for both overhead and cable transmission systems are modeled and compared with each other as well as with the reactive power capability of the wind farms. Possibility of unity power factor operation suggested by the German Electricity Association (VDEW) is investigated for both types of installations. Aggregate reactive power demands on both wind farms are assessed such that the bus voltages remain within an acceptable bandwidth considering various operational limits. The reactive power settings for both types of wind farm installations are determined. In addition, the minimum capacity and reactive power settings for reactive power compensation required for cable‐based installations are determined. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the reactive power characteristics and capability of DFIGs, performance of transmission lines and reactive power analysis for DFIG‐based grid‐connected wind farms. A summary of the main outcomes of the work presented in this paper is provided in the conclusions section. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power generation efficiency analysis of offshore wind farms connected to a SLPC (single large power converter) operated with variable frequencies considering wake effects

This paper deals with the power generation efficiency analysis of a proposed offshore wind farm topology, consisting of a SLPC (single large power converter) that simultaneously controls a group of generators. This common converter can operate at a VF (variable frequency) or at a CF (constant frequency). The results are compared with the conventional onshore wind farm scheme, where individual power converters are connected to each turbine, guaranteeing maximum power generation for the entire wind farm. A methodology to analyze different wind speed and direction scenarios, and to compute the optimal electrical frequency for each one, is presented and applied to different case studies depending on the wind farm size. In order to obtain more realistic values of wind speeds, the wake effect amongst wind turbines is considered. A wake model considering single, partial and multiple wakes inside a wind farm and taking into account different wind directions, is presented. Both wind farm topologies are analyzed by means of simulations, taking into account both wind speed variability in wind farms and the number of wind turbines. The possible resulting benefits of simplifying the MPCs (multiple power converters) of each turbine, namely saving costs, reducing losses and maintenance and increasing the reliability of the system, are analyzed, focusing on the total power extraction. The SLPC-VF scheme is also compared with a CF scheme SLPC-CF, and it is shown that a significant power increase of more than 33% can be obtained with SLPC-VF.     

风电场采用健康系数与变下垂输出系统参与电网调频研究

针对风电场参与电网调频导致备用功率冗余的问题,建立了风电场基于健康系数的备用功率分配系统与变下垂系数的备用功率输出的系统。为了分配风机备用功率与控制风机备用功率输出,采用了ARMA风功率预测法对风电场5台风机的历史功率数据进行处理,得到风机的能量密度和功率预测准度,再通过模糊逻辑系统求得风机健康系数,并按照健康系数进行备用功率分配。当频率响应系统检测到频率误差后,控制风机变下垂功率输出系统进行功率补偿,稳定电网频率。仿真结果表明,基于健康系数的功率分配系统与变下垂功率输出系统增加了风电参与电网调频的能力,减少了系统备用功率的冗余。