DESIGNING OPTIMUM SNUBBER CIRCUITS OR THE TRANSISTOR BRIDGE CONFIGURATION

ABSTRACT

Snubbers are used in power transistor switching circuits to keep the device operation within its Safe Operating Area (SOA) during switching. The conventional series and shunt snubbers are satis -factory in a single transistor circuit. However, these are not satisfactory for a totem pole transistor arrangement. In this paper various snubber circuits are analysed and their effects are discussed. A snubber circuit is developed and tested which is suitable for transistors in bridge configuration. The circuit is thoroughly analysed and design equations are derived for the snubber components.     

一种新颖的耦合电感无源无损缓冲电路及其设计方法

无源无损软开关技术是一种通过附加无源器件实现开关管软开关的手段,因其控制简单易于实现,在工程应用中得到了广泛的应用。但传统无源无损软开关技术应用于大功率场合时,流入缓冲电路二极管的电流较大,造成了成本上升和散热困难等一系列问题。首先分析了传统无源无损软开关技术应用于大功率Boost变换器上存在的不足,随后提出了一种新型耦合电感无源无损缓冲电路以及该电路谐振元件参数的设计方法。该设计以避免谐振回路参与主电路的续流过程为主要思路,降低流过二极管与缓冲电感的电流,提升变换器的转换效率。通过设计一台15 kW的样机,验证了该缓冲电路的正确性与可行性。     

基于IGBT有源缓冲高功率因数校正器应用

介绍了一种采用有源缓冲技术来减小开关损耗和提高功率因数的新型升压校正器,该有源缓冲电路由电感、电容、二极管和一个辅助开关组成.由于升压开关零电流关断,因此该技术十分适合用于绝缘栅双极性晶体管(IGBT).升压开关及二极管串联的有源缓冲电感减少了二极管反向恢复损耗,此外,辅助开关零电压工作.     

无源软开关变换器的最简拓扑技术

提出一种称为软缓冲的有最简拓扑的无源无损软开关技术，这是用两个无源无损元件取代传统有损Lr+RDC缓冲器中大功率电阻的新技术。分析了其电路拓扑与工作原理并导出能构成最简拓扑的充要条件。这是一种用自举电压方式提高电容器电势，实现无环流下的电容器电能的一次复位馈能的新方法。对此电路进行的仿真研究与实验测试结果都表明该技术对非隔离型变换器有应用价值。     

IGBT功率器件工作中存在的问题及解决方法

绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)因其开关速度快、工作频率高、控制方便等优点得到广泛应用,但随着电力电子技术的高频、大功率化发展,开关工作时会造成较高损耗和严重的电磁干扰,甚至元件本身也会因过压、过流问题造成损坏。从IGBT的内部结构特点出发,讨论了IGBT工作中上述问题存在的原因,整理了目前国内外常用的一些处理措施,包括软开关技术、吸收电路技术以及研制新的开关元件等。软开关通过控制电压、电流状态,使其在开关过程中保持不变,抑制di／dt,du／dt;吸收电路是吸收开关过程中di／dt,du／dt产生的多余能量,然后反馈至其他地方。而采用新的开关元件集成门极换流晶闸管IGCT(Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor),从开关本身出发解决问题是个有潜力的方案。     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

Novel three-phase SMR converter with inherent snubber energyrecovery capability

This paper describes the switch mode rectifier (SMR) having a quite new circuit configuration, which has been developed by the authors and given the name “DC clamped type SMR” (DCC-SMR). The DCC-SMR is unique in that no bilateral switching device is used in the frequency conversion circuit. Therefore, the authors have used a DC snubber circuit in conjunction with the switching device of the DCC-SMR. This DC snubber circuit features a very simple structure consisting only of a capacitor with no need for a discharge resistance or for a complicated regenerative circuit for snubber energy. This is because snubber energy is regenerated on the primary side of the high frequency (HF) transformer by the main switch. Furthermore, an innovative method has been applied for magnetic saturation-preventive control of the HF transformer. The authors carried out operational checks on the main circuit and the snubber circuit of the DCC-SMR as well as on the magnetic saturation-preventive control circuit, and through experiments confirmed a satisfactory result. We manufactured an industrial DC power supply prototype of the DCC-SMR system having a DC output of 100 kW (100 V, 1000 A), with which input/output conversion efficiency 91.6%, input power factor 0.99 and input current total harmonic distortion factor 4.6% were obtained     

Impact of IGBT behavior on design optimization of soft switchinginverter topologies

IGBTs operated under a zero voltage switching scheme exhibit significantly different operating characteristics from specified parameters in manufacturer data sheets. Important differences include an elevated tail current, dynamic saturation and resulting snubber dump, and a significantly higher conduction loss under moderate to high di/dt conditions. Soft switching inverter topologies of various kinds have been reported in the literature including resonant DC and AC link inverters, resonant pole inverters and many variations thereof. Loss characterization of soft switching inverter circuits reported to date is based on manufacturer data sheets, and do not reflect actual losses incurred in the circuit. Including the actual device behavior into the circuit loss calculations has a big impact on the total losses, and more importantly the trade-offs which impact the viability of a given topology at a specified operating point. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the losses in soft switching inverters and the impact on topology choice. A detailed design of a 50 kVA IGBT-based resonant DC link inverter is used as a design example, and it is seen that optimal design points and choices are significantly different from those that have been reported earlier     

应用于单晶体管DC/DC变换器的无损缓冲电路

此处提出一种应用于单晶体管DC/DC变换器的无损缓冲电路,首先采用有无损缓冲电路的Boost变换器为例对缓冲电路的工作原理进行了详细的分析和研究,并在此基础上得到缓冲电路参数的选取原则.其次分析和比较了采用无损缓冲电路Boost变换器与传统Boost变换器的损耗,指出该无损缓冲电路减小了变换器的开关损耗,最后讨论了该无...     

一种新型吸收电路在光伏逆变器中的应用

在分析了光伏逆变器对吸收电路需求的基础上,结合传统IGBT逆变器吸收电路的特点和工作原理,提出了一种新型吸收电路.新型吸收电路通过在放电回路中使用电感元件,能够在不降低过电压吸收效果的前提下,极大缩短吸收电容放电时间.另外,新型吸收电路没有使用明显的耗能元件,所以功耗更低,效率更高,满足了光伏逆变器高频化、电压等级和功...     

Newly proposed hybrid resonant commutation bridge‐leg link snubber‐assisted three‐phase ZVZCS‐PWM soft‐switching inverter

This paper presents the newly proposed hybrid resonant commutation bridge‐leg link (HRCB) snubber circuit which can achieve zero voltage and zero current soft‐switching commutation for single‐phase and three‐phase voltage source‐type inverter, along with its unique features and operation principle. The circuit parameter design approach for the HRCB snubber circuit and the determination estimating scheme of the gate pulse timing processing which is more suitable and acceptable for single‐phase and space voltage vector modulated three‐phase voltage source inverter using the HRCB snubber circuit are described in this paper. In particular, the three‐phase voltage source soft‐switching inverter associated with the proposed HRCB circuits are evaluated and discussed from simulation and experimental viewpoints. The practical effectiveness of the HRCB snubber‐assisted three‐phase voltage source soft‐switching inverter using IGBT power modules which is based on the instantaneous space voltage vector modulation is clarified on the output voltage waveform, actual efficiency of electromagnetic noise in comparison with three‐phase voltage source‐type conventional hard‐switching inverter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(4): 75–84, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20111     

一种低损无源软开关新技术

提出一种能适用于任何隔离型DC/DC变换器的无源软开关新技术。它是将一个称为电荷泵馈能缓冲(CPRS)的网络加在硬开关隔离型DC/DC变换器上实现无源软开关的。在通常的复合缓冲电路基础上,附加一个二极管VDs、一个并联放电馈能电路(Rd//Cs)和一个附加在高频变压器上的耦合绕组Na构成CPRS网络。利用变压器电压自举技术,使缓冲电容Cr向较高输入电压源馈送电能而完成能量直接复位。Rd//Cs除了能传递电能外,还能防止发生电流环流以及吸收关断暂态能量的功能。CPRS电路的功率损耗仅为通常有损缓冲器的功率损耗的23%,即可达到接近有源软开关的效果。对电路的理论分析、计算机仿真研究与实验测试结果均表明,该技术可能有应用价值。     

Series connection of IGBT's with active voltage balancing

This paper describes an active gate drive circuit for series-connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with voltage balancing in high-voltage applications. The gate drive circuit not only amplifies the gate signal, but also actively limits the overvoltage during switching transients, while minimizing the switching transients and losses. In order to achieve the control objective, an analog closed-loop control scheme is adopted. The closed-loop control injects current to an IGBT gate as required to limit the IGBT collector-emitter voltage to a predefined level. The performance of the gate drive circuit is examined experimentally by the series connection of three IGBTs with conventional snubber circuits. The experimental results show the voltage balancing by an active control with wide variations in loads and imbalance conditions     

对IGBT逆变器吸收电路的改进与仿真

本文在分析了传统IGBT逆变器吸收电路特点和工作原理的基础之上,结合IGBT在高频应用场合的开关特性,对传统IGBT逆变器吸收电路进行了改进.经过改进的IGBT逆变器吸收电路能够通过改变放电回路的放电电容,缩短吸收电容放电时间,在不降低吸收过电压效果的基础上,提高IGBT的工作频率,满足了IGBT逆变器在高频应用下的要求.最后,通过理论分析和电路仿真,验证了改进型吸收电路的有效性和适用性.     

配电网静止同步补偿器的驱动与吸收电路设计

配电静止同步补偿器(DSTATCOM)的可靠性与主电路功率开关器件的驱动和保护密切相关,DSTAT-COM运行中的诸多故障很大程度上与主电路功率开关器件有关。为了使功率开关器件稳定、可靠的工作,讨论并设计了DSTATCOM主电路功率开关器件IGBT的驱动电路和吸收保护电路。驱动电路采用集成智能驱动模块2SD315A,该模块集驱动、隔离、保护为一体且结构简单、功能强大、使用方便,非常适合于实际装置的开发。给出了利用2SD315A设计驱动电路的详细过程并为2SD315A设计了可靠的上电复位电路吸收保护电路采用RCD型电路,介绍了RCD型吸收保护电路的工作原理。根据RCD型吸收保护电路的工作原理和吸收保护电路安全可靠工作的目的建立了电路参数优化设计的数学模型。该模型中以功率开关器件承受的浪涌电压最小、放电时间常数最小和投资成本最小为目标函数。然后通过并行自校正多目标遗传算法优化吸收保护电路参数,给出了一个设计实例。实验装置的实际运行证明:所设计的IGBT驱动保护电路性能优良、可靠性高,对其它同类型的电力电子装置有较好的借鉴作用。     

反激型开关电源的软缓冲技术

提出一种有别于RC缓冲电路的软缓冲电路新技术,它结合电流型PWM控制,利用反激型变换器中的耦合电感器与外加小容量电容器构成LC谐振电路,能以高性从比完成关断感性负载的暂态缓冲,并能消除二极管的反向恢复不良特性。对此电路进行的分析、计算机仿真与实验测试结果都表明该技术可行。     

基于新型混合式断路器的IGBT缓冲电路研究

分析了新型混合式断路器的IGBT开关特性,在总结3种传统IGBT缓冲电路的基础上,提出一种优化的适合于新型混合式断路器的IGBT缓冲电路。该电路能在不降低吸收过电压效果的基础上,改变充、放电回路的电容,使放电时间跟随电容改变而改变,满足具体主电路对IGBT导通时间变化的要求和满足不同IGBT开关频率的要求。通过仿真和理论分析证明了该优化缓冲电路的有效性和适用性。     

Development of a high-efficiency inverter without audible noise

The proposed inverter combines two methods which can significantly decrease the on-state and switching losses. The first method, using a current transformer and a single transistor, makes possible the reduction of the on-state loss to less than one-third of the usual Darlington transistor. The second method, using an auxiliary commutation IGBT in parallel with the transistor, makes possible zero-voltage switching, resulting in no switching loss. To realize higher inverter efficiency, a snubber and its loss recovery circuit are employed. Three-phase inverters were fabricated experimentally to evaluate our idea. Device volume and weight can be decreased to one-third those of a conventional three-phase inverter, and an efficiency of 98.0% from 5 kW to 20 kW is obtained at a switching frequency of 16 kHz. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(1): 62–69, 1997     

A novel three‐phase soft‐switched converter with high power factor using a lossless snubber

Recently, three‐phase converters with high power factor, especially using the discontinuous current mode (DCM), have been studied as novel rectifier circuits instead of conventional converters. In this circuit, the current of reactor is zero at turn on because of operating on DCM. Then ZCS (Zero Current Switching) is achieved. However it is necessary to turn off the switch at the maximum current. Then the switching losses increase at higher switching frequency. Therefore, soft‐switching method using the lossless snubber is proposed. In this method, ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) at the turn off can be achieved by a lossless snubber and ZCS at the turn on can be obtained by operating under the DCM. In this paper, the theoretical analysis, numerical analysis using PSPICE, and results of the experiments show the verification of the proposed converter. © 1999 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 129(3): 69–76, 1999     

基于开关轨迹动态调整的变流器内部热管理

基于功率器件开关轨迹调整,提出了变流器内部热管理的一种新方法及其硬件实现电路。该热管理电路主要包括缓冲电容、吸收电阻、温控开关三部分,利用缓冲吸收电路参数调整实现变流器中功率器件结温调节,通过控制温控开关的占空比调节充放电能量实现器件结温控制。阐述了功率器件结温控制的一般性原理,并通过理论分析、仿真和实验验证了所提温度控制方法在原理上的有效性和硬件实现上的可行性。