国外聚氨酯泡沫塑料工业(连载)

三、聚氨酯泡沫塑料制品 (一)软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(简称软质泡沫或软泡)的消费量仍占聚氨酯总消费量的绝大部分。1971年世界软质泡沫总产量为100万吨/年以上,而硬质泡沫约为20—30万吨/年,     

搅拌速率对聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料力学性能的影响

聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料是由大量泡孔和基体组成的,泡孔孔径对聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料的性能产生很大影响。改变塑料发泡时料液的搅拌速率能够得到泡孔孔径不同的聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料,且泡孔孔径在一定范围内随搅拌速率的增加而减小。研究了搅拌速率对聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料力学性能的影响。结果表明:在实验范围内聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料的承载能力和回弹性随搅拌速率的增大而增大,而拉伸强度和撕裂强度先增大后减小。     

阻燃聚氨酯软泡的研究进展

介绍了聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料阻燃的必要性及国内外对阻燃泡沫的研究情况,大多数国家对聚氨酯泡沫塑料都提出了阻燃要求并制定出相应的阻燃标准。研究了软质泡沫塑料中常用的阻燃剂,阐述了阻燃剂的阻燃机理,并展望阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料的发展前景。     

废聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料的粘接再生

对聚醚多元醇为基的端异氰酸酯基聚氨酯粘合剂粘接废聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料的粘接工艺进行了研究。用该粘合剂喷涂废聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料碎料,在模具中加压,固化后,得到的泡沫体具有良好物理机械性能。     

投产鉴定

软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用匀泡剂投产 最近,年产1000吨软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用匀泡剂——丙烯醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯无规共聚物(DHY-2)在东营达仕化工有限公司投产。该产品的开发和生产填补了国内软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(海绵)用匀泡剂生产的空白,该产品广泛应用于海绵、高回弹及高活性聚氨酯泡沫塑料等工业产品的生产工艺中,市场需求量大。     

应用二氯甲烷生产软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料

讨论了用二氯甲烷替代一氟三氯甲烷进行软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的生产。小试结果表明，用二氯甲烷生产各种密度的软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料，确实是较全面的一氟三氯甲烷的代用品。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料生产工艺

软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料生产工艺曹连洪，张祚银（辽宁省化工研究院１１６０２３）０前言软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料是聚氨酯树脂的主要产品。１９５２年由联邦德国研制成功，采用６５／３５甲苯二异氰酸酯、己二酸系聚酯多元醇为原料，叔胺作催化剂，离子型乳化剂与水作发泡剂，属于...     

国外聚氨酯泡沫塑料工业(连载)

Ⅱ.聚醚聚醚,是聚氨酯泡沫塑料主要原料之一。一般是以多元醇、多元胺或其他含活泼氢的有机化合物为起始剂,与氧化烯烃开环聚合而成。软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用的聚醚,起始剂为二元醇、三元醇,硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用的聚醚,起始剂为三元醇以上的多元醇或多元胺类,例如甘油三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇和蔗糖等。软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用的聚醚羟值比较低,通常在40～60毫克KOH/克左右。而聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料使用的聚醚羟值较高,在400～600     

第三讲 聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料

本期由聚氨酯行业内的资深专家朱吕民老师从聚氨酯软质泡沫简介、成泡原理、化学计算、原料、制品,五方面为我们讲述聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料的相关知识。     

竹炭聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料性能的研究

在聚氨酯泡沬中添加竹炭微粒,运用一步发泡法制备了不同竹炭含量的软质泡沫塑料,测试了该泡沫塑料的密度、力学性能、色差、负离子释放能力及远红外发射率。结果表明,该泡沫塑料的密度、负离子释放能力、回弹率、远红外发射率均随着复合竹炭粉含量的增加而增加;而拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度却随着复合竹炭粉含量的增加而减少;复合竹炭粉含量为8%(质量分数,下同)时的聚氨酯泡沫塑料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度分别为纯聚氨酯泡沫塑料的63.87%、57.04%、55.32%;当复合竹炭粉含量≤2%时,制备的竹炭聚氨酯泡沫塑料达到GB/T 10802—2006标准要求。     

环氧树脂加成多元醇增强聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料

用双酚 A型环氧树脂与乙酸反应,合成了具有刚性骨架的环氧树脂加成多元醇 (EAP),并用 FTIR与 1H－ NMR对其进行了表征。研究结果表明,工业聚醚多元醇中添加 EAP后制备的全水发泡软质聚氨酯（ PU）泡沫塑料的压入硬度显著提高,但回弹性不变。进一步研究了不同水用量对所制备 PU软质泡沫塑料力学性能的影响,并用 FTIR和光学显微镜考察了 PU软质泡沫塑料中脲基的氢键行为和泡孔结构。结果表明,在 PU软质泡沫塑料中引入 EAP刚性链对 PU泡沫塑料的结构及性能有很大影响。     

Effect of hard segment content and carbon-based nanostructures on the kinetics of flexible polyurethane nanocomposite foams

Reactive flexible polyurethane (PU) foams were synthesized with two contents of hard segments (HS) and filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) and functionalized graphene sheets (FGS). The effect of the HS content and the carbon nanofillers on the kinetics of polymerization and the kinetics of phase-separation have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A slow down on the rate of polymerization and on the development of the polymer structure due to the increase of the HS content and the inclusion of the nanoparticles was observed. Therefore, this work demonstrates that there is a relationship between the kinetics of polymerization and the kinetics of phase separation in flexible PU nanocomposite foams. SAXS data was used to generate 3D microstructures of PU nanocomposite foams and the phase-separated morphology was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

Flexible polyurethane foams synthesized employing recovered polyols from glycolysis: Physical and structural properties

Polyurethane (PU) is one of the most important polymers with a global production of 17.565 million tons, which makes its recycling an urgent task. Besides, the main goal of PU recycling is to recover constituent polyol as a valuable raw material that allows to obtain new PU with suitable properties. Split‐phase glycolysis can be considered the most interesting PU recycling process since provides high‐quality recovered products in terms of polyol purity. The aim of this work was to evaluate several recovered polyols as replacement of the raw flexible polyether polyol in the synthesis of new flexible PU foams. These recovered polyols come from the split‐phase glycolysis of different types of PU foams and employing as cleavage agents diethylene glycol or crude glycerol (biodiesel byproduct). The influence of the foam waste type and of the cleavage agent on the foams properties was analyzed. The recovered polyols were evaluated by performing several foaming tests according to the method of free expansion foaming of conventional flexible foam. Synthesized flexible foams containing different proportions of recovered polyols were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, density and tensile properties; obtaining similar and sometimes even better values compared to the foams manufactured from commercial polyols. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45087.     

Novel preparation and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam/organoclay nanocomposites

A novel method for preparing rigid polyurethane (PU) foam/organoclay nanocomposites was developed through the direct incorporation of an organoclay into PU foam matrices without the addition of any physical or chemical blowing agent. The resultant foams with an appropriate content of the organoclay had a finer cell structure than the pristine PU foams because the organoclay not only acted as a nucleating agent as expected but also acted as a blowing agent of the PU foams; this could be attributed to the bound water between the interlayers of the organoclay. In addition, the incorporation of the organoclay up to 4 phr resulted in improvements in the tensile and compressive strengths, with the maximum values appearing at 2 phr (110 and 152%, respectively). The significant improvement in the mechanical properties could be attributed to the finer cell structure and the increased internal strength of the materials due to the higher degree of hydrogen bonding. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

环境友好型阻燃高回弹聚氨酯软泡性能

开发环境友好型聚氨酯是目前聚氨酯（polyurethane,PU）泡沫塑料领域的热点课题。在PU中引入大豆分离蛋白质（soy protein isolate,SPI）,采用阻燃聚醚制备了环境友好型阻燃高回弹聚氨酯软泡。研究了SPI的不同添加方式及用量对聚氨酯软泡物理、力学、阻燃和生物降解性能的影响。结果表明,SPI以添加的方式而不是替代聚醚的方式加入软泡性能更好;少量添加SPI可以提高PU软泡的开孔率、密度、压陷硬度、舒适因子、回弹率和断裂伸长率,对压缩永久变形率、拉伸强度和极限氧指数影响不大。SPI改变了PU的硬段结构,可以有效促进聚氨酯泡沫的生物降解。     

Surface‐modifiers of clay on mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams/organoclay nanocomposites

Three different surface modifiers, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium (ODTMA), octadecyl primary ammonium (ODPA), and decanediamine (DDA) were used to modify Na⁺? montmorillonite (MMT), and the resultant organoclays were coded as ODTMA‐MMT, ODPA‐MMT, DDA‐MMT, respectively. Rigid PU foams/organoclay composites were prepared by directly using organoclay as the blowing agent without the addition of water. Investigation shows that the morphology of the nanocomposites is greatly dependent on the surface modifiers of clay used in the composites. In detail, DDA‐MMT is partially exfoliated in the PU matrix with the smallest cell size, while two others are intercalated in the PU matrices with smaller cell sizes. The sequence of their cell sizes is pristine PU foams > rigid PU foams/ODTMA‐MMT > rigid PU foams/ODPA‐MMT > rigid PU foams/DDA‐MMT, and the average cell size of rigid PU foams/DDA‐MMT composites decreases evidently from 0.30 to 0.07 mm. Moreover, all rigid PU foams/organoclay composites show remarkable enhanced compressive and tensile strengths as well as dynamic properties than those of PU foams, and the enhancement degree coincides well with the relative extent of internal hydrogen bonding of materials and gallery spacing of organoclay. For example, in the case of rigid PU foams/DDA‐MMT composite, 214% increase in compressive strength and 148% increase in tensile strength compared with those of pure PU foams were observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Study of the effect of thermally reduced graphene oxide on the physical and mechanical properties of flexible polyurethane foams

Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams were obtained from a two‐component system via the one‐step method. The foams were modified with thermally reduced graphene oxide added in the amount equal to 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%. The morphology, static and dynamic properties, and thermal stability of modified foams were determined. The application of carbon filler resulted in the visible increase in the cell size, apparent density, and rigidity of the modified systems, as confirmed by the measurements of glass transition temperature. Glass transition temperature increased with increasing content of nanofiller. In addition, thermally reduced graphene oxide had an effect on the thermal stability of the obtained foam systems. The addition of 0.5 wt% of nanofiller resulted in an increase in T₅ by 16°C compared with the reference foam. This study also demonstrated that after exceeding a specific content of thermally reduced graphene oxide, that is, 0.5%, the physicochemical properties of the obtained systems start to deteriorate. The research results showed that thermally reduced graphene oxide can be successfully used as a modifier of mechanical and thermal properties in flexible PU foams. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2248–2253, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

制备工艺对聚氨酯酰亚胺泡沫性能的影响

以均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯(PAPI)、聚醚多元醇为主要原料,分别采用聚酰亚胺(PI)预聚法、聚氨酯(PU)预聚法和一步法制备聚氨酯酰亚胺泡沫,从微观形貌、力学性能、热稳定性能以及阻燃性能方面对上述3种制备工艺进行对比和评估。实验结果表明,采用一步法制备PUI泡沫时,PU链段和PI链段同时增长,容易造成泡孔缺陷,导致泡沫的力学性能较差;在采用PU预聚法制备的PUI泡沫中,PU链段含量较高,因此,泡孔孔径分布较宽且平均泡孔直径较大,对应的热稳定性和阻燃性能较差;采用PI预聚法制备的PUI泡沫的泡孔孔径分布窄且平均泡孔直径较小,对应的压缩性能、热稳定性以及阻燃性能均达到最佳。     

Influence of the use of recycled polyols obtained by glycolysis on the preparation and physical properties of flexible polyurethane

Polyurethanes (PUs) represent one of the most important groups of plastics, and so the increasing quantity of wastes makes their recycling an urgent task. The general purpose of PU chemical recycling is to recover constituent polyol, a valuable raw material. Among the suitable processes, glycolysis in two phases allows better quality products. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the option to apply the recovered polyols to obtain PU with identical characteristics to the starting raw material, and so several foaming tests were carried out according to the evaluation method employed in free expansion foaming of conventional flexible slabstock foams. To achieve this objective, a formulation recipe for flexible foams was selected, in which the raw polyol was totally or partially replaced for recovered polyol. The foaming formulations were modified because of the different amount of active hydrogens in the recovered polyols and the virgin polyol. Amounts up to 50% could be applied without relevant changes in rising profiles and the physical properties of the foams. The foams were characterized, and according to its appropriate characteristics they can be employed in the same applications where a commercial one made with raw polyol is used. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Rigid polyurethane foams from a soybean oil-based Polyol

Polyurethane (PU) rigid foams were synthesized by substituting a polypropylene-based polyol with soybean oil-based polyol (SBOP). All the soy-based foams maintained a regular cell structure and had even smaller average cell size than the control foams. The density of soy-based foams was within 5% of the controls, except that the density of foams from 100% SBOP was 17% higher. Soy-based foams also had comparable initial thermal conductivity (k value) and closed cell content, higher T_g and compressive strength. However, while foams from 50% SBOP showed similar increase in k value to the 0% SBOP foams, under accelerated aging conditions, the 100% SBOP foams aged faster. Gas permeation tests performed on PU thin films showed higher N₂ permeation for PU thin films made from SBOP which is believed to be the cause of accelerated thermal aging.