Ad hoc网络两种按需路由协议性能分析

Ad hoc网络是一种无需依赖于事先布设的基础设施,而仅依靠网络内部节点之间的协作,就能够完成节点间通信的网络。比较了Ad hoc网络两种主流的按需路由协议：动态源路由协议,自组网按需距离矢量路由协议。使用基于ns-2的仿真模型进行仿真,并通过分组交付率、平均端到端时延、标准化路由负荷、对两种按需路由协议进行评估。实验结果表明即使DSR和AODV协议都是按需路由协议,但它们采取的路由机制的不同,导致它们的性能表现的巨大差异。     

一种位置信息辅助的Ad Hoc网络按需距离矢量路由协议

 针对Ad Hoc网络中按需距离矢量路由协议路由开销大,以及位置路由中位置信息在获取方式上存在的缺点,提出一种位置信息辅助的按需距离矢量路由协议(LAODV),协议结合AODV以按需的方式获取网络节点的位置信息,并以泛洪、位置信息修正的贪婪转发和局部受限泛洪相结合方式进行路由发现,同时提出了路由维护策略和局部多径备份路由策略。仿真结果表明,LAODV能够获得较好的分组递交率、时延和路由开销性能。     

Ad hoc网络中ARAN路由协议的安全性分析

由于Ad hoc网络的特性,传统的串空间理论无法分析其路由协议的安全性,该文首先对串空间理论进行了扩展,添加了证明中间节点可信的条件。随后,使用扩展后的串空间理论分析了ARAN路由协议的安全性,提出了使用该理论分析Ad hoc网络中安全路由协议的新方法。分析和证明结果表明,ARAN路由协议中存在重放和合谋两种攻击,说明采用文中提出的分析方法对Ad hoc网络中的按需距离矢量路由协议的安全性进行分析是有效的。     

一种无线传感器网路由算法的设计与实现

讨论了无线传感器网络的特殊性,分析了其路由算法的需求。借鉴Ad Hoc网中比较成熟的AODV(Ad Hoc按需平面距离矢量)协议和DSR(动态源路由)协议,采用了按需驱动的路由策略,优化了路由建立和维护算法,提出了RODR(简化的按需路由)协议。采用该路由算法的网络协议已在由ATmega128L微处理器和CC2420构成的节点机上实现,通过组网实验,初步验证了其可行性。     

基于不同路由协议的Ad hoc网络控制仿真研究

基于Ad hoc中经典的AODV(Ad hoc按需距离矢量路由协议)和DSDV(目的序列距离矢量路由协议)两种路由协议,文章选取了对控制系统性能影响很大的时延、丢包率、控制稳定性等参数来做比较,分析了基于两个协议的控制性能。通过NS的仿真得出了在网络规模不大的情况下,AODV协议相比于DSDV协议来说,更适合进行网络控制,其稳定性更高,并且在网络拓扑变化激烈的情况下,控制系统稳定性差距更加明显。     

AODV、AOMDV和AODV-UU路由协议性能仿真与分析

使用NS-2(Network Simulator Version 2)仿真软件,选取分组投递率、端到端平均时延、归一化路由开销和路由发现频率4个指标对按需距离矢量路由(AODV,Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing)、多径按需距离矢量路由(AOMDV,Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing)和乌普萨拉大学开发的按需距离矢量路由(AODV-UU,Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing developed by Uppsala University)进行了性能仿真,通过改变节点最大运动速度和业务源连接对数分析比较这些参数对3个协议性能的影响,研究结果表明了AODV-UU协议的优越性。并提出了对AODV-UU协议的改进。     

用于视频传输的Ad Hoc网络路由协议优化方法

在 Ad Hoc(无线自组织)网络中进行视频传输时,视频流的丢包率是影响视频传输质量的关键参数。传统的 AODV(按需距离矢量)路由协议仅依据 RREP(路由应答)消息中的跳数等信息来进行路由更新,容易导致网络负载不均衡,增大了视频帧的丢包率,造成视频画面不清晰。文章提出的 V-AODV(用于视频传输的按需距离矢量)协议依据 V-RREP(用于视频传输的路由应答)包中负载状态信息和跳数信息来进行路由选择,避开了负载较重的节点,使得整个视频网络负载均衡。通过NS2(网络模拟器)分别对 V-AODV和 AODV协议下的视频流传输进行了仿真对比,结果表明,V-AODV 协议降低了视频帧的丢失率,有效地解决了视频传输中的负载均衡问题。     

移动无线Ad Hoc网络中的路由安全问题

由于移动无线Ad Hoc网络具有动态拓扑结构、缺少中心鉴权等特点，面临多种安全问题，更导致路由安全性上升到重要的地位。其主要的三种路由协议（DSDV，AODV和DSR）对安全方面考虑不够。最后详细分析了常见的“黑洞”攻击问题，并介绍了一种基于按需距离矢量路由协议的解决方案。     

基于代价函数的改进AODV协议

Ad Hoc网络中如何设计良好的路由协议使其网络均衡是当今研究的重点。针对网络负载和能量均衡等问题,提出了一种基于代价函数的改进按需距离矢量路由协议CF-AODV。该协议在路由建立过程中,通过能量阈值和缓存队列长度阈值进行RREQ转发判断;在目的节点选取路由时采用延迟应答方案,通过以路径长短、路径负载、路径剩余能量作为因子的代价函数进行判决来选取最佳路径。仿真结果表明,所提协议在网络负载和能量上得到了均衡,可以延长网络寿命,减轻网络拥塞,减少时延和丢包率。     

基于AOMDV的自适应负载均衡研究

针对Ad-hoc网络中大多数路由协议没有考虑如何使流量在网络中平均分配的问题,提出了一种自适应的负载均衡方法,使建立的路径减少拥塞,并且流量会均匀地分布在网络中。在Ad-hoc按需多路径距离矢量(AOMDV)中应用这种方法,并且通过NS2仿真结果表明网络负载在总体上是均衡的,路由开销和平均端到端时延的性能也提高了。     

Analysis of energy-tax for multipath routing in wireless sensor networks

Recently, multipath routing in wireless sensor networks (WSN) has got immense research interest due to its capability of providing increased robustness, reliability, throughput, and security. However, a theoretical analysis on the energy consumption behavior of multipath routing has not yet been studied. In this paper, we present a general framework for analyzing the energy consumption overhead (i.e., energy tax) resulting from multipath routing protocol in WSN. The framework includes a baseline routing model, a network model, and two energy consumption schemes for sensor nodes, namely, periodic listening and selective wake-up schemes. It exploits the influence of node density, link failure rates, number of multiple paths, and transmission environment on the energy consumption. Scaling laws of energy-tax due to routing and data traffic are derived through analysis, which provide energy profiles of single-path and multipath routing and serve as a guideline for designing energy-efficient protocols for WSN. The crossover points of relative energy taxes, paid by single-path and multipath routing, reception, and transmission, are obtained. Finally, the scaling laws are validated and performance comparisons are depicted for a reference network via numerical results.     

基于AODV的无线多媒体传感器网络路由协议

研究了AODV路由协议,分析了多路径路由实现机制,提出了一种可应用于无线多媒体传感器网络的能量均衡多路径AODV路由协议。该协议建立从源节点到目的节点的多条路径,在路径的选择上综合考虑了路径跳数和节点剩余能量,用以保证负载均衡,延长网络生存期,该算法使用了分流的方式避免拥塞。通过使用NS2仿真软件对EEMP-AODV路由协议进行仿真,结果显示其在拥塞避免、实时性、吞吐量和网络生存期方面的性能有明显提升。     

Energy efficient fault-tolerant multipath routing scheme for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor network （MSN）, reliability is the main issue to design any routing technique. To design a comprehensive reliable wireless sensor network, it is essential to consider node failure and energy constrain as inevitable phenomena. In this paper we present energy efficient node fault diagnosis and recovery for wireless sensor networks referred as energy efficient fault tolerant multipath routing scheme for wireless sensor network. The scheme is based on multipath data routing. One shortest path is used for main data routing in our scheme and other two backup paths are used as alternative path for faulty network and to handle the overloaded traffic on main channel. Shortest pat data routing ensures energy efficient data routing. Extensive simulation results have revealed that the performance of the proposed scheme is energy efficient and can tolerates more than 60% of fault.     

An adaptive‐aware energy and queue improvement of AOMDV

Because the node energy and network resources in the wireless sensor network (WSN) are very finite, it is necessary to distribute data traffic reasonably and achieve network load balancing. Ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) is a widely used routing protocol in WSN, but it has some deficiencies: establishes the route by only using hop counts as the routing criterion without considering other factors such as energy consumption and network load; forwards route request in fixed delay resulting in building the nonoptimal path; and cannot update the path status after built paths. For the deficiency of AOMDV, this paper proposes a multipath routing protocol adaptive energy and queue AOMDV (AEQAOMDV) based on adaptively sensing node residual energy and buffer queue length. When sending a routing request, the forwarding delay of the routing request is adaptively adjusted by both the residual energy and the queue length of the intermediate node; when establishing routes, a fitness is defined as a routing criterion according to the link energy and the queue load, predicting the available duration of the node based on the energy consumption rate and adjusting the weight of the routing criterion by the available duration of the node; after the routes are established, the path information status are updated via periodically broadcasting Hello that carries the path information with the minimum fitness, making the source node update the path information periodically. By using NS‐2, simulations demonstrate that compared with AOMDV, AEQAOMDV has obvious improvements in increasing packet delivery ratio, reducing network routing overhead, reducing route discovery frequency, and decreasing the network delay. And AEQAOMDV is more suitable for WSN.     

H-SPREAD: a hybrid multipath scheme for secure and reliable data collection in wireless sensor networks

Communication security and reliability are two important issues in any network. A typical communication task in a wireless sensor network is for every sensor node to sense its local environment, and upon request, send data of interest back to a base station (BS). In this paper, a hybrid multipath scheme (H-SPREAD) to improve both the security and reliability of this task in a potentially hostile and unreliable wireless sensor network is proposed. The new scheme is based on a distributed N-to-1 multipath discovery protocol, which is able to find multiple node-disjoint paths from every sensor node to the BS simultaneously in one route discovery process. Then, a hybrid multipath data collection scheme is proposed. On the one hand, end-to-end multipath data dispersion, combined with secret sharing, enhances the security of the end-to-end data delivery in the sense that the compromise of a small number of paths will not result in the compromise of a data message in the face of adversarial nodes. On the other hand, in the face of unreliable wireless links and/or sensor nodes, alternate path routing available at each sensor node improves the reliability of each packet transmission significantly. The extensive simulation results show that the hybrid multipath scheme is very efficient in improving both the security and reliability of the data collection service seamlessly.     

基于节点能量策略的AOMDV路由算法改进

通过对AOMDV多径协议进行改进,提出了一种基于节点剩余能量策略MMBCR的多径协议(EAOMDV)。改进协议以节点剩余能量为备份路径的度量对AOMDV多径协议进行改进。使用NS2软件进行仿真,通过改变节点的暂停时间来比较EAOMDV协议和AOMDV协议的性能。仿真结果表明,与AOMDV多径协议相比,新协议路由开销和丢包率有所增加,但降低了网络的总能耗并减少了某时刻耗尽能量的节点数目,从而延长了网络的存活时间。     

基于位置感知和代理的WSN多径路由方案

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中多径路由的可靠性和能量效率问题,提出了一种基于代理和位置感知的多径路由发现方案(LABMR).事件节点根据位置信息,动态寻找其到Sink节点之间的特殊中间节点,来构建多径路由.利用移动代理来收集多径路由的局部拓扑结构信息,Sink节点根据代理收集的路由参数来计算路径权值,以此选择最优不相交路径.同时,对于信息的重要性差异,Sink节点选择单条或多条路径来传输数据,在保证传输可靠性的同时减少能耗.与现有的基于代理的多径路由(ABMR)方法相比,LABMP在数据包投递率、能量消耗、额外开销和延迟方面具有更好的性能.     

A Novel Energy Efficient and Lifetime Maximization Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy consumption is a key design criterion for the routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Some of the conventional single path routing schemes may not be optimal to maximize the network lifetime and connectivity. Thus, multipath routing schemes is an optimal alternative to extend the lifetime of WSN. Multipath routing schemes distribute the traffic across multiple paths instead of routing all the traffic along a single path. In this paper, we propose a multipath Energy-Efficient data Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks (EERP). The latter keeps a set of good paths and chooses one based on the node state and the cost function of this path. In EERP, each node has a number of neighbours through which it can route packets to the base station. A node bases its routing decision on two metrics: state and cost function. It searches its Neighbours Information Table for all its neighbours concerned with minimum cost function. Simulation results show that our EERP protocol minimizes and balances the energy consumption well among all sensor nodes and achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime.     

Load Balancing Technique for Congestion Control Multipath Routing Protocol in MANETs

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can communicate without a central controller or fixed infrastructure. Due to node mobility, designing a routing protocol to provide an efficient and suitable method to route the data with less energy consumption, packet drop and to prolong the network lifetime has become a challenging issue in MANETs. In MANETs, reducing energy consumption and packet loss involves congestion control and load balancing techniques. Thus, this paper introduces an efficient routing technique called the multipath load balancing technique for congestion control (MLBCC) in MANETs to efficiently balance the load among multiple paths by reducing the congestion. MLBCC introduces a congestion control mechanism and a load balancing mechanism during the data transmission process. The congestion control mechanism detects the congestion by using an arrival rate and an outgoing rate at a particular time interval T. The load balancing mechanism selects a gateway node by using the link cost and the path cost to efficiently distribute the load by selecting the most desirable paths. For an efficient flow of distribution, a node availability degree standard deviation parameter is introduced. Simulation results of MLBCC show the performance improvements in terms of the control overhead, packet delivery ratio, average delay and packet drop ratio in comparison with Fibonacci sequence multipath load balancing, stable backbone-based multipath routing protocol and ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing. In addition, the results show that MLBCC efficiently balances the load of the nodes in the network.

     

基于AOMDV的多径路由协议改进及仿真分析

Ad Hoc网络是由一些移动节点组成、拓扑结构复杂且动态变化的自组织网络。网络中没有固定的网络基础设施,对路由协议要求较高。通过在每个节点的路由表和发送接收包中增加能量参数等措施,提出基于AOMDV的多路径路由协议改进方案PE-AOMDV协议,最后在NS2仿真平台上实现对改进的AOMDV多路径路由协议仿真分析。仿真结果表明：与AOMDV协议相比,新的基于能量的多路径路由协议PE-AOMDV的传输时延和路由开销都有所降低,并提高了分组投递率,从而提高了网络性能。