Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3–Ce1.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrodes enhanced by Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 impregnation for proton conductor based solid oxide fuel cells

Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ–Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2−δ (SSC–SDC) composites, which are often used as the cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with oxygen-ion conducting electrolytes, have been recently shown to be also applicable in SOFCs based on proton conductors such as BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3−δ (BZCY). The electrochemical performances of blank SSC–SDC electrodes on BZCY electrolytes are substantially improved in this work by impregnating SSC nanoparticles additionally. When the loading increases, the interfacial polarization resistance of the symmetric cell decreases gradually at first, notably when it exceeds 14 wt.%, and to the lowest value at about 22 wt.%. Furthermore, impregnating SSC reduces the low-frequency-arc resistance that corresponds to the surface exchange step. In addition, impregnating SSC reduces the activation energy for oxygen reduction from 1.14 to 0.70 eV, thus resulting in significantly improvement on electrode performance at the reduced temperatures for SOFCs based on proton conductors.     

Cathode reaction mechanism of porous-structured Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ/Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 for solid oxide fuel cells

The cathode reaction mechanism of porous Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ, a mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC), is studied through a comparison with the composite cathode Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ/Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9. First, the cathodic behaviour of porous Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ and Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ/Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 are observed for micro-structure and impedance spectra according to Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 addition, thermal cycling and long-term properties. The cathode reaction mechanism is discussed in terms of frequency response, activation energy, reaction order and electrode resistance for different oxygen partial pressures p(O₂) at various temperatures. Three elementary steps are considered to be involved in the cathodic reaction: (i) oxygen ion transfer at the cathode-electrolyte interface; (ii) oxygen ion conduction in the bulk cathode; (iii) gas phase diffusion of oxygen. A reaction model based on the empirical equivalent circuit is introduced and analyzed using the impedance spectra. The electrode resistance at high frequency (R_c,HF) in the impedance spectra represents reaction steps (i), due to its fast reaction rate. The electrode resistance at high frequency is independent of p(O₂) at a constant temperature because the semicircle of R_c,HF in the complex plane of the impedance spectra is held constant for different values of p(O₂). Reaction steps (ii) and (iii) are the dominant processes for a MIEC cathode, according to the analysis results. The proposed cathode reaction model and results for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) well describe a MIEC cathode with high ionic conductivity, and assist the understanding of the MIEC cathode reaction mechanism.     

Preparation and properties of PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ as novel oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide electrochemical cell

In this work, double perovskite-type oxide PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O_5+δ (PBSCF) is synthesized by the conventional wet chemical method and firstly characterized as the oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide electrochemical cells (RSOCs). The microstructure and electrochemical performance of RSOCs based on this oxygen electrode are investigated. The maximum power density of the cell reaches 986 mW/cm² at 800 °C and the cell has good stability in short-term test in fuel cell (SOFC) mode. In electrolysis cell (SOEC) mode, it displays an electrolysis current density as high as 1.3 A/cm² when the temperature, absolute humidity (AH) and applied voltage are 800 °C, 50 vol % and 1.3 V, respectively. The cells also exhibit excellent durability of 120 h in SOEC mode and present good reversibility. The results suggest that the RSOCs based on this oxygen electrode has a very promising prospect.     

Investigation of electrospun Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ-Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 cathodes for enhanced interfacial adhesion

Fibrous Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3?δ-Gd_0.1Ce_0.9O_1.95 (BSCF-GDC) composite cathodes are fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. However, the electropun BSCF-GDC cathode shows poor adhesion to a GDC electrolyte because of the high shrinkage rate of the electrospun BSCF-GDC cathode during sintering. To solve this adhesion issue, mixed BSCF fiber-GDC powder cathode is investigated. As a result, mixed BSCF fiber-GDC powder cathode with an enhanced adhesion is successfully fabricated. This improvement can be attributed to the modified microstructure with the GDC powder that joins the BSCF fibers to the GDC electrolyte at the cathode and electrolyte interface. The polarization resistance of the mixed BSCF fiber-GDC powder cathode is 0.10 Ω cm², which is lower than 0.13 Ω cm² of conventional BSCF-GDC powder cathode at 700 °C. It is attributable to the improved oxygen gas and lattice oxygen diffusion, and the surface exchange of the mixed BSCF fiber-GDC powder cathode. The single cell with a mixed BSCF fiber-GDC powder cathode show 500 mW cm^?2 at 700 °C, which is 25% higher than conventional BSCF-GDC powder cathode.     

Cobalt-impregnated La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3−δ anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

In this study, we will report our investigation for La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O_3−δ (LSCrM) based anodes impregnated with solutions of cobalt (Co) nitrate. A YSZ supported SOFC with pure LSCrM anode and La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (LSM) cathode exhibits the maximum power density (P_max) of 58.7 and 5.2 mW cm⁻² at 850 °C in dry H₂ and dry CH₄. After the modification of anode with Co nitrate, the P_max reaches 196.2 mW cm⁻² in dry H₂ and 28.5 mW cm⁻² in dry CH₄, about 3.34 times and 5.48 times increase, respectively. These results indicate that Co is also a potential catalyst for LSCrM anode. Moreover, the effect of impregnation amount of catalyst on the cell performance is also evaluated in this study.     

Silver-modified Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ as cathodes for a proton conducting solid-oxide fuel cell

Electrochemical performance of silver-modified Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF-Ag) as oxygen reduction electrodes for a protonic intermediate-temperature solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC-H⁺) with BaZr_0.1Ce_0.8Y_0.1O₃ (BZCY) electrolyte was investigated. The BSCF-Ag electrodes were prepared by impregnating the porous BSCF electrode with AgNO₃ solution followed by reducing with hydrazine and then firing at 850 °C for 1 h. The 3 wt.% silver-modified BSCF (BSCF-3Ag) electrode showed an area specific resistance of 0.25 Ω cm² at 650 °C in dry air, compared to around 0.55 Ω cm² for a pure BSCF electrode. The activation energy was also reduced from 119 kJ mol⁻¹ for BSCF to only 84 kJ mol⁻¹ for BSCF-3Ag. Anode-supported SOFC-H⁺ with a BZCY electrolyte and a BSCF-3Ag cathode was fabricated. Peak power density up to 595 mW cm⁻² was achieved at 750 °C for a cell with 35 μm thick electrolyte operating on hydrogen fuel, higher than around 485 mW cm⁻² for a similar cell with BSCF cathode. However, at reduced temperatures, water had a negative effect on the oxygen reduction over BSCF-Ag electrode, as a result, a worse cell performance was observed for the cell with BSCF-3Ag electrode than that with pure BSCF electrode at 600 °C.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.1Ni0.1O3-δ cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Perovskite Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.1Ni_0.1O_3-δ (BSCFNi) oxide is synthesized and characterized as a cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show that BSCFNi is chemical compatible with La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.83Mg_0.17O_2.865(LSGM) electrolyte below 950 °C, but weak reaction is observed between BSCFNi cathode and Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte after calcined at 950 °C for 10 h. The XPS results indicate that transition metal cations in BSCFNi sample exist two different valence states, i.e., Co^4+/3+, Fe^4+/3+ and Ni^3+/2+. The average thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of BSCFNi is 18.7 × 10^?6 K^?1 between 200 °C and 850 °C in air. The maximum electrical conductivity reaches 35.3 Scm^?1 at 425 °C in air. The polarization resistance of BSCFNi cathode on LSGM and SDC electrolytes are 0.033 and 0.066 Ωcm² at 800 °C, respectively. The maximum power density of LSGM electrolyte-supported single cell with BSCFNi cathode reaches 690 mWcm^?2 at 800 °C. These primarily results indicate that BSCFNi is a candidate cathode material for IT-SOFCs.     

Preparation and characterization of new cobalt-free cathode Pr0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ for IT-SOFC

A new cobalt-free perovskite oxide Pr_0.5Sr_0.5Fe_0.8Cu_0.2O_3−δ (PSFC) has been synthesized and evaluated as cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The chemical compatibility of PSFC with Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte has be proven by XRD, and its electrical conductivity reaches the maximum value of 264.1 S cm⁻¹ at 475 °C. Symmetrical cells with the configuration of PSFC/SDC/PSFC are used for the impedance study and the polarization resistance (Rp) of PSFC cathode is as low as 0.050 Ω cm² at 700 °C. Single cells, consisting of Ni–YSZ/YSZ/SDC/PSFC structure, are assembled and tested from 550 °C to 800 °C with wet hydrogen (∼3% H₂O) as fuel and static air as oxidant. A maximum power density of 1077 mW cm⁻² is obtained at 800 °C. All the results suggest that the cobalt-free perovskite oxide PSFC is a very promising cathode material for application in IT-SOFC.     

Proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells with layered PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ perovskite cathode

BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3−δ (BZCY7) exhibits adequate protonic conductivity as well as sufficient chemical and thermal stability over a wide range of SOFC operating conditions, while layered perovskite PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co₂O_5+δ (PBSC) has advanced electrochemical properties. This research fully takes advantage of these advanced properties and develops a novel protonic ceramic membrane fuel cell (PCMFC) of Ni–BZCY7|BZCY7|PBSC. Experimental results show that the cell may achieve the open-circuit potential of 1.005 V, the maximal power density of 520 mW cm⁻², and a low electrode polarization resistance of 0.12 Ωcm² at 700 °C. Increasing operating temperature leads to the decrease of total cell resistance, among which electrolyte resistance becomes increasingly dominant over polarization resistance. The results also indicate that PBSC perovskite cathode is a good candidate for intermediate temperature PCMFC development, while the developed Ni–BZCY7|BZCY7|PBSC cell is a promising functional material system for SOFCs.     

Characterization of nanosized Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9-infiltrated Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Cu0.2O3−δ cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells

This study investigates the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Cu_0.2O_3−δ (SSC-Cu) cathode infiltrated with Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC). The newly formed nanosized electrolyte material on the cathode surface, leading the increase in electrochemical performances is mainly attributed to the creation of electrolyte/cathode phase boundaries, which considerably increases the electrochemical sites for oxygen reduction reaction. Based on the experiment results, the 0.4 M SDC infiltration reveals the lowest cathode polarization resistance (R_P), the cathode polarization resistances (R_p) are 0.117, 0.033, and 0.011 Ω cm² at 650, 750, and 850 °C, and the highest peak power density, are 439, 659, and 532 mW cm⁻² at 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively. The cathode performance in SOFCs can be significantly improved by infiltrating nanoparticles of SDC into an SSC-Cu porous backbone. This study reveals that the infiltration approach may apply in SOFCs to improve their electrochemical properties.     

Palladium and ceria infiltrated La0.8Sr0.2Co0.5Fe0.5O3−δ cathodes of solid oxide fuel cells

La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_0.5Fe_0.5O_3−δ (LSCF) cathodes infiltrated with electrocatalytically active Pd and (Gd,Ce)O₂ (GDC) nanoparticles are investigated as high performance cathodes for the O₂ reduction reaction in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). Incorporation of nano-sized Pd and GDC particles significantly reduces the electrode area specific resistance (ASR) as compared to the pure LSCF cathode; ASR is 0.1 Ω cm² for the reaction on a LSCF cathode infiltrated with 1.2 mg cm⁻² Pd and 0.06 Ω cm² on a LSCF cathode infiltrated with 1.5 mg cm⁻² GDC at 750 °C, which are all significantly smaller than 0.22 Ω cm² obtained for the reaction on a conventional LSCF cathode. The activation energy of GDC- and Pd-impregnated LSCF cathodes is 157 and 176 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The GDC-infiltrated LSCF cathode has a lower activation energy and higher electrocatalytic activity for the O₂ reduction reaction, showing promising potential for applications in IT-SOFCs.     

Oxygen reduction mechanism at Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ cathode for solid oxide fuel cell

Perovskite structure Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF) and La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3−δ (LSGM) powders have been successfully synthesized by glycine–nitrate combustion process. A porous and crack-free BSCF cathode is obtained by spraying the slurry of BSCF powders and terpineol onto LSGM pellet. The oxygen reduction reaction mechanism has been investigated by AC impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry method. AC impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that there are two different processes in the cathode reaction which are related to oxygen dissociation/adsorption and bulk oxygen diffusion. And the molecular oxygen is involved in the rate-determining step. The polarization resistance decreases with an increase of temperature and the oxygen partial pressure. With an increase of the applied DC bias, the logarithm of the polarization resistance decreases linearly due to additional oxygen vacancies and the lowered chemical potential of oxygen at the BSCF/LSGM interface by the applied voltage. The exchange current density reaches to 182 mA cm⁻² at 700 °C, suggesting that the ORR kinetics at the BSCF/LSGM interface is high due to the excellent mixed ionic and electronic conductivity of BSCF.     

Investigation of Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ/Co3O4 composite cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

The electrochemical properties of an Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ/Co₃O₄ (SSC/Co₃O₄) composite cathode were investigated as a function of the cathode-firing temperature, SSC/Co₃O₄ composition, oxygen partial pressure and CO₂ treatment. The results showed that the composite cathodes had an optimal microstructure at a firing temperature of about 1100 °C, while the optimum Co₃O₄ content in the composite cathode was about 40 wt.%. A single cell with this optimized C₄₀-1100 cathode exhibited a very low polarization resistance of 0.058 Ω cm², and yielded a maximum power density of 1092 mW cm⁻² with humidified hydrogen fuel and air oxidant at 600 °C. The maximum power density reached 1452 mW cm⁻² when pure oxygen was used as the oxidant for a cell with a C₃₀-1100 cathode operating at 600 °C due to the enhanced open-circuit voltage and accelerated oxygen surface-exchange rate. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses, as well as the electrochemical properties of a CO₂-treated cathode, also implied promising applications of such highly efficient SSC/Co₃O₄ composite cathodes in single-chamber fuel cells with direct hydrocarbon fuels operating at temperatures below 500 °C.     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ cathode for solid oxide fuel cells

The Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF) cathode for solid oxide fuel cell has been prepared by glycine–nitrate combustion process. Crystal structure and chemical state of BSCF have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD pattern indicates that a single cubic perovskite phase of BSCF oxide is successfully obtained after calcination at 850 °C for 2 h. XPS results show there exists a little amount of SrCO₃ in the surface of BSCF. Co2p spectra indicate that some Co³⁺ ions have changed into Co⁴⁺ ions to maintain the electrical neutrality. O1s spectra present that adsorbed oxygen species appear in the surface BSCF oxide.     

Properties and performance of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ + Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathode

The properties and performance of Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF) + Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) (70:30 in weight ratio) composite cathode for intermediate-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells were investigated. Mechanical mixing of BSCF with SDC resulted in the adhesion of fine SDC particles to the surface of coarse BSCF grains. XRD, SEM-EDX and O₂-TPD results demonstrated that the phase reaction between BSCF and SDC was negligible, constricted only at the BSCF and SDC interface, and throughout the entire cathode with the formation of new (Ba,Sr,Sm,Ce)(Co,Fe)O_3−δ perovskite phase at a firing temperature of 900, 1000, and ≥ 1050 °C, respectively. The BSCF + SDC electrode sintered at 1000 °C showed an area specific resistance of ∼0.064 Ω cm² at 600 °C, which is a slight improvement over the BSCF (0.099 Ω cm²) owing to the enlarged cathode surface area contributed from the fine SDC particles. A peak power density of 1050 and ∼382 mW cm⁻² was reached at 600 and 500 °C, respectively, for a thin-film electrolyte cell with the BSCF + SDC cathode fired from 1000 °C.     

Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.4Ni0.6O3−δ–Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 as a potential cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

The mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) of Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.4Ni_0.6O_3−δ (SSCN)–Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) were investigated for potential application as a cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) based on an SDC electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was performed over the temperature range of 600–850 °C to determine the cathode polarization resistance which is represented by area specific resistance (ASR). To investigate the ORR mechanism, the impedance diagram for 70SSCN–30SDC was measured under applied cathodic voltage from E = 0.0 to E = −0.3 V. It indicated that the charge transfer dominated the rate-determining step at the temperature of 600 °C; whereas the diffusion or dissociative adsorption of oxygen dominated the rate-determining step at the temperature of 800 °C. In this study, the exchange current density (i₀) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was determined from the EIS data. The i₀ value of 70SSCN–30SDC/SDC was 187.6 mA cm⁻² which is larger than the i₀ value of 160 mA cm⁻² for traditional cathode/electrolyte, i.e. LSM/YSZ at 800 °C, indicating that the 70SSCN–30SDC composite cathode with a high catalytically active surface area could provide the oxygen reduction reaction areas not only at the triple-phase boundaries but also in the whole composite cathode.     

Electrochemical properties of ceramic membranes based on SrTi0.5Fe0.5O3−δ in reduced atmosphere

The present work aims at the investigation of the electrochemical properties of SrTi_0.5Fe_0.5O_3−δ as a membrane material for hydrogen production via electrochemical reforming. The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the oxygen partial pressure, as well as the oxygen permeability in the range of 10⁻²⁰ atm ≤ pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$ ≤ 10⁻¹⁴ atm is examined. The oxygen permeability is measured by an electrochemical method. The dependences of ion current as a function of the electromotive force (EMF) at various temperatures, oxygen partial pressures and the membrane surface conditions (rough and activated by PrO_x) are studied. Finally, the values of hydrogen flux at different temperatures are calculated and a long term investigation during 600 h at pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$ = 10⁻¹⁹ atm, T = 1173 K is carried out. According to the present results, the permeation current increases with the increase of temperature, oxygen partial pressure gradient and activation by PrO_x. The long term investigation shows that the electrical resistance of the SrTi_0.5Fe_0.5O_3−δ ceramic membrane increases by 10%, possibly due to the formation of micro-domains into the material's volume and the decrease in the grain boundary conductivity, because of the segregation of dopant-rich layers near the grain boundaries.     

Nanostructured palladium–La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3/Y2O3–ZrO2 composite anodes for direct methane and ethanol solid oxide fuel cells

A palladium-impregnated La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O_3−δ/yttria-stabilized zirconia (LSCM/YSZ) composite anode is investigated for the direct utilization of methane and ethanol fuels in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Impregnation of Pd nanoparticles significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity of LSCM/YSZ composite anodes for the methane and ethanol electrooxidation reaction. At 800 °C, the maximum power density is increased by two and eight times with methane and ethanol fuels, respectively, for a cell with the Pd-impregnated LSCM/YSZ composite anode, as compared with that using a pure LSCM/YSZ anode. No carbon deposition is observed during the reaction of methane and ethanol fuels on the Pd-impregnated LSCM/YSZ composite anode. The results show the promises of nanostructured Pd-impregnated LSCM/YSZ composites as effective anodes for direct methane and ethanol SOFCs.     

Intermediate-to-low temperature protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells with Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ–BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ composite cathode

The perovskite-type Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3-δ–BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3-δ (BSCF–BZCY) composite oxides were synthesized by a modified Pechini method and examined as a novel composite cathode for intermediate-to-low temperature protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells (ILT-PCMFCs). Thin proton-conducting BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3-δ (BZCY) electrolyte and NiO–BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3-δ (NiO–BZCY) anode functional layer were prepared over porous anode substrates composed of NiO–BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2O_3-δ by a one-step dry-pressing/co-firing process. A laboratory-sized quad-layer cell of NiO–BZCY/NiO–BZCY(∼50 μm)/BZCY(∼20 μm)/BSCF–BZCY(∼50 μm) was operated from 550 to 700 °C with humidified hydrogen (∼3% H₂O) as fuel and the static air as oxidant. A high open-circuit potential of 1.009 V, a maximum power density of 418 mW cm⁻², and a low polarization resistance of the electrodes of 0.10 Ω cm² was achieved at 700 °C. These investigations have indicated that proton-conducting BZCY electrolyte with BSCF perovskite cathode is a promising material system for the next generation solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).     

Fabrication and performance of membrane solid oxide fuel cells with La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3−δ impregnated anodes

La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O_3−δ (LSCrM)-impregnated anodes have been fabricated by infiltrating 70% porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) matrixes with an LSCrM solution. In these anodes, LSCrM is a primary electronic conducive phase while the well-sintered YSZ provides an ionic-conducting pathway throughout the electrode. The maximum power densities of a single cell with YSZ + 35 wt.% LSCrM composite anode reach 567 and 561 mW cm⁻² at 850 °C in dry H₂ and CH₄, respectively. Further, Ag and Ni are added via nitrate impregnating method for improving electronic conductivity and catalytic activity. With the addition of 6 wt.% Ni and 2 wt.% Ag to the YSZ + 32 wt.% LSCrM composite anode, the maximum power densities at 850 °C increase to 1302 mW cm⁻² in dry H₂ and 769 mW cm⁻² in dry CH₄. No carbon deposition is detected in the tested anodes, even with the presence of Ni.