选区熔化3D打印TiAl基合金的研究现状及展望

TiAl基合金(TiAl基金属间化合物),被认为是一种理想的新型轻质高温结构材料,在当代民用工业、兵器工业以及航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景.然而TiAl基合金脆性较大,传统的成形方法难以制备出复杂结构的构件,严重制约了该合金的推广与应用.选区熔化3D打印是按照CAD模型的分层切片数据,以激光或者电子束为高能量热源逐层扫描熔化粉末,逐层堆积,直接实现构件的制造,代表了TiAl基合金成形最前沿、最新颖的技术.基于激光选区熔化成形(SLM)与电子束选区熔化成形(SEBM)制备TiAl基合金的最新研究成果,重点归纳了成形过程中常见缺陷的形成原因以及控制措施,详细阐述了工艺参数对成形质量、微观组织以及力学性能的影响规律,然后对比分析了SLM和SEBM制备TiAl基合金的优缺点.国内外的研究结果表明,控制TiAl合金的开裂倾向是SLM制备TiAl合金需要解决的首要问题,也是提高成形件致密度,改善力学性能的基础;而SEBM技术通过工艺优化,能够较好地抑制TiAl合金的开裂,获得高致密度成形件,其力学性能可以达到传统锻件、铸件的水平,更加适合TiAl合金的3D打印.最后对选区熔化3D打印TiAl基合金的研究方向提出了建议.     

3D打印钛合金薄壁构件的研究进展

钛合金薄壁构件具有质量轻、结构紧凑等优势,然而因其轴向尺寸大、壁厚薄和形状复杂等几何特征,传统成形技术在成形薄壁构件时流程长、工艺复杂,严重限制了钛合金薄壁构件的应用。金属粉床3D打印技术可快速成形复杂异形零部件。为此,对电子束选区熔化技术(SEBM)和激光选区熔化技术(SLM)的成形能力和成形钛合金薄壁构件的微观组织、力学性能和表面粗糙度进行综述,并分析3D打印高性能精密复杂整体钛合金薄壁构件的发展趋势,为轻量化钛合金薄壁构件在高端装备上的应用提供参考。     

射频等离子体球化钨粉的选区激光熔化成形研究

以不规则的钨粉为原材料,采用射频等离子体球化技术制备了球形钨粉,重点研究了选区激光熔化制造纯钨零件,系统研究了工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度)对制备的纯钨样品致密化、显微组织、显微硬度和压缩性能的影响,从而反馈指导钨粉球化工艺参数的优化。结果表明：球化后钨粉形状规则且球化率高于98%,钨粉的振实密度和松装密度增大,流动性增强。同时球化后的钨粉具有良好的选区激光熔化适用性,打印样品件的致密度在84%-95.6%之间。研究发现,随 激光功率的增大,打印件的致密度、显微硬度和抗压强度呈先上升后下降的趋势,裂纹和孔洞减少。随着扫描速度的增大,打印件的致密度和硬度降低,裂纹增多。因此探究合适的打印参数对钨粉的选区激光熔化成形有着重要意义。     

电子束选区熔化成形纯钨的显微组织与晶体取向研究

采用增材制造技术中的电子束选区熔化成形方法制备了高致密度纯钨试件,分析了电子束选区熔化成形纯钨的传热过程和显微组织特点,重点研究了在几种热传导的共同作用下,纯钨的显微组织特点和晶体的取向分布。结果表明,电子束选区熔化纯钨的显微组织为以外延生长的方式形成的柱状晶。在样品内部,沿成形方向向下为最主要的热传导方向,温度梯度最大,柱状晶生长方向与热流方向相反,形成完全竖直生长的柱状晶;在样品外侧面,沿成形方向向下的热传导和向侧面粉床的热传导共同作用,使得热传导的方向与成形方向出现一定偏差,因此柱状晶组织与成形方向呈30-45_⁰夹角。同时,电子束选区熔化成形纯钨沿着成形方向,形成[111]和[100]方向的择优取向。     

选区激光熔化制备AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金的成形性能

采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金,研究了激光工艺参数对成形性、致密度、微观组织以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随体能量密度的增加,致密度逐渐增加,最佳的SLM参数为激光功率50 W,扫描速度300 mm/s,扫描间距70 μm,层厚30 μm。铸态和SLM态合金是由无序BCC相(A2)和有序BCC相(B2)组成的双相体心立方结构,由于细晶强化作用,选区激光熔化试样具有比铸态试样更高的显微硬度,但是压缩屈服强度降低,原因是选区激光熔化合金中存在裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。     

齿科用钛合金粉末粒度对激光选区熔化工艺适用性研究

激光选区熔化(SLM)是一种在医疗领域应用越来越广泛的3D打印工艺,用SLM技术打印齿科钛合金粉末,可以制作出个性化且具有复杂结构的口腔医疗器械。为了研究粉末粒度对SLM工艺的成形适用性,本研究选择了齿科用Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末作为成形材料,通过不同目数的筛网对粉末进行分级,得到不同粒度范围的钛合金粉末。采用EOS M280设备分别成形不同粒度范围的粉末,并对成形过程和成形件表面质量进行对比分析,得出当粉末粒度范围为15~53μm时,熔道连续无缺陷,成形件表面光滑平整,有金属光泽。该粒度范围粉末成形件的内部孔洞很少,强度和塑性均优于铸造件。粒度范围为15~53μm的齿科用钛合金粉末适用于激光选区熔化工艺。     

选区激光熔化成形高温合金裂纹研究进展

选区激光熔化(Selective laser melting, SLM)具有高温度梯度、高冷却速度的工艺特点,成形涉及复杂的理化过程,对于组分比较复杂的高温合金,开裂是普遍存在的现象,已成为制约SLM成形高温合金工业应用的瓶颈问题。本文对SLM成形高温合金的裂纹类型、影响因素及控制方法等进行了综述,分析了当前研究存在的问题,对后续的研究热点进行了展望。以期对SLM成形高温合金开裂机理、裂纹消除的研究提供一定的参考。     

激光选区熔化成形铝合金的缺陷及控制方法研究进展

激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)技术能够实现高精度复杂铝合金零件的制造.本文介绍了SLM成形技术的原理,阐述了国内外SLM成形铝合金缺陷的研究进展,分析了SLM成形铝合金过程中可能出现的球化、孔隙、残余应力及裂纹、氧化夹杂和合金元素烧损五种缺陷的形成原因和控制方法,并简要预测了未来...     

选区激光熔化Zr改性Al-Si-Mg合金组织和力学性能

针对选区激光熔化（SLM）高Mg含量AlSiMg3合金成形性差的缺点,通过Zr进行合金化,研究了工艺参数对SLM成形高Mg含量Al-Si-Mg-Zr合金的成形性及时效处理对合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,SLM成形Al-Si-Mg-Zr合金的熔池边界处形成了大量的细小等轴晶,从而有效地避免了样品在成形过程中裂纹的产生,增加了样品的SLM成形性,不同激光功率和激光扫描速度下获得样品的孔隙率均低于0.3%。拉伸测试结果表明,成形态样品的屈服强度（YS）为(426±8) MPa,极限抗拉强度（UTS）为(464±12) MPa。经165℃时效处理后,由于α-Al晶粒内部纳米强化相的增多,样品的强度增加明显,时效样品的最大YS和UTS分别为(482±11)MPa和(522±10)MPa。本研究获得SLM成形Al-Si-Mg-Zr样品的强度高于目前商用的SLM成形Al-Si-Mg合金。     

Al-Mg-Li合金选区激光熔化成形及热处理工艺

设计并制备了多种不同成分的铝锂合金粉末，对其进行了选区激光熔化(SLM)成形，选取高致密、无裂纹的自研铝镁锂合金成形零件进行了热处理工艺研究。结果表明，第三代Al-Li-Cu系铝锂合金在选区激光熔化成形快速凝固过程中极易产生微裂纹，第二代Al-Li-Mg系合金较为适合选区激光熔化成形，能够得到高致密、无裂纹的成形样件；选区激光熔化成形铝镁锂合金在200℃进行时效热处理，强化相主要为δ′相，时效48 h达到峰时效状态，继续延长时效时间，其力学性能有所下降。     

Effect of processing parameters on the density,microstructure and strength of pure tungsten fabricated by selective electron beam melting

Pure tungsten samples were prepared by the selective electron beam melting (SEBM) process. The effect of the SEBM process parameters on the density, microstructure and compression strength of pure tungsten was studied. In addition, the influence of substrate preheating temperature during SEBM was studied. A processing window for additive manufacturing of pure tungsten by SEBM was preliminarily determined. Pure tungsten samples with relative density of 99.5% and without obvious pores and microcracks were successfully fabricated. The as-built pure tungsten samples showed strong columnar grain structures. Compression strength along the columnar grains in the build direction was measured to be 1560 MPa. Fracture occurred predominantly along the columnar grain boundaries by decohesion, in addition to brittle transgranular fracture. Refinement and strengthening of the columnar grain boundaries are expected to improve the compression strength of the SEBM-fabricated pure tungsten.     

Molybdenum and tungsten manufactured by selective laser melting: Analysis of defect structure and solidification mechanisms

In this work, processing of molybdenum and tungsten by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is analyzed. The study reveals the impact of the oxygen content of the powder, the process atmosphere and the temperature of the substrate plate on the structural and mechanical properties of the processed material. For clarifying the causes and mechanisms for the formation of defects in molybdenum and tungsten processed by SLM, the samples were examined by x-ray, scanning and transmission electron microscopy including elemental distribution maps and crystallographic analyses by electron backscatter diffraction. Impurities, mainly oxygen, were identified as cause for the predominant defect structure comprising cracks and residual porosity. During processing, oxygen in the form of molybdenum/tungsten oxide, segregates at the grain boundaries, thereby inducing hot cracking. This is due to the lower melting point of the eutectic compared to the matrix phase. Moreover, the oxygen impurities were found to weaken the grain boundaries and thus increasing the risk for cold cracking and leading to a higher Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT). Subsequently, the combination of cracks through hot cracking at planar solidified grain boundaries and cold cracking along weakened grain boundaries during rapid cooling from the melting point creates the crack network generally found in molybdenum and tungsten processed by SLM. Also a substrate plate temperature of 1000 °C does not prevent the formation of cracks in tungsten caused by oxygen segregations.     

Influence of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of a Typical Ni-Based Superalloy

The influence of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a typical Ni-based superalloy was researched. The optimum parameters of P = 170 W, V = 0.8 m/s were determined, under which the SLMed samples exhibited both the largest relative density of 99.57% and the best mechanical properties, including the microhardness (329.3 ± 3.8 HV), yield strength (726 ± 8.1 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (900 ± 5.9 MPa) and elongation ((31.9 ± 0.24)%). The average grain size ranges of SLMed samples are from 15.2 to 17.4 μm, with a typical mixed grain structure. Owing to the high cooling rate and remelting during SLM process, a large number of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), dislocations and sub-grains were formed, and the fraction of LAGBs reached above 65%. At the same time, the content of low-Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries was mostly less than 1%, while there was almost no γ′ phase precipitated in the matrix. The texture of SLMed samples was weak, and there was no obvious preferred growth direction. Combining with the microstructure characterization, both grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening were considered as the main strengthening mechanisms. Moreover, the fracture mechanism of the optimum sample belonged to ductile fracture.     

间接选择性激光烧结与选择性激光熔化对比研究

采用选择性激光烧结（Selective laser sintering，SLS）和选择性激光熔化（Selective laser melting，SLM）工艺，分别进行了铁基合金粉末的快速成形试验，对比分析了SLS与SLM成形机理、相应的工艺参数以及它们对测试件成形过程、金相组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：由于成形机理不同，相对于SLS技术，采用SLM能够制造高致密度、组织均匀、力学性能良好的金属零件，但容易出现翘曲变形、裂纹与球化现象。通过制定合适的材料与工艺参数能够避免上述缺陷。     

ECAP对SLM纯钛组织及其耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了提高纯钛在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中的耐腐蚀性能,采用等通道转角挤压（ECAP）技术对激光选区熔化（SLM）技术制备的商业纯钛进行改性处理。通过透射电子显微镜和电子背向散射衍射技术对SLM纯钛和SLM+ECAP纯钛进行组织检测,并在三电极体系下进行耐腐蚀性能的测试。结果表明：SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛试样的晶粒尺寸小,晶界多,位错密度增大,极图的择优取向不太明显,但极密度有所增加。在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中,SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛的自腐蚀电流密度小,极化电阻大,阻抗半径大。采用ZSimpWin软件对交流阻抗谱进行等效电路拟合,拟合结果和实验测量数据较为吻合。SLM+ECAP纯钛的耐腐蚀性能比SLM纯钛好。     

Effect of Zr content on crack formation and mechanical properties of IN738LC processed by selective laser melting

Two batches of commercial IN738LC alloy powders with different Zr contents were printed under the same parameters. The influences of Zr content (0.024 wt.% and 0.12 wt.%, respectively) in powders on crack density, distribution, formation mechanism and mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM)-treated parts were systematically studied. It was found that the crack density (area ratio) increases from 0.15% to 0.87% in the XOY plane and from 0.21% to 1.81% in the XOZ plane along with the Zr content increase from 0.024 wt.% to 0.12 wt.% in the original powders. Solidification cracks are formed along the epitaxially grown 〈001〉-oriented columnar grain boundaries in molten pool center. The ultimate tensile strength of Sample 1 (0.024 wt.% Zr) is 1113 MPa, and there are dimples in tensile fracture. With an increase in the Zr content to 0.12 wt.% (Sample 2), the ultimate tensile strength of Sample 2 decreases to 610 MPa, and there are numerous original cracks and exposed columnar grain boundaries in tensile fracture. The optimization of printing parameters of Sample 2 considerably increases the ultimate tensile strength by 55.2% to 947 MPa, and the plasticity is greatly improved.     

Effects of the Selective Laser Melting manufacturing process on the properties of CoCrMo single tracks

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an additive technology that produces solid parts by selectively melting thin layers of metallic powder. SLM can produce significant differences in the final properties due to the melting-consolidation phenomena of the process, which can be controlled by the appropriate parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to create a link between the process conditions and the resulting properties by experimenting in an own-developed SLM machine using CoCrMo powder as material. The fabricated samples were characterized by density, hardness and microstructural properties. The experimental results proved the capability of the SLM technique to build high dense samples. The hardness results gave evidence of a superior outcome compared to conventional processes. Finally, it was found that grain size was defined by scanning speed. Based on the results, a better understanding of the processing principles given by the parameters was achieved and improved fabrication quality was promoted.