82A钢凝固过程中TiN夹杂析出热力学和动力学

用热力学和动力学方法研究82A钢液凝固过程元素偏析及其对TiN夹杂析出的影响。热力学分析表明,Ti的偏析比远高于N的偏析比;凝固冷却速度从6 K/min增至600 K/min过程中,凝固冷却速度对Ti、N凝固偏析比影响不大;钢液初始Ti含量降至0.000 2%、初始氮含量为0.002%~0.004%时,在凝固末期仍有TiN夹杂析出。动力学分析表明,随着钢液凝固冷却速度的加快,凝固析出的TiN颗粒尺寸明显变小。     

帘线钢精炼过程碳还原氧化钛理论分析

帘线钢中含钛夹杂物尺寸和数量是衡量帘线钢质量的一个重要指标.帘线钢精炼过程钛含量控制是影响帘线钢中钛夹杂的一个关键因素.本文对帘线钢精炼和连铸过程,碳还原氧化钛的热力学进行了分析.通过计算得出结论,在实际帘线钢精炼和连铸过程,顶渣中的TiO2存在被还原的热力学条件,并通过现场试验证明了热力学计算的合理性.根据理论计算结果,提出了现场的工艺控制措施.在帘线钢精炼和连铸过程使用的造渣剂和耐火材料的成分必须严格控制,防止精炼过程钢液增钛.采用喂线的增碳方式,可以达到快速增碳和减少钢液增钛的目的.同时,通过准确控制转炉冶炼终点碳含量,减少帘线钢精炼过程增碳次数,对于控制帘线钢中钛含量也有重要意义.     

特殊钢连铸的技术关键——提高钢液洁净度和铸坯质量

与普通钢连铸相比,特殊钢连铸具有以下特点：特殊钢的合金元素含量较高,碳含量范围大（0．02％-2.3％）,受合金元素影响,其凝固特性与普通碳素钢差异大．特殊钢的洁净度、均匀性、气体含量、低倍组织、夹杂物形态等要求比普通碳素钢高．有些特殊钢含Cr、V、Ti、Nb、灿等活泼元素,极易与氧、氮反应生成高熔点化合物,影响铸坯质量．还有些合金元素则与钢中碳生成碳化物或碳氮化物,容易产生高温固相析出,对钢的热塑性有重要影响．由于连铸过程的特殊冷却凝固条件,特殊钢连铸的成分偏析和组织不均匀性更为突出．     

含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢中BN夹杂析出热力学分析

运用数值模拟方法对含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢中BN 析出的热力学条件进行分析,研究该钢种在冶炼浇注及加热奥氏体化过程中BN夹杂物的析出规律,并与试验情况进行了比较.结果表明,在钢液中初始ω（B）≤0.012%、初始w（N）≤0.03%的情况下,含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢浇注凝固过程中不能析出BN夹杂物,且钢液中B的富集程度远高于N,凝固末期残余液相中,B浓度是其初始浓度的20倍,N 浓度约为其初始浓度的2.1倍;钢中ω（B）为0.005%-0.01%、ω（N）为0.01%-0.03%时,在1470K奥氏体化温度以下,可以稳定析出BN夹杂物,B、N含量越高,BN夹杂开始析出的温度越高;在奥氏体化过程中,钢坯中酸溶铝含量越高,越容易析出BN夹杂物.     

Al 脱氧弹簧钢钙处理过程中铝酸钙硫化物析出热力学分析

通过钢液与夹杂物间的热力学平衡计算,对Al脱氧弹簧钢钙处理过程中铝酸钙硫化物的析出行为进行热力学分析,探讨[Al]、[Ca]、[S]浓度和钢液温度对Al2O3夹杂物变性行为的影响。结果表明,1600℃钢液温度下,w[Al]＝0．03％时,Al2O3生成为低熔点12CaO ·7Al2O3时的 w[Ca]＞0．0034％,其值随钢液温度降低而减小,随铝含量增大而增大。CaS析出时的临界钙含量随钢液温度降低而显著减小,当w [S ]＜0．005％时,w[Ca]随w[S]变化而显著变化。要使钢中夹杂物控制在低熔点12CaO ·7Al2O3区域,需控制w [S]＜0．0037％,该值随钢液温度的降低或铝含量的增大而减小。     

MnS+TiN夹杂物对超高强度钢韧性的影响

超高强度钢中常见的两类夹杂物为MnS和TiN,它们共同对韧性的影响迄今尚未系统研究过。本文以D_6AC钢为基体,分别改变硫和氮的含量,使钢中含有8种不同含量的MnS+TiN夹杂物。通过板状试样拉伸实验,观察裂纹在夹杂物上形核和扩展的准动态过程,并测定了试样的常规机械性能和断型韧性。试验结果表明,夹杂物总体积分数fv和平均间距dT是影响K_1c和a_K值的两个重要参数。结果还表明,随着夹杂物尺寸的增加,裂纹临界形核应变降低。在相同尺寸情况下,裂纹在TiN上形核的临界应变比在MnS上形核小,因而MnS对韧性的影响低于TiN。     

脱氧工艺对低合金高强度钢中夹杂物的影响

通过中小转炉工业化试验,对比研究了分别以Si-Ca-Ba合金和钛线为脱氧剂的两种不同脱氧方式对低合金高强度钢中夹杂物的影响.采用氧氮分析仪、金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析对钢中全氧含量和夹杂物进行了分析.结果表明,使用Ti脱氧工艺后,显著降低了钢中全氧含量,提高了钢的洁净度.轧材中尺寸小于5μm的复合夹杂物数目多,夹杂物呈细小弥散分布,大部分夹杂物为含MnS的球形复合夹杂.钛脱氧产物对钢中的硫化物夹杂有明显的弥散作用,显著降低了硫化物、硅酸盐类夹杂的评级.     

钛微合金化高强度耐候钢成分设计及熔炼

在普通耐候钢Q450NQR1成分的基础上,通过理论计算,设计出一种钛含量为0.04%～0.10%、屈服强度为520～750 MPa的高强度耐候钢。按照成分设计要求,采用高频真空感应炉在1 873 K条件下熔炼钢样,并对不同钛加入量的钢样进行成分和组织结构分析。结果表明,熔炼的钢样中氧含量为（17～26）×10-6,氮含量为（12～66）×10-6,钛含量为0.006 1%～0.059 0%;钢样组织主要由铁素体和珠光体构成,随着钢中钛含量的增加,晶粒明显细化,钢组织渐趋均匀。SEM分析表明,钢中长方体的TiN夹杂,是以球形的Al2O3、MgO和钛氧化物夹杂为核心生长的,必要时在微合金化处理之前将钢中的氧含量降低到一定程度。     

硬面合金中碳氮析出物的研究

硬面合金是利用研制的氮合金自保护硬面药芯焊丝在低碳钢板上堆焊得到.Nb和Ti作为最有效的碳氮合金化元素被加入到硬面合金中.用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针研究了硬面合金中碳氮析出物形态和组成,并进行了热力学分析,讨论了碳氮析出物对组织的影响.结果表明:硬面合金中的碳氮析出物为分布在晶界和位错上的MX(M＝合金元素,X＝C、N)复合型碳氮化物,焊态和热处理条件下具有不同的数量和尺寸.初生碳氮析出物在焊缝凝固过程中形成,并具有较大尺寸;细小的二次碳氮析出物能在堆焊热处理后大量弥散析出,对基体产生明显硬化作用.硬面合金中的碳氮析出沿位错和晶界弥散分布,抑制了富Cr析出相的形成并改善耐晶界腐蚀性能.     

氮含量和环境温度对316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

研究低温条件下腐蚀溶液温度以及钢中氮含量对316L奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,在1mol／L H2SO4＋0．5mol／L NaCl的腐蚀液中,对氮含量为0．0095％～0．5575％的316L奥氏体不锈钢进行阳极极化曲线及电化学阻抗测量。结果表明,提高氮含量,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性增强;腐蚀液温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性减弱。     

马钢轴承钢试制的非金属夹杂物控制的精炼工艺研究

采用理论分析结合生产经验的方法,确定马钢特钢GCr15轴承钢的精炼渣组分、钢中[Ti]和[N]含量上限以及真空循环时间和浇铸前软吹时间等关键工艺参数,实现对钢中非金属夹杂物的有效控制,成功试制了T[O]5ppm、D类夹杂评级≤1.0级和DS类夹杂物≤1.0级的高品质GCr15轴承钢。由于凝固偏析的作用,在[Ti]和[N]含量较低的条件下,不能避免凝固过程中析出Ti N类夹杂。     

Precipitation and growth of titanium nitride during solidification of clean steel

With the help of solidification kinetics, precipitation and growth of TiN have been studied theoretically and the effect of cooling rate on the growth of TiN has been discussed. Through induction electric furnace experiment and electroslag remelting experiment with different cooling rates, the distribution and particle size of TiN were investigated. It is proved that the higher cooling rate is, the smaller the final size of TiN is and the more TiN particles can be found in the steel. That TiN can restrain the growth of columnar crystal and enhance the proportion of equiaxed crystals to refine solidification structure as the heterogeneous nucleation sites of 8-ferrite is confirmed preliminarily. A new method to reduce macrosegregation in continuous cast steel is provided.     

Nature of large （Ti, Nb）（C, N） particles precipitated during the solidification of Ti, Nb HSLA steel

To investigate the microsegregation phenomena and complex （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation behavior during continuous casting, a unidirectional solidification unit was employed to simulate the solidification process. The samples of Ti, Nb-addition steels after unidirectional solidification were examined using field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） and electron probe X-ray microanalyzer （EPMA）. In such specimens, dendrite structure and mushy zone can be detected along the solidification direction. It shows that the addition of titanium, niobium to high-strength low-alloyed （HSLA） steel results in undesirable （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation because of microsegregation. The effect of cooling rate on （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation was investigated. The composition of large precipitates was determined using FE-SEM with EDS. Large （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates could be divided into three kinds according to the composition and morphology. With the cooling rate increasing, Ti-rich （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates are transformed to Nb-rich （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates.     

Roles of titanium-rich precipitates as inoculants during solidification in low carbon steel

The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as het-erogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti2O3 is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察不同Ti含量3.5Ni钢试样的组织及析出物,并通过测定其-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功来研究Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响。结果表明,与0.042Ti试样相比,0.079Ti试样在热轧态和正火＋回火态时晶粒大小相同,但其热轧态组织中珠光体细化,且正火＋回火态组织中TiN数量增多,平均尺寸约为150nm;正火＋回火处理后,0.079Ti试样在-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功为233～23J,均低于0.042Ti试样相应值（234～66J）;对于正火＋回火态试样,较粗大TiN粒子的析出是造成其低温韧性降低的主要原因。     

Effect of Titanium Content on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Hardfacing Alloy

The hardfacing alloys with different concentrations of titanium were deposited on carbon steel substrates by shielded metal arc welding, and the effect of titanium content on the microstructure characteristics of the hardfacing alloys was investigated. The wear resistance test of the hardfacing alloys was carried out by using a slurry rubber wheel abrasion test machine, and the wear behaviour was also studied. The results indicate that the addition of titanium can effectively promote the precipitation of the complex carbides of Nb and Ti due to the prior precipitation of titanium carbide which acts as nucleation sites for complex carbides. With the increase of titanium content, the wear resistance of the hardfacing alloys is increased gradually resulting from the refinement of microstructure and dispersive distribution of fine carbide precipitates. And the wear mechanism is mainly minimum plastic deformation with interrupted grooves due to the strengthening and protecting effects of carbide precipitates.     

Property improvement of multilayer TiN/Ti films with C+ implantation

Using the MEVVA ion source, carbon ions have been implanted in TiN coatings deposited by multiarc ion plating. The Vickers microhardness of the C⁺-implanted TiN films increased with the increase in the ion flux and dose. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the TiC phases had been formed in the films. In addition, the films had the preferred growth orientations of TiN and TiC, both of which were (111) orientation after annealing at 500°C for 30 min. Auger electron spectra analysis indicated that C⁺-implanted profile was in typical Gaussian-like distribution in single films. The distribution with multipeaks of C atoms was obtained in multi-layer TiN/Ti. The possibility of the multilayer films (Ti(C,N)/TiN/Ti(C,N)/TiN and Ti(C,N)/TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiC) forming using the C-implanted TiN/Ti films is presented for the first time. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the “863” Hi-Tech Program of China.     

Ti-6Al-4V基體上氮電弧熔化法制備TiN層的組織及性能

采用直流氮電弧熔化方法在鈦合金(Ti-6Al-4V)基體上原位制備了TiN表面層。采用掃描電子顯微鏡、X射線衍射和顯微硬度儀等分析測試手段對TiN表面層的組織、硬度及摩擦磨損性能等進行了分析。探討了電弧電流對TiN層組織及性能的影響。結果表明:通過氮電弧熔化法制備的TiN層組織為樹枝晶,氮化層中樹枝晶的含量隨著深度的增加而減少,表面層與基體為冶金結合;隨著電弧電流由60A增加到100A,所制備的TiN表面層中樹枝晶的含量增加,表面層的硬度及耐磨性能都提高;當電弧電流為100A時,所制備的TiN表面層的最高硬度可達到1885HV,約為基體硬度的5倍,抗磨損性能也顯著提高。