中空纤维膜无泡供氧过程的传质性能研究

使用中空纤维膜向液相系统中供氧时，无肉眼可见的气泡产生．与传统的泡式供氧相比，这种新颖的膜式无泡供氧具有传氧效率高、无泡沫产生和能耗低等优点，特别适宜应用于发酵、活性污泥废水处理和动物细胞培养等生物反应和人工控制的生命过程中．本文对中空纤维膜无泡供氧过程的传质机理、传质阻力、传质方程和影响传质系数的操作参数等传质性能进行深入探讨，并提出了“边界层压缩”模型，以解释在无泡供养中传质系数随压力变化的原因．     

溶胀对中空纤维膜萃取器传质性能的影响

由于溶剂对中空纤维膜的溶胀，使得溶胀对传质性能产生一定的影响。以３％ＴＢＰ（煤油）－苯酚－水为实验体系，在聚砜中空纤维膜器中系统地研究了溶胀性对总传质系数、中空纤维膜厚度、内径以及壳程流动状况的影响。结果表明，中空纤维膜在溶剂作用下发生溶胀后其膜厚度和内径并未发生明显的变化，而中容纤维膜的长度会因此增大。由于溶胀的影响，造成中空纤维膜器壳程溶剂的流动偏离柱塞流模型，从而使计算值与实测值有一定偏差。     

中空纤维膜研究进展

介绍了中空纤维膜的历史沿革、性能、类型和生产工艺。列举出 11类中空纤维膜用材料并概述了中空纤维膜的应用情况。     

中空纤维封闭液膜用于乳酸分离

利用中空纤维封闭液膜技术对乳酸的分离进行了研究，采用三烷基胺（７３０１）＋正辛醇＋煤油混合溶剂为萃取剂，以水作为反萃剂，在聚砜中空纤维膜器中进行实验。研究结果表明，在中空纤维封闭液膜技术分离乳酸中，总传质阻力与料液相流速和反萃相流速的１／３次方均呈反比关系。实验研究了鼓泡技术对强化质的影响，在中空纤维膜器壳程中鼓入空气有利于提高传质系数。实验中还讨论了反萃液温度对过程的影响，传质阻力随着操作温度的     

中空纤维膜氢回收系统在制氢装置的应用

简述了中空纤维膜分离原理、开车步骤，分析了中空纤维膜氢回收系统标定数据，指出存在的问题，并进一步对比分析了加氢干气直接作为制氢原料和用中空纤维膜氢回收系统的非渗透气作为制氢原料的优缺点．     

浸没式中空膜纤维尺寸的优化模拟

外形尺寸优化是对浸没式中空膜纤维污染控制的重要方面.中空膜纤维轴向上"点通量"分布的不均匀是促进膜污染发展的诱因.以轴向通量分布系数Df为目标函数,通过建立单根浸没式中空纤维的过滤模型,对双端出水的中空膜纤维的外形尺寸进行了优化,数值模拟结果表明:膜纤维内径和长度对轴向通量分布影响最大.针对外径为1.1mm的某定型中空膜纤维,当Df控制在1%～3%,纤维内径为0.6～0.8mm时,相应的最佳膜纤维长度范围为0.66～2.06m.     

微孔中空纤维膜透气系数及微孔孔径的测定

本文用自制简易透气仪测定中空纤维膜的透气系数和微孔孔径,并与压汞法孔径相比较,结果表明,本法数据基本可靠,重现性良好,可定量地表征中空纤堆膜的结构性质,便利、及时,对中空纤维膜的研究有一定指导意义。     

荷电聚砜中空纤维超滤膜的研究

以氯甲基化聚砜为原料，二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂，聚乙二醇为添加剂，研究了膜液组成和纺丝条件对膜性能的影响，选择适当的膜液组成和纺丝条件，可制得截留分子量为６万以上的中空纤维超滤膜，其截留率可达９０％以上，用ＣＭＰＳ中空纤维膜经三甲胺水溶液处理后，可制得季铵化聚砜中空纤维荷正电超滤膜。     

聚合物中空纤维膜材料的研究进展

介绍了3种制备聚合物中空纤维膜的方法,并根据中空纤维膜最终的用途,分别介绍和总结了用于水处理与血液净化的中空纤维膜材料的研究进展.其中,重点介绍了为解决水处理用膜的强度低、寿命短、易受污染等问题,为提高膜的亲水性、抗污染性、抑菌性等性能而研发的几种重要的方法,如材料共混改性、表面化学改性、表面接枝改性、表面涂覆改性等.针对不同人工器官,如人工肾血液透析器,人工肝、人工肺氧合器等的临床用途,介绍了为提高膜的生物相容性、生物模拟化等方面而开展的工作.并展望了我国发展中空纤维膜的前景.     

干湿法纺制聚砜中空纤维N2—H2分离膜（I）

采用干湿法纺丝工艺纺制了聚砜中空纤维Ｎ２－Ｈ２分离膜，研究了料液伯浓度、温度、组成及中空纤维壁厚对膜性能的影响，用电镜照片观察和分析了膜的结构并结合相转化原理地讨论。     

受污染水源水的生物处理工艺试验研究

通过预曝气增加进水DO含量，改进了生物处理装置的实际运行效果。试验采用常用的陶粒滤池工艺，安装两套相同的反应器，一套反应器采用传统的曝气方法供氧，原水直接进入反应器，另一套反应器的原水先进行纯氧预曝气，使之DO达到超饱和状态，反应器内不再进行曝气。试验结果表明，原水预先充氧达到超饱和状态后进行生物处理，原水中的DO可以满足微生物的需求，各项污染物的去除效果优于采用传统曝气方法供氧的生物处理装置。试验结果表明，开发适用于饮用水生物处理的无泡供氧装置具有现实意义。     

Rapid Elimination of Black Odor in Rivers by Oxygen Aeration

Laboratory research and engineering applications demonstrated that oxygen aeration can rapidly increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the water of severely polluted rivers.This method was capable of eliminating the odorous substances from black odorous water and reducing the color shade of water,but could not remove the NH3-N,COD,TP or other common pollutants.Therefore,oxygen aeration can be implemented to rapidly eliminate black odorous from rivers,lakes and reservoirs,but cannot be used as a permanent method for treating pollution of rivers.     

Improving wastewater mixing and oxygenation efficiency with solar-powered circulation

Electrical grid-powered aeration is used in most pond-based systems and equalization basins at activated sludge wastewater treatment plants to provide the mixing and oxygenation that enables bacteria to digest organic-matter. Oxygen also is needed in the near-surface water of all ponds and basins to provide an “odor cap” by oxidizing malodorous sulfur compounds, preventing their release to air. Much more aeration typically is needed to mix than oxygenate the wastewater. This imbalance causes an operational inefficiency in that grid-power is used to supply more oxygen than needed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that the use of solar-powered circulation (SPC) technology reduces the need to aerate, operational costs, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with electrical power generation. However, the Agency did not quantify electrical, water quality, or other parameters. The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services directed a 3-site study to quantify the ability of SPC to replace some or all aeration while maintaining good effluent water quality. Water quantity and quality, odor event, and kilowatt-hour consumption and expenditure data were collected 1 year prior to, and 2 years during, SPC treatment at pond-based treatment plants in Pittsfield and Exeter, and at the activated sludge treatment plant in Rochester. Final effluent water quality was maintained, no effluent violations or odor events occurred, and sludge buildup was minimal during the SPC study period. Electricity usage and costs declined by about 38% in Pittsfield and Exeter, and by about 87% in Rochester, resulting in carbon dioxide emission reductions of 273,161, 918,183, and 1,082,509 kg, respectively. Payback periods ranged from 1.9 to 3.7 years. SPC improved operational efficiency at the plants by reducing grid-power consumption while operational objectives were met. The 25-year expected lifetime of SPC units with minimal maintenance requirements indicated long-term reductions in operational expenses and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Analysis of hot water pipeline system leakage

An analysis of the catastrophic corrosion of the hot water pipeline system was made. The cause was oxygen, dissolved in water due to the malfunctioning of the degassing device in the water preparation phase. Because of differential aeration, cathodic and anodic areas formed underneath the oxide deposit on the bottom side of the pipeline. The consequence of the thus activated pitting corrosion was pipeline perforation. It is imperative to regularly test the water for dissolved oxygen and monitor its pH value.     

污水池水压及水封爆破拆除

利用控制爆破拆除了大型污水沉淀池和曝气池。根据池底和池壁的钢筋混凝土厚度,池底采用炮泥和水混合封填的水封爆破,池壁采取了水压爆破。从爆后的效果看,池底的双层双向钢筋已与混凝土完全脱离,池壁爆破后钢筋已基本完全暴露,加以机械配合就可彻底拆除。利用这种爆破方法很好地解决了拆除钢筋混凝土结构中的飞石问题,节约施工成本,加快了工程进度,取得了理想的爆破效果。     

污水池水压及水封爆破拆除

利用控制爆破拆除了大型污水沉淀池和曝气池。根据池底和池壁的钢筋混凝土厚度,池底采用炮泥和水混合封填的水封爆破,池壁采取了水压爆破。从爆后的效果看,池底的双层双向钢筋已与混凝土完全脱离,池壁爆破后钢筋已基本完全暴露,加以机械配合就可彻底拆除。利用这种爆破方法很好地解决了拆除钢筋混凝土结构中的飞石问题,节约施工成本,加快了工程进度,取得了理想的爆破效果。     

Review on modelling of corrosion under droplet electrolyte for predicting atmospheric corrosion rate

Atmospheric corrosion of metals is the most common type of corrosion which has a significant impact on the environment and operational safety in various situations of everyday life.Some of the common examples can be observed in land,water and air transportation systems,electronic circuit boards,urban and offshore infrastructures.The dew drops formed on metal surface due to condensation of atmospheric moisture facilitates corrosion as an electrolyte.The corrosion mechanisms under these droplets are different from classically known bulk electrolyte corrosion.Due to thin and non-uniform geometric thickness of the droplet electrolyte,the atmospheric oxygen requires a shorter diffusion path to reach the metal surface.The corrosion under a droplet is driven by the depletion of oxygen in the center of the droplet compared to the edge,known as differential aeration.In case of a larger droplet,differential aeration leads to preferential cathodic activity at the edge and is controlled by the droplet geometry.Whereas,for a smaller droplet,the oxygen concentration remains uniform and hence cathodic activity is not controlled by droplet geometry.The geometry of condensed droplets varies dynamically with changing environmental parameters,influencing corrosion mechanisms as the droplets evolve in size.In this review,various modelling approaches used to simulate the corrosion under droplet electrolytes are presented.In the efforts of developing a comprehensive model to estimate corrosion rates,it has been noted from this review that the influence of geometric evolution of the droplet due to condensation/evaporation processes on corrosion mechanisms are yet to be modelled.Dynamically varying external factors like environmental temperature,relative humidity,presence of hygroscopic salts and pollutants influence the evolution of droplet electrolyte,making it a complex phenomenon to investigate.Therefore,an overview of available dropwise condensation and evaporation models which describes the formation and the evolution of droplet geometry are also presented from an atmo s pheric corrosion viewpoint.     

Noninvasive method for monitoring ethanol in fermentation processes using fiber-optic near-infrared spectroscopy

Short-wavelength near-infrared (SW-near-IR) spectroscopy (700-1100 nm) is used for the determination of ethanol during the time course of a fermentation. Measurements are performed noninvasively by means of a photodiode array spectrometer equipped with a fiber-optic probe placed on the outside of the glass-wall fermentation vessel. Pure ethanol/water and ethanol/yeast/water mixtures are studied to establish the spectral features that characterize ethanol and to show that determination of ethanol is independent of the yeast concentration. Analysis of the second-derivative data is accomplished with multilinear regression (MLR). The standard error of prediction (SEP) of ethanol in ethanol/water solutions is approximately 0.2% over a range of 0-15%; the SEP of ethanol in ethanol/yeast/water solutions is 0.27% (w/w). Results from the mixture experiments are then applied to actual yeast fermentations of glucose to ethanol. By use of a gas chromatographic method for validation, a good correlation is found between the intensity of backscattered light at 905 nm and the actual ethanol. Additional experiments show that a calibration model created for one fermentation can be used to predict ethanol production during the time course of others with a prediction error of 0.4%.     

Estimating the electrochemical reactivity of pyrite ores-their impact on pulp chemistry and chalcopyrite flotation behaviour

Prudent control of ore pulp chemistry via parameters such as redox potential (Eh), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH, can markedly improve the flotation recovery, grade and selectivity of sulphide minerals. In this paper, the electrochemical reactivities of two pyrite minerals and their impact on chalcopyrite flotation are investigated using oxygen demand test and froth flotation. Changes in the surface chemistry/speciation are also investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EDTA extraction technique. The oxygen demand test shows that the different pyrite ores display significantly different electrochemical reactivity. Furthermore, continuous aeration of the pulp reduces the reactivity of the pyrite ores. Solution and surface analysis results suggest the formation of hydroxide surface coatings on the pyrite surface as aeration progresses, preventing or minimising further oxidative reactions from taking place in the pulp. Flotation results showed that the flotation response of chalcopyrite is influenced by the pulp DO/Eh, and therefore the type and reactivity of the pyrite associated with it.     

影响一体式平板膜生物反应器临界通量的因素

利用阶梯式通量递增法测定了一体式平板膜-生物反应器中的临界通量,对不同操作条件下测定值的差异进行了考察.通过正交试验设计,研究了曝气强度、污泥浓度(MLSS)和滤液COD(SCOD)三个因素分别在0.8,1.2,1.5 m3/h;10,20,30 g/L和50,100和150 mg/L水平下对临界通量测得值的影响.研究发现,污泥浓度和SCOD均对临界通量测得值呈负影响作用,而曝气强度则起正作用.随着污泥浓度和SCOD的增大,临界通量测得值是逐步减小的;而曝气强度的增大在一定程度上可以提高临界通量值.其中,临界通量测定值受SCOD的影响最大,MLSS次之,曝气强度最小.