数字图像重建的迭代算法研究及仿真

以不完全投影数据的高分辨率CT重建算法为研究对象，以最大限度地再现重建目标为目的，寻找、设计出与之相适应的算法。介绍了代数重建法，并用代数重建法从探测器数目不完全和角度幅数不完全两个方面进行了重建仿真，并分析了重建结果。     

基于差分吸收光谱技术的大气痕量气体重建算法

针对在一些不能获取大量投影数据或者投影分布不均匀的实际情况下,重建大气痕量气体的二维空间分布问题,采用代数迭代重建算法(ART)和同步迭代重建算法(SIRT)2种重建算法对其进行重建。通过数值模拟的方式对2种重建算法的重建效果进行了比较研究,并建立了多轴差分吸收光谱层析系统,进行了外场试验。通过计算机模拟和外场实验研究,从成像效果中可以看出,2种迭代算法均能在数据不完善的情况下,精确地重建出大气痕量气体的二维空间分布;在不同的模型及评价指标下,通过对2种重建算法的重建误差的比较,可以发现SIRT算法的重建误差要小于ART算法的重建误差,尤其在测量数据波动比较大、受干扰的情况下。     

ART算法中关于松弛因子的研究

工业CT技术是目前最常用的一种先进无损检测手段。其中最常用的图像重建算法是代数重建法(ART),它重建图像的质量和时间受到许多因素的影响。在重建图像时加入松弛因子可以加快算法的收敛速度,并且还能有效克服迭代过程中的椒盐噪声。利用计算机仿真实验对比分析了松弛因子在不同投影数下的重建质量,结果表明,在不同的情况下选择适当的松弛因子,可以大大地改善重建图像的质量。     

管壁长弦投影数据截断问题的迭代重建算法

计算机断层成像(CT)可用于管状物的无损检测.当管壁较厚而射线能量较低时,会产生管壁长弦投影数据截断问题.联合代数重建算法(SART)易于处理投影数据截断问题,但是该方法用于管壁长弦投影数据截断问题后,其重建结果仍存在灰度渐变的伪影.为了提高重建图像的质量,将基于Chan-Vese (C-V)活动轮廓模型的重建图像分段常数化修正引入到SART算法中,得到了带分段常数化修正的SART重建算法(PCC-SART).实验结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、精度高、稳定性好.     

应用投影收缩的压缩感知锥束CT短扫描重建

由于锥束CT成像系统在短扫描方式下无法获得完全投影数据,从而限制了图像重建的质量,本文提出了一种基于投影收缩的压缩感知锥束CT短扫描重建算法。考虑BB(Barzilai-Borwen)梯度投影算法的非单调收敛,分析了投影收缩法的预测校正特性,并将校正过程引入到压缩感知图像重建算法中。结合目标函数下降方向和凸集投影下降方向,校正BB梯度投影算法,改善BB梯度投影算法的非单调特性。应用该算法对模拟投影数据和仿体扫描数据分别进行了重建试验。模拟试验结果表明,在25个采样角度下,用提出算法重建图像的信噪比值比自适应最速下降-凸集投影算法、投影收缩算法和BB梯度投影算法的重建结果分别高出9.487 0、9.802 7、3.615 9dB。仿真试验结果表明:在少量投影角度下该算法重建结果有效抑制了条状伪影,清晰重建出边缘细节,极大提高了少量投影数据重建图像的质量。     

流场超声层析成像中图像的迭代滤波反投影重建

为提高流场超声层析成像的图像重建质量,提出了一种迭代滤波反投影图像重建算法。该算法借鉴联合迭代重建算法的原理,将滤波反投影算法引入迭代重建过程。首先,利用滤波反投影算法,通过投影数据残差重建误差图像对流场图像进行修正,实现图像的迭代重建。然后,通过优化迭代步长,使每步迭代后投影数据残差均取得极小值以便加快收敛速度。最后,基于流场连续、紧支撑分布的特点,在迭代重建过程中引入投影数据的细分内插和流场图像的圆域修正。实验表明:相比于滤波反投影算法,迭代滤波反投影算法可使理论流场重建的图像误差平均减少26%,流量误差由1.77%减小至±0.25%以内;程序运行时间为0.63s,仅为联合迭代重建算法的0.89%。该算法可实现对直管段内和单弯管下游实际流场的可靠重建,满足流场高精度实时成像的要求。     

ART算法中几种加权因子模型的研究

ART(algebraic reconstruction technique)算法是一种适合于投影数据采集量比较少的情况的图像重建算法。利用其进行图像重建时的主要工作是计算加权因子,该计算方法严重影响图像重建的重建质量和重建速度。讨论、研究并仿真了加权因子的三种计算模型,经比较分析最后得出了一种最优的重建模型。     

锥束ART算法快速图像重建

针对锥束ART算法重建速度慢的问题,提出了一种基于投影的三维射线与体素的快速遍历和求交算法.该算法将三维射线投影到两个互相垂直的平面上,通过计算投影线与投影平面的相交情况来确定三维射线穿过体素的索引及长度.利用该算法在图像重建过程中实时计算权因子,不仅节省了大量的内存空间,而且提高了投影和反投影运算的速度.基于该算法的特点,在重建过程中采用了一种按列优先的策略,减少了不必要的计算,大大提高了重建速度.仿真实验表明,该算法非常有效,与传统的Siddon算法相比取得了17倍以上的重建加速比.     

应用变权全变分重建抑制CT金属伪影

提出一种基于变权全变分(RWTV)迭代重建的金属伪影校正算法以抑制CT系统重建图像中出现的金属伪影。该算法应用自定义的权值函数对全变分模型做加权惩罚,生成权值全变分模型;通过交替解权值全变分最小化过程和更新权值步骤实现变权全变分重建算法。应用该算法对数值模型和临床图像前向投影生成的投影数据分别进行了重建实验。数值模型实验结果表明:在60个采样角度下,用提出算法重建的图像具有最高的空间分辨率特性;且信噪比值较平滑插值金属伪影校正算法、全变分约束最优化算法的重建结果分别高出17.523 6和7.145 2dB。临床数据实验结果表明:该算法重建结果有效抑制了CT金属伪影,清晰重建出颅骨内的细节解剖结构,极大提高了重建图像的质量。     

基于Delaunay三角剖分的多相流射线层析成像

为提高多相流CT系统重建图像质量,提出基于Delaunay三角剖分的射线层析成像方法.根据模型构造点集,对管道截面进行多尺度Delaunay三角剖分,根据三角形重心在探测阵列上的投影到其最近探测阵列元的归一化距离,确定各剖分单元的投影系数,并采用不同的重建算法进行图像重建.仿真与实验结果表明,该方法可利用少量投影数据重建图像,改善了工业多相流检测中投影数据不完整造成的图像失真;与均匀剖分相比,多尺度剖分明显改进了图像精度和实时性.     

Data fusion in dual-mode tomography for imaging oil–gas two-phase flow

Process tomography (PT) techniques have been developed rapidly for visualizing the internal behavior of industrial processes, e.g. multi-phase flow measurement. Most of tomography systems employ a single measurement technique, such as computerized tomography (CT), optical tomography (OT), electrical resistance tomography (ERT) or electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). It is now possible to fit two or more tomographic systems to an industrial process. Detailed information from different modalities can be gained by inspection of separate tomographs, and the advantage of the strongest features provided by each unit can be taken. A combined tomogram can be produced of superior quality to any of the separate tomograms. To maximize the information available from the combined tomographic system, data fusion is the better option. In this paper, a dual-mode tomography system based on capacitance sensor and gamma sensor was developed to capture oil–gas two-phase flow. The two modalities can work at the same time. Two fusion methods, namely image fusion method and data fusion method, are proposed. Both simulation and static experiments for oil–gas two-phase flow were conducted. The reconstruction results of different fusion methods and modalities were compared and discussed.     

ITS Reconstruction Tool-Suite: An inverse algorithm package for industrial process tomography

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) are two established process tomography techniques that can be applied into various indsutries. ERT can monitor the electrical conductivity changes in the process whereas ECT can detect the electrical dielectric materials. Due to their high-speed and low cost features, they are particularly attractive to industrial applications which require real time conditional monitoring. For the past decades, 2D linear back projection (LBP) has been the standard technique for both commercialised ERT and ECT systems because of its simplicity and fast reconstruction speed. In this paper, ITS Plc has released a 'Reconstruction Tool-Suite' software that allows industrial users to utilise different reconstruction algorithms to further understand their processes. Different algorithms are integrated into this software package including the single step Tikhonov method and the iterative Landweber method. In the latest version of the software, the full-field 3D tomography reconstruction scheme is also included, which allows the users to perform 3D reconstruction for their processes. A series of experiments are conducted to validate the pros and cons of different methods.     

A least squares support vector regression coupled linear reconstruction algorithm for ECT

Linearization error of the simplified linear electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) model is one of the leading causes of ECT reconstruction errors. In this paper, the least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) is used to fit the correlation between the capacitance vector and the linearization error. And it is trained by the training samples of typical phase distributions. When removing the linearization error from equations derived by the linear model, the reconstruction problem becomes an exact linear inverse problem because the nonlinearity of ECT is completely included in the linearization error. Then a reconstruction algorithm combining the LSSVR and the Landweber iteration is proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly better reconstruction accuracies than the linear back projection and the Landweber algorithm for both the noise-free and noisy cases. Compared with the Landweber algorithm, The image errors of the reconstructions are reduced by about 23%–68%, and the correlation coefficient increased by about 0.04–0.14. And the calculation time of the proposed algorithm for all the tested cases is about 0.4–0.6s, which makes it have the potential for real-time imaging. Static experimental results show that the reconstructions of the proposed algorithm have more accurate phase boundary shapes and fewer artifacts.     

电容层析成像系统中径向电极的研究

由于电容层析成像系统中电容测量非常困难,常采用在相邻电极间嵌入径向电极的方法来改善电容敏感场的分布.文中对8电极电容层析成像系统进行了具体的仿真实验和理论分析,并对径向电极及其嵌入尺寸对电容传感器的电容值及敏感场分布的影响进行了研究,根据各项参数对电容传感器性能的影响以及传感器结构参数的优化目标函数,确定了径向电极的最优嵌入尺寸.实验结果表明:采用径向电极最优嵌入尺寸的电容层析成像系统,能够缩小测量电容值的动态变化范围,降低数据采集电路的设计难度,同时还能够提高电容响应的灵敏度,改善电容传感器敏感场的分布,提高电容层析成像系统的性能.     

Adaptive filtering techniques for velocity estimation of tomographic electric capacitance signals of two-phase gas/oil flows

The development of adaptive real-time flow velocity estimation algorithms for two-phase flows can contribute to monitoring the pipelines of various complex processes, such as energy, chemical, petroleum and nuclear industries. Among the different non-invasive tomography techniques, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is gaining increasing attention for its potential use in real-time imaging and characterization of multiphase flow systems. The nature of ECT signals for two-phase flows can significantly degrade the velocity estimation process with cross-correlation approaches. We address the unique challenges of such signals and propose a preprocessing technique to improve the performance and robustness of the velocity estimation algorithm. Two adaptive filters are used to estimate the velocity of a two-phase type flow. A least mean square (LMS) and a fast block LMS (FBLMS) are used to model the time delay between the two signals captured by the twin sensor (ECT). Performance of the proposed technique is assessed by applying it to ECT data obtained from an experimental flow rig. The computed estimates are then compared with the calculated velocity from tracking motion of bubbles captured by a high speed camera monitoring the two phase flow in the pipe. Results show that the proposed technique provides consistent results across various flow patterns, and is advantageous compared to cross-correlation based techniques, specially for chaotic flow conditions. Furthermore, the proposed estimation algorithms can be applied to other electric based tomographic techniques.     

Role of tomography in gas/solids flow measurement

Gas/solids flow measurement presents many challenges to academics and engineers. Although this subject has been investigated for many years, it still remains a notorious task. The main difficulty is that all existing multi-phase flow meters are flow-regime-dependent and suffer from severe non-linearity problems. Industrial process tomography is based on measuring a subject, such as a gas/solids flow, from many different viewing angles and reconstructing cross-sectional distributions, i.e. tomographic images. From the images the flow regime can be identified, the solids fraction and velocity profiles be derived, and the volumetric flow rate be measured. This paper discusses these possibilities, in particular with electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Some new results are presented.     

阻抗断层成象系统的研究

描述了一阻抗断层成象系统。该系统用安装在有机玻璃筒壁上的３２只电极来注入电流和测量在边界是的电压分布。提出的一种快速成象算法利用所测到的一组电压值来重建筒内物体的断层阻抗分布图象。与其它成象方法相比，阻抗断层成象有着高速、简单、可靠的优点，适合于一些工业过程的动态监控与测量。     

基于加权SVD截断共轭梯度的ECT图像重建算法

针对电容层析成像技术中的“软场”效应和病态问题,基于灵敏度矩阵的奇异值分解理论,提出了一种加权SVD截断共轭梯度的ECT图像重建算法,给出了算法的数学模型,完成了算法的收敛性分析和证明,并将其应用在电容层析成像系统的图像重建中。仿真和实验结果表明,同LBP算法和CG算法相比,该算法有成像效果好,成像速度快,易于实现等特点。     

12电极电容层析成像系统的设计

电容层析成像技术(ECT)是基于电容敏感原理的过程层析成像技术(PT).它可进行多相流的相浓度、流型、流量等参数的在线测量,是目前最具发展前景的多相流参数检测方法.本文以12电极电容层析成像系统为研究对象.主要介绍一种基于交流激励型的电容层析成像的C/V转换电路,并分析了该电路的工作原理.该电路能抑制杂散电容的干扰,能...     

基于CAV424的电容式压力传感器测量电路设计

随着差动式硅电容传感器广泛应用于各行各业中,对差动电容信号的检测至关重要.文中提出基于CAV424电容检测芯片作为前置检测单元,实现了电容压力传感器测量电路.该电路具有稳定性好,抗干扰性强,且通过非线性补偿有良好的线性.实验结果表明,实际电路与理论分析具有良好的一致性.