基于网点形状的半色调信息组合防伪算法

研究基于不同网点形状的半色调信息组合防伪算法,获取能实现最佳防伪效果的网点形状组合。将圆形、方形、菱形网点两两组合形成6种结合方案;对防伪信息部分作二值化处理,提供调制信号作为加网过程中网点选择的依据,获取带有隐藏信息的半色调图像;利用模板匹配法生成网点匹配模板,提取防伪信息并进行主客观评价。研究结果表明,圆形-菱形网点组合生成的半色调图像与原图更为接近,且其防伪信息的隐蔽性好,提取的防伪信息与原信息的结构相似度较高。网点形状组合的择优选取保障了图像信息的准确再现,并提高了防伪性能。     

图像半色调化算法研究综述

半色调化算法是图像打印输出的关键技术之一。介绍了简单阈值比较算法、使用随机数的半色调化算法、误差扩散算法、点扩散算法、按序抖动算法和抖动算法等一系列半色调化算法,并揭示了这些算法之间的联系。为了高效率地对图像做半色调化操作,商用光栅图像处理器一般使用抖动算法。抖动算法生成的半色调化图像的质量取决于所采用的抖动矩阵。基于几何分割设计半色调化抖动矩阵的方法可以在满足堆栈限制的前提下优化半色调化图像的质量。使用随机数的半色调化算法可以消除图像半色调化中产生的莫尔纹。随机半色调化算法的基础是将一定数量的随机点均匀地分布到一个正方形区域中。Asano提出了随机点均匀分布问题等价于圆形装填问题的命题,本文对该命题给出了初步的证明。最后,给出了一些有待进一步研究的图像半色调化课题。     

均衡集束网点密度的伪随机混合抖动半色调化算法的研究

该研究发现,基于现有混合加网算法的阳集束网点和阴集束网点密度的比例大致是1;2,而这样悬殊的比例将制约集束网点密度的提高.现有混合加网算法通过一个平面的几何划分形成集柬网点.文中通过欧拉公式推导出了两个关于平面几何划分性质的定理.根据定理2提出的优化算法可以生成集束网点密度均衡的混合半色调化抖动矩阵.文中实验中用优化算法得到的半色调化抖动矩阵的阴阳集束网点的比例由优化前的0.502195提高到0.903919.     

打印机光谱特性化方法研究综述

目的 打印输出技术是目前国内外图像复制领域的主流技术。打印机特征化旨在建立打印机输入控制值与输出色彩信息值之间的对应关系,保证打印输出图像各像素色彩值的准确性。基于可见光谱的打印机特性化过程,以图像光谱信息作为打印机特性化过程中的色彩控制依据,可避免基于色度的打印输出过程所固有的同色异谱问题,实现图像色彩复制领域最高级别的无条件颜色匹配。在广泛文献调研的基础上,本文回顾了打印机光谱特性化方法各部分研究的发展历程,分析介绍了该领域主要研究内容及其研究现状,对打印机光谱特性化方法流程进行了较为全面的综述。方法 以Yule-Nielsen修正的光谱Neugebauer模型（YNSN模型）为典型代表,从打印机墨量限制方法、正向光谱预测模型、反向光谱分色模型以及色彩匹配评价度量4个方面,对目前基于可见光谱的打印机特性化方法研究情况进行了总结与归纳,并结合现有研究存在的问题对未来研究发展趋势进行了展望。结果 综合近几年该领域研究发展情况,认为目前打印机光谱特性化方法研究在墨量限制算法合理性、正反向建模精度等方面已经取得了较为理想的结果。然而,尽管已有20多年的广泛研究,鉴于光谱数据的高维性以及具体应用场景的多样性,导致准确而高效的实现光谱打印机特性化仍然是一个极具难度的问题,特别在建模效率提高、模型适用性增强、模型物理意义提升以及评价度量综合性能优化等方面,目前研究仍存在较大的研究发展空间。结论 打印机光谱特性化是实现图像色彩信息高保真打印复制的必要手段,其今后将继续在图像复制领域起到非常关键作用。然而,由于基于光谱的打印机特性化过程涉及光谱学及色度学理论、半色调呈色理论、最优化计算理论、人眼视觉机理、数字加网技术等多种理论与技术,故其研究具有一定的难度与挑战性。本文对打印机光谱特性化方法研究现状进行了较为深入的介绍与分析,意在使国内同行对该领域有一个较为全面的了解,以期引起更多研究者对该领域的关注。由于篇幅所限,许多问题未及深究。     

半色调图像的质量评价研究

数字半色调技术是图像再现系统的核心,其算法的优劣直接影响到再现图像的视觉质量。对两类典型的数字半色调图像质量评价方法进行了简要介绍。基于Visual C#编程语言建立了数字半色调算法实验平台,并根据所得图像质量参数对各算法在再现图像的质量、运行时间等方面进行比较和分析。     

半色调可视加密算法的综合评价算法

已有半色调可视加密(HVC)算法的评价普遍采用正确解码率(CDR)或比特错误率(BER),未考虑信息隐藏对载体图像造成的干扰。提出一种半色调可视加密算法的综合评价算法,综合考虑信息隐藏对载体图像造成的干扰和提取秘密图像的错误率,选择平均每像素干扰值(ADPP)衡量信息隐藏对载体图像造成的干扰,为保证ADPP和BER数据范围的一致性,采用秘密图像结合隐藏阈值T计算最大平均干扰值(MAD),将ADPP和BER结合MAD和系数λ综合计算,得到半色调可视加密算法的综合干扰值(IDHVC)。该算法与已有综合评价算法相比,在运算量方面具有明显优势。通过实验验证,该算法可应用于灰度和彩色半色调可视加密算法的综合评价。     

用于半色调图像的一种层次增强方法

半色调图像的层次分辨率是衡量半色调图像生成算法的一个重要指标。在高质量图像硬拷贝设备上,其产生的半色调图像的层次分辨率必须达到较高的水平,才能保证图像复制的质量。文中提出了一个基于线性像素置换理论的阈值矩阵抖动方法,该方法把一维线性像素置换扩展到了二维的情形,并使其作用于阈值矩阵的生成。这个方法能在提高阈值矩阵的层次分辨率的同时,有效地避免附带产生的斑纹效应。通过计算机模拟显示和硬拷贝设备的实际输出试验,证明了此方法的有效性。     

自适应噪声调制多级误差扩散算法

针对多级半色调技术输出结果存在轮廓效应以及人工结构的问题,提出一种自适应噪声调制多级误差扩散半色调算法.首先利用加权均方误差约束求取噪声调制器的各项系数,并将噪声调制器插入至误差扩散法中的量化过程内;然后通过遗传算法,结合蓝噪声原理获取噪声调制后的最优自适应误差过滤器;最后利用所得的自适应误差过滤器完成量化误差滤波,输出半色调结果图像.实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地减少半色调输出结果中的轮廓效应和人工结构,并且具有较高的信噪比.     

基于最小二乘法模型半色调的印刷图像质量检测

从微观角度分析半色调图像印刷中将计算机的图像像素信息转换到印刷中的网点图像信息的过程,通过最小二乘法模型半色调对图像质量进行检测,可以得到客观的图像质量和颜色视觉效果.     

一种基于像素交换的半色调图像水印算法

在彩色图像中隐藏信息是一种防伪措施,它能够在一定程度上准确鉴别印刷品的真伪,并不易被复制或仿制。提出了一种半色调图像水印算法,该算法将彩色图像先进行分通道处理,利用误差扩散算法将单通道图像二值化后,通过像素交换方法将水印图像嵌入到半色调图像中。实验结果证明,本算法能有效地嵌入到半色调图像中,而且提取的水印信息清晰,在受到旋转、裁剪等攻击后仍然能有效提取,可用于包装印刷品的安全。     

A New Model-Based Digital Halftoning and Data Hiding Designed With LMS Optimization

This work employs the well known least-mean-square (LMS) method to design an adaptive filter to produce high-quality halftone images. The filter can be regarded as a transformation medium between original gray level images and corresponding halftone images. Experimental results indicate that the proposed LMS-designed halftoning offers the extra benefit of edge enhancement. Since a halftone image is typically used in printing, a modified printer model, which can coordinate with the proposed LMS-designed halftoning, is proposed to eliminate the harm caused by the dot-gain effect in printing. Moreover, two data hiding applications, the direct embedding LMS-designed halftone technique (DELDH) and the information sharing LMS-designed halftone technique (ISLDH), are proposed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed LMS-designed halftoning. The experimental results show that, both techniques can be used with the proposed modified printer model to achieve excellent image quality and decoded visual patterns     

Digital halftoning by iterative isotropic error feedback

An error diffusion scheme for digital halftoning is proposed. The scheme is an iterative and isotropic error feedback process. Also, to compensate for the nonlinear tone reproduction by laser printers due to ink drop overlaps, we incorporate Pappas-Neuhoff's simplified printer model into the new error diffusion scheme. It appears that the proposed halftoning technique enhances the perceived tone continuity of halftone hard copies, and it alleviates the objectionable structured halftone textures of some existing methods. In addition, a mechanism is suggested to preview a halftone print on a gray-level CRT monitor. The user can interactively set the desired brightness of the halftone print and balance image contrast and tone continuity, which are two mutually exclusive subjective criteria for halftone reproduction.     

Relating halftone dot quality to paper surface topography

Most printed material is produced by printing halftone dot patterns. One of the key issues that determine the attainable print quality is the structure of the paper surface, but the relation is non-deterministic in nature. We examine the halftone print quality and study the statistical dependence between the defects in printed dots and the topography measurement of the unprinted paper. The work concerns SC paper samples printed by an IGT gravure test printer. We have small-scale 2D measurements of the unprinted paper surface topography and the reflectance of the print result. The measurements before and after printing are aligned with subpixel resolution, and individual printed dots are detected. First, the quality of the printed dots is studied using Self Organizing Map and clustering and the properties of the corresponding areas in the unprinted topography are examined. The printed dots are divided into high and low print quality. Features from the unprinted paper surface topography are then used to classify the corresponding paper areas using Support Vector Machine classification. The results show that the topography of the paper can explain some of the print defects. However, there are many other factors that affect the print quality, and the topography alone is not adequate to predict the print quality.     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Neural Networks Based Colour Measuring for Process Monitoring and Control in Multicoloured Newspaper Printing

This paper presents a neural networks based method and a system for colour measurements on printed halftone multicoloured pictures and halftone multi-coloured bars in newspapers. The measured values, called a colour vector, are used by the operator controlling the printing process to make appropriate ink feed adjustments to compensate for colour deviations of the picture being measured from the desired print. By the colour vector concept, we mean the CMY or CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) vector, which lives in the three- or four-dimensional space of printing inks. Two factors contribute to values of the vector components, namely the percentage of the area covered by cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks (tonal values) and ink densities. Values of the colour vector components increase if tonal values or ink densities rise, and vice versa. If some reference values of the colour vector components are set from a desired print, then after an appropriate calibration, the colour vector measured on an actual halftone multicoloured area directly shows how much the operator needs to raise or lower the cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink densities to compensate for colour deviation from the desired print. The 18 months experience of the use of the system in the printing shop witnesses its usefulness through the improved quality of multicoloured pictures, the reduced consumption of inks and, therefore, less severe problems of smearing and printing through.     

Color laser printer forensic based on noisy feature and support vector machine classifier

Digital forensics in the ubiquitous era can enhance and protect the reliability of multimedia content where this content is accessed, manipulated, and distributed using high quality computer devices. Color laser printer forensics is a kind of digital forensics which identifies the printing source of color printed materials such as fine arts, money, and document and helps to catch a criminal. This paper present a new color laser printer forensic algorithm based on noisy texture analysis and support vector machine classifier that can detect which color laser printer was used to print the unknown images. Since each printer vender uses their own printing process, printed documents from different venders have a little invisible difference looks like noise. In our identification scheme, the invisible noises are estimated with the wiener-filter and the 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) filter. Then, a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is calculated to analyze the texture of the noise. From the GLCM, 384 statistical features are extracted and applied to train and test the support vector machine classifier for identifying the color laser printers. In the experiment, a total of 4,800 images from 8 color laser printer models were used, where half of the image is for training and the other half is for classification. Results prove that the presented algorithm performs well by achieving 99.3%, 97.4% and 88.7% accuracy for the brand, toner and model identification respectively.     

Document Image Processing for Paper Side Communications

This paper proposes the use of higher order statistical moments in document image processing to improve the performance of systems which transmit side information through the print and scan channel. Examples of such systems are multilevel 2-D bar codes and certification via text luminance modulation. These systems print symbols with different luminances, according to the target side information. In previous works, the detection of a received symbol is usually performed by evaluating the average luminance or spectral characteristics of the received signal. This paper points out that, whenever halftoning algorithms are used in the printing process, detection can be improved by observing that third and fourth order statistical moments of the transmitted symbol also change, depending on the luminance level. This work provides a thorough analysis for those moments used as detection metrics. A print and scan channel model is exploited to derive the relationship between the modulated luminance level and the higher order moments of a halftone image. This work employs a strategy to merge the different moments into a single metric to achieve a reduced detection error rate. A transmission protocol for printed documents is proposed which takes advantage of the resulting higher robustness achieved with the combined detection metrics. The applicability of the introduced document image analysis approach is validated by comprehensive computer simulations.      

基于Delphi的精确定位套打设计与实现

基于文本的套打方式以字符为计量单位,定位精度不高;而基于打印控制码的方式面向打印设备,编码繁琐且兼容差.Canvas提供了一个独立于设备的绘制图形对象的画布,通过将文本信息转化为图形对象输出,可实现更为精确的套打且兼容性强.描述了Delphi的普通文本和打印机控制码套打定位方式,引出了基于Canvas的精确套打程序设计与实现的原理、方法,并就实现的主要技术和相关API函数调用进行了分析.