Performance Analysis of Subspace Based Downlink Channel Estimation for W-CDMA Systems Using Chaotic Codes

This paper presents blind channel estimation for downlink W-CDMA system that employs chaotic codes and Walsh codes for spreading information bits of the multiple users. In a W-CDMA system, while transmitting over multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) as a result of Inter Chip Interference and multiple access interference (MAI) cannot be easily eliminated. Although it is possible to design multiuser detectors that suppress MAI and ISI, these detectors often require explicit knowledge of at least the desired users’ signature waveform. Earlier work focused on a subspace based channel estimation algorithm for asynchronous CDMA systems to estimate the multiple users’ symbols, where only AWGN channel was considered. In our work, we study a similar subspace-based signature waveform estimation algorithm for downlink W-CDMA systems, which use chaotic codes instead of pseudo random codes, that provide estimates of the multiuser channel by exploiting structural information of the data output at the base station. In particular, we show that the subspace of the (data+noise) matrix contains sufficient information for unique determination of channels, and hence, the signature waveforms and signal constellation. We consider Rayleigh and Rician fading channel model to quantify the multipath channel effects. Performance measures like bit error rate and root mean square error are plotted for both chaotic codes and Walsh codes under Rayleigh and Rician fading channels.     

MUI-free receiver for a synchronous DS-CDMA system based on blockspreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading

We discuss a synchronous direct-sequence code division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system based on block spreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading. Note that block spreading, which is also known as chip interleaving, refers to a spreading of a data block sequence, which is obtained by dividing a data symbol sequence into consecutive blocks. For such a system, we develop a simple new receiver that completely removes the multiuser interference (MUI) without using any channel information. The MUI-free operation is obtained by the use of a shift-orthogonal set of code sequences on which this receiver is based. Within the framework of the MUI-free receiver, we further present a subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm. As a benchmark for the MUI-free receiver and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm, we consider the linear multiuser equalizer and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm developed by Liu and Xu (1996) for a standard synchronous DS-CDMA system in the presence of frequency-selective fading. We show that the complexity of the MUI-free receiver using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm is much smaller than the complexity of the linear multiuser equalizer using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm. We further show that the performance of the MUI-free receiver is comparable with the performance of the linear multiuser equalizer. This is for the case in which the channels are known as well as for the case in which the channels are estimated with the corresponding subspace deterministic blind channel estimation algorithm     

Performance Analysis of SEIGA in WCDMA Systems Over Weibull Fading Channels

In this letter, the performance of a Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) system modeled by a Simplified Expression for Improved Gaussian Approximation (SEIGA), is studied in the presence of a Weibull fading channel. The simulated Bit Error Rate (BER) for W-CDMA systems over Weibull fading channels is computed for the transmission of 10⁶ input bits, and is compared with the corresponding theoretical upper and lower bounds provided by the Q-function. The performance measures are compared for different channel memories.     

空时编码多载波码分多址MIMO系统下行频率选择性信道盲估计

基于子空间方法的无线信道盲估计由于其算法的固有特性,使得估计结果与实际信道之间存在一个不确定复系数,无法得到无线信道的精确估计。在利用子空间分解方法对空时编码多输入多输出MC-CDMA系统下行频率选择性信道盲估计的基础上,利用发射符号的有限码集特性,将单载波系统下的模糊复系数盲辨识方法推广到多载波多输入多输出系统,从而得到信道的精确估计。Monte-Carlo仿真表明,在信噪比较低的情况下,本方法的信道估计误差仍然较小。     

基于分形的多径衰落信道估计

该文研究了多径衰落的分形性质,提出了一种利用分形维数和小波重构来改进最小均方误差方法的新型多径衰落信道估计算法。该算法改进了衰落信道参数估计的准确度,并消除了判决方法的错误传递性。仿真结果表明该算法能较准确地估计出多径衰落信道的参数,显著提高快衰落条件下接收机的误码性能。     

Multiuser channel estimation and tracking for long-code CDMA systems

Channel estimation techniques for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems need to combat multiple access interference (MAI) effectively. Most existing estimation techniques are designed for CDMA systems with short repetitive spreading codes. However, current and next-generation wireless systems use long spreading codes whose periods are much larger than the symbol duration. We derive the maximum-likelihood channel estimate for long-code CDMA systems over multipath channels using training sequences and approximate it using an iterative algorithm to reduce the computational complexity in each symbol duration. The iterative channel estimate is also shown to be asymptotically unbiased. The effectiveness of the iterative channel estimator is demonstrated in terms of squared error in estimation as well as the bit error rate performance of a multistage detector based on the channel estimates. The effect of error in decision feedback from the multistage detector (used in the absence of training sequences) is also shown to be negligible for reasonable feedback error rates using simulations. The proposed iterative channel estimation technique is also extended to track slowly varying multipath fading channels using decision feedback. Thus, an MAI-resistant multiuser channel estimation and tracking scheme with reasonable computational complexity is derived for long-code CDMA systems over multipath fading channels.     

On channel parameter estimation in a space-time bit-interleaved-coded modulation system for multipath DS-CDMA uplink with receive diversity

In this paper, we consider iterative space-time multiuser detection and channel parameter estimation in a bit-interleaved coded modulation scheme for asynchronous direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) transmission over frequency selective, slowly fading channels. Accurate estimation of the channel parameters is critical as it has great impact on the overall BER performance. We present an iterative space-time multiuser (STMU) turbo detection and estimation scheme, based on space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithm. This algorithm operates on the coded symbols by exchanging soft information between the detector and the estimator. We show through computer simulations that the proposed low complexity STMU receiver considerably outperforms conventional estimation schemes and achieves excellent performance, both in terms of BER and estimation error variance. Finally, we will consider different mapping strategies and investigate their impact on the performance and complexity of the estimator.     

异步DS-CDMA系统盲空时信道估计及多用户检测

该文提出了适用于频率选择性瑞利衰落信道中的异步DS-CDMA系统盲空时信道估计及多用户检测算法。通过研究多径信号码空间和数据矢量空间,采用噪声子空间技术进行异步DS-CDMA系统盲空时信道参数估计,同时利用了多径传播和接收机同步失调的特性,以利于把盲线性滤波优化技术应用于稳健的干扰抑制。使用一种修改的ULV更新算法进行噪声子空间跟踪,该算法不需要相关矩阵的秩估计,直接估计噪声子空间,不进行信号子空间跟踪。并且研究了线性约束最小方差(LCMV)盲空时多用户检测及其基于Householder变换约束最小均方算法(HCLMS)的自适应实现。仿真结果验证了该文算法的有效性。     

Pilot to data channel power allocation for PCA-DS/CDMA withinterference canceler

The purpose of this letter is to examine channel power assignment for multiuser direct sequence/code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) uplinks. The channels under consideration are pilot channels and data channels. A multiuser detector is also included. The pilot channel estimates are used for multiple access interference (MAI) regeneration, as well as for data channel detection. Simulation results allowed us to pinpoint optimum pilot-to-data channel power ratios (PDRs) for the best bit error rate (BER) performance. In addition, the optimum PDRs of the receivers with the multiuser detector are high compared with those of conventional receivers without the multiuser detector. This study may prove helpful in the effort to optimize the channel power assignment for channel estimation and coherent detection of systems with the multiuser detector     

Subspace methods for blind joint channel estimation and multiuser detection in CDMA systems

Recently developed subspace techniques for blind adaptive multiuser detection are briefly reviewed first. In particular, blind methods based on signal subspace tracking for adapting linear multiuser detectors in AWGN CDMA channels are considered, as well as extensions of these techniques to frequency selective fading channels, dispersive channels, and antenna array spatial processing. In addition, subspace‐based nonlinear adaptive techniques for robust blind multiuser detection in non‐Gaussian ambient noise channels are also described. Several new techniques are then developed within the subspace framework for blind joint channel estimation and multiuser detection, under some specific channel conditions. These include (1) an adaptive receiver structure for joint multiuser detection and equalization in dispersive CDMA channels, (2) a subspace method for joint multiuser detection and equalization in unknown correlated noise, and (3) a method for joint interference suppression and channel tracking in time‐varying fading channels. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

频率选择性衰落信道中多用户OFDM系统的自适应分配算法

本文提出一种适用于多径频率选择性衰落信道中多用户OFDM系统的自适应分配算法.算法根据信道瞬时估计值,自适应地为多用户分配子信道和传输比特数,在给定误比特率的条件下,使系统总的发送功率达到最小.作者根据时分复用的基本思想,提出多用户最佳子信道和比特分配算法,导出系统最小发送功率的下限,并在此基础上,进一步提出次佳自适应分配算法.数值模拟表明:次佳算法所需的发送功率比下限值高约1dB;与等比特分配方案相比自适应分配算法可节省功率约3-4dB;与静态信道分配方案相比,自适应分配算法可节省功率6-8dB.     

Blind adaptive joint multiuser detection and equalization in dispersive differentially encoded CDMA channels

The problem of blind adaptive joint multiuser detection and equalization in direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems operating over fading dispersive channels is considered. A blind and code-aided detection algorithm is proposed, i.e., the procedure requires knowledge of neither the interfering users' parameters (spreading codes, timing offsets, and propagation channels), nor the timing and channel impulse response of the user of interest but only of its spreading code. The proposed structure is a two-stage one: the first stage is aimed at suppressing the multiuser interference, whereas the second-stage performs channel estimation and data detection. Special attention is paid to theoretical issues concerning the design of the interference blocking stage and, in particular, to the development of general conditions to prevent signal cancellation under vanishingly small noise. A statistical analysis of the proposed system is also presented, showing that it incurs a very limited loss with respect to the nonblind minimum mean square error detector, outperforms other previously known blind systems, and is near-far resistant. A major advantage of the new structure is that it admits an adaptive implementation with quadratic (in the processing gain) computational complexity. This adaptive algorithm, which couples a recursive-least-squares estimation of the blocking matrix and subspace tracking techniques, achieves effective steady-state performance.     

Multichannel MLSE equalizer with parametric FIR channelidentification

We propose a parametric finite impulse response (FIR) channel identification algorithm, apply the algorithm to a multichannel maximum likelihood sequential estimation (MLSE) equalizer using multiple antennas, and investigate the improvement in the overall bit error rate (BER) performance. By exploring the structure of the specular multipath channels, we are able to reduce the number of channel parameters to provide a better channel estimate for the MLSE equalizer. The analytic BER lower bounds of the proposed algorithm as well as those of several other conventional MLSE algorithms in the specular multipath Rayleigh-fading channels are derived. In the derivation, we consider the channel mismatch caused by the additive Gaussian noise and the finite-length channel approximation error. A handy-to-use simplified BER lower bound is also derived. Simulation results that illustrate the BER performance of the proposed algorithm in the global system for mobile communications (GSM) system are presented and compared to the analytic lower bounds     

基于改进广义Steiner估计的MC-CDMA系统空时多用户检测

研究了频率选择性瑞利衰落信道中的同步MC-CDMA系统上行链路空时信道估计及多用户检测算法。考虑对应于子载波的衰落系数是信道冲激响应的离散傅里叶变换,通过在两个数据块之间插入训练序列(midamble)进行所有用户的联合信道估计。首先采用广义Steiner估计器(GSE)来进行阵列天线信道冲激响应的初始估计,然后提出一种简单有效的适用于均匀线阵的互相关波达方向(CCDOA)估计算法,用以改进阵列天线信道冲激响应的估计,从空间的角度降低了信道响应中的噪声。在估计出所有用户空时信道参数的基础上,构造最大比合并(MRC)、解相关检测和最小均方误差检测(MMSE)来进行信号检测。仿真结果表明基于互相关DOA估计的改进信道估计算法与广义Steiner估计器相比在系统性能上有显著的改善。     

基于SVD的LC_CDMA通信系统信道估计研究

在LC-CDMA通信系统中，由于在多径衰落信道下使用了时变扩频码，使得信道估计非常困难，而对接收机的设计往往需要信道的先验知识。本文建立了长码条件下的CDMA通信系统模型和多径频率选择性衰落信道的FIR滤波器模型，利用子空间分解的方法，推导了长码条件下CDMA通信系统的信道估计算法，并仿真分析算法的性能。     

Performance analysis of multi‐input multi‐output systems with maximum likelihood detection over shadowed fading channels

Multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) transmission techniques constitute an important technology in modern wireless communication. Hence, performance analysis methods for such systems are of considerable interest. This paper considers first the average pairwise error probability for uncoded MIMO systems employing maximum likelihood detection over a composite Rayleigh‐Lognormal fading channel with spatial correlation. It provides general results, applicable also to a wider class of shadowing models, concerning asymptotical diversity gains and shows that they are not changed by such shadowing. Then, analytical evaluation techniques for bit‐error‐rate (BER) over composite Rayleigh‐Lognormal fading channels, based on the truncated union bound and the transfer function, are considered. Furthermore, these techniques are modified for applications over spatially correlated channels. This paper shows that such performance evaluation techniques provide good approximations to BER of spatially uncorrelated MIMO systems and also in the presence of moderate spatial correlation, over Rayleigh‐Lognormal fading channels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance Analysis of Maximum-Likelihood Multiuser Detection in Space–Time-Coded CDMA With Imperfect Channel Estimation

In this paper, the performance of maximum-likelihood multiuser detection in space-time-coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with imperfect channel estimation is analyzed. A K-user synchronous CDMA system that employs orthogonal space-time block codes with M transmit antennas and N receive antennas is considered. A least-squares estimate of the channel matrix is obtained by sending a sequence of pilot bits from each user. The channel matrix is perturbed by an error matrix that depends on the thermal noise and the correlation between the signature waveforms of different users. Because of the linearity of the channel estimation technique, the characteristic function of the decision variable is used to obtain an exact expression for the pairwise error probability, and by using it, an upper bound on the bit error rate (BER) is obtained. The analytical BER bounds are compared with the BER obtained through simulations. The BER bounds are shown to be increasingly tight for large SNR values. It is shown that the degradation in BER performance due to imperfect channel estimation can be compensated by using a larger number of transmit/receive antennas     

BER performance enhancement for secure wireless communication systems based on DCSK-MIMO techniques under Rayleigh fading channel

There has been a growing interest in the use of chaotic techniques for enabling secure communication in recent years. This need has been motivated by the emergence of a number of wireless services which require the channel to provide very low bit error rates (BER) along with information security. As more and more information is transacted over wireless media, there has been increasing criminal activity directed against such systems. This paper investigates the feasibility of using chaotic communications over Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) channels. We have studied the performance of differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) with 2×2 Alamouti scheme and 2×1 Alamouti scheme for different chaotic maps over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and channels disturbed by Rayleigh fading. Both the inherently wideband DCSK modulation and the space-time block code (STBC) are techniques that can mitigate the effect of multipath fading. The use of these schemes allows us to enhance security without degrading the BER performance for Rayleigh fading channels. We have employed an exact method to analyze the performances of DCSK communication system over fading channel. Our simulations indicate that the combination of the STC and tent map provides the best BER performance in addition to security when compared to the choice of other maps. Hence, this study shows that the use of these schemes can allow the user to enhance security without degrading the BER performance while communicating over these channels.     

On CDMA with space-time codes over multipath fading channels

We explore code-division multiple-access systems with multiple transmitter and receiver antennas combined with algebraic constellations over a quasi-static multipath fading channel. We first propose a technique to obtain transmit diversity for a single user over quasi-static fading channels by combining algebraic constellations with full spatial diversity and spreading sequences with good cross-correlation properties. The proposed scheme is then generalized to a multiuser system using the same algebraic constellation and different spreading sequences. We also propose a linear multiuser detector based on the combination of linear decorrelation with respect to all users, and the application of the sphere decoder to decode each user separately. Finally, we consider the generalization to multipath fading channels where the additional diversity advantage due to multipath is exploited by the sphere decoder, and a method of blind channel estimation based on subspace decomposition is examined.     

频率选择性衰落信道下一种空时分组码的直接解码

该文针对 3个发射天线,1个接收天线的空时分组码系统,提出了频率选择性衰落信道下,无需信道估计,直接对空时分组码进行解码的方法,把子空间方法应用于空时编码当中,从信号处理和空时编码两个方面考虑空时分组码的直接解码问题,利用空时分组码所特有的正交设计,较为方便地从子空间中解出信号信息,从单载波的角度,解决了频率选择性衰落下空时分组码的解码问题。Monte-Carlo仿真给出了直接解码算法的性能,并与使用准确信道信息的解码算法做了性能比较。