The public perspective of carbon capture and storage for CO2 emission reductions in China

To explore public awareness of carbon capture and storage (CCS), attitudes towards the use of CCS and the determinants of CCS acceptance in China, a study was conducted in July 2009 based on face-to-face interviews with participants across the country. The result showed that the awareness of CCS was low among the surveyed public in China, compared to other clean energy technologies. Respondents indicated a slightly supportive attitude towards the use of CCS as an alternative technology to CO₂ emission reductions. The regression model revealed that in addition to CCS knowledge, respondents’ understanding of the characteristics of CCS, such as the maturity of the technology, risks, capability of CO2 emission reductions, and CCS policy were all significant factors in predicting the acceptance of CCS. The findings suggest that integrating public education and communication into CCS development policy would be an effective strategy to overcome the barrier of low public acceptance.     

含水层储能技术的应用及储能条件的分析

能源问题已经成为制约现代社会发展的重要问题,地下含水层储能为现代城市能源的短缺以及环境的保护提供了一个很好的解决途径,同时可以减少废气(CO2、SO2等)的排放。介绍了地下水储能的基本原理、意义、在空调领域的应用及其实现的条件。     

Societal acceptance of carbon capture and storage technologies

For the actual implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, societal support is a crucial precondition. This paper describes an extensive study on the acceptance of CCS by stakeholders in the Netherlands and explores one of the determining factors in the acceptance of CCS by the lay public, i.e. the way the Dutch press perceives and portrays CCS. The stakeholder analysis shows that there is a positive attitude towards CCS by industry, government, and environmental NGOs, provided that the conditions they pose on the deployment of CCS are met. The content analysis of Dutch news articles conveys that the media portrayal of CCS is—to a certain extent—a balanced reflection of the way CCS is perceived by the stakeholders. Both analyses show that the concerns about CCS have not overshadowed the main promise that CCS is part of the solution to climate change. However, the current negative aspects of CCS as raised by different stakeholders and the media will remain if no action is taken. Therefore, the conditions posed on the use of CCS, as well as the actions required to meet these conditions, could function as a proxy for the ‘societal voice’, articulating the most important issues concerning the future acceptance of CCS technology.     

Improved hydrogen storage kinetics of nanocrystalline and amorphous Pr-Mg-Ni-based PrMg12-type alloys synthesized by mechanical milling

In this paper, the nanocrystalline and amorphous PrMg₁₁Ni + x wt.% Ni (x = 100, 200) alloys were synthesized by mechanical milling. The gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage performances were studied in detail. The results reveal that increasing Ni content facilitates the glass forming of the alloys, and it significantly improves the gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics performance. Furthermore, milling time varying significantly affects the hydrogen storage properties of the alloys. The hydrogen capacity of the alloys first increases and then decreases with milling time prolonged. The hydriding rate and high-rate discharge ability (HRD) of the as-milled alloys have maximum values with milling time varying. But dehydriding rate always increases with milling time prolonged. The improved gaseous hydrogen storage kinetics of alloys are convinced to be ascribed to a reduction in hydrogen desorption activation energy caused by increasing Ni content and prolonging milling time.     

冷库现状及冷库节能途径

论述了当前我国冷库行业的发展现状,指出了我国冷库设计、建设和管理等方面存在的问题,并给出了一些节能的方法。     

Dehydration kinetics of sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate in thermal energy storage

The kinetics of dehydration of sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate have been determined by the thermogravimetric technique. The data have been analysed using Freeman and Carroll's [5] graphical technique and Zsako's [6] standard deviation calculation method. The energy of activation and order of the reaction for different transitions have been determined. The enthalpies of various transitions have been calculated from weight-loss data. The results show that the energy of activation is proportional to the enthalpy of transition in this system.     

Greenhouse gas mitigation in a carbon constrained world: The role of carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) promises to allow for low-emissions fossil-fuel-based power generation. The technology is under development; a number of technological, economic, environmental and safety issues remain to be solved. CCS may prolong the prevailing coal-to-electricity regime and countervail efforts in other mitigation categories. Given the need to continue using fossil-fuels for some time, however, it may also serve as a bridging technology towards a renewable energy future. In this paper, we analyze the structural characteristics of the CCS innovation system and perform an energy-environment-economic analysis of the potential contribution of CCS, using a general equilibrium model for Germany. We show that a given climate target can be achieved at lower marginal costs when the option of CCS is included into the mix of mitigation options. We conclude that, given an appropriate legal and policy framework, CCS, energy efficiency and some other mitigation efforts are complementary measures and should form part of a broad mix of measures required for a successful CO₂ mitigation strategy.     

The performance of the Norwegian carbon dioxide,capture and storage innovation system

In order to take up Norway's twin challenge of reducing CO₂ emissions, while meeting its growing energy demand with domestic resources, the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) plays an important role in Norwegian energy policies. This study uses the Functions of Innovation Systems approach to identify key policy issues that need to be addressed in order to prolong Norway's international leadership position in the development of CCS. The analysis shows that Norway has been successful in building an innovation system around CCS technology. The key determinants for this achievement are pinpointed in this article. However, the evolution of the innovation system seems to have entered a critical phase that is decisive for a further thriving development of CCS in Norway. The results provide a clear understanding of the current impediments in the CCS innovation system and stress the need to direct policy initiatives at the identified weak system functions—i.e. entrepreneurial activity and market formation—to improve the performance of the system. We discuss how policymakers can use these insights to develop a coherent set of policy instruments that would foster the deployment of CCS concepts related to power production and enhanced oil recovery in Norway.     

酒糟非等温热解动力学研究

酒糟气化是酒糟高效利用的一种方式。文章对酒糟的热解行为进行了热重分析研究。在高纯氮气的保护下,将10 mg酒糟分别以10,20,30 K/min的升温速率线性升温到923 K。结果显示,酒糟热分解的主要阶段为453～743 K,试样的大部分失重发生在该区域,失重率达67%以上。使用Coats-Redfern模型拟合方法分析酒糟的热解过程,确定了反应的动力学参数。在此阶段,酒糟热分解的级数为2.1级,表观活化能为69.31 kJ/mol,指前因子为4.92×105min-1。此热解动力学模型可以为酒糟的热化学转化有效利用提供基础数据。     

Incorporating carbon capture and storage technologies in integrated assessment models

Low-carbon emitting technologies are a key component of technical change in integrated assessment models. We develop a methodology for incorporating technologies into computable general equilibrium economic models and demonstrate this methodology by implementing carbon capture and storage technologies in the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model. Three primary implementation issues are discussed: characterization of the technical system, translation of bottom–up engineering information into an economic model, and the depiction of realistic technology adoption rates. The specification of input substitution, relative costs, and plant dispatch are the most critical factors in technology representation. Technology adoption rates in economic models are governed by exogenous and endogenous constraints. A comparison of the current approaches used in economic models with the theoretical and empirical factors affecting adoption rates highlights opportunities for refining the current methods.     

A scalable infrastructure model for carbon capture and storage: SimCCS

In the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process, CO₂ sources and geologic reservoirs may be widely spatially dispersed and need to be connected through a dedicated CO₂ pipeline network. We introduce a scalable infrastructure model for CCS (simCCS) that generates a fully integrated, cost-minimizing CCS system. SimCCS determines where and how much CO₂ to capture and store, and where to build and connect pipelines of different sizes, in order to minimize the combined annualized costs of sequestering a given amount of CO₂. SimCCS is able to aggregate CO₂ flows between sources and reservoirs into trunk pipelines that take advantage of economies of scale. Pipeline construction costs take into account factors including topography and social impacts. SimCCS can be used to calculate the scale of CCS deployment (local, regional, national). SimCCS’ deployment of a realistic, capacitated pipeline network is a major advancement for planning CCS infrastructure. We demonstrate simCCS using a set of 37 CO₂ sources and 14 reservoirs for California. The results highlight the importance of systematic planning for CCS infrastructure by examining the sensitivity of CCS infrastructure, as optimized by simCCS, to varying CO₂ targets. We finish by identifying critical future research areas for CCS infrastructure.     

Engineering economic analysis of biomass IGCC with carbon capture and storage

Integration of biomass energy technologies with carbon capture and sequestration could yield useful energy products and negative net atmospheric carbon emissions. We survey the methods of integrating biomass technologies with carbon dioxide capture, and model an IGCC electric power system in detail. Our engineering process model, based on analysis and operational results of the Battelle/Future Energy Resources Corporation gasifier technology, integrates gasification, syngas conditioning, and carbon capture with a combined cycle gas turbine to generate electricity with negative net carbon emissions. Our baseline system has a net generation of 123 MW_e, 28% thermal efficiency, 44% carbon capture efficiency, and specific capital cost of 1,730 $ kW_e⁻¹. Economic analysis suggests this technology could be roughly cost competitive with more conventional methods of achieving deep reductions in CO₂ emissions from electric power. The potential to generate negative emissions could provide cost-effective emissions offsets for sources where direct mitigation is expected to be difficult, and will be increasingly important as mitigation targets become more stringent.     

Improvement on hydrogen storage thermodynamics and kinetics of the as-milled SmMg11Ni alloy by adding MoS2

In this experiment, the Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys SmMg₁₁Ni and SmMg₁₁Ni + 5 wt.% MoS₂ (named SmMg₁₁Ni-5MoS₂) were prepared by mechanical milling. By comparing the structures and hydrogen storage properties of the two alloys, it could be found that the addition of MoS₂ has brought on a slight change in hydrogen storage thermodynamics, an obvious decrease in hydrogen absorption capacity, an obvious catalytic action on hydrogen desorption reaction, and a lowered onset desorption temperature from 557 to 545 K. Additionally, the addition of MoS₂ could dramatically improve the alloy in its hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics. To be specific, the hydrogen desorption times of 3 wt.% H₂ at 593, 613, 633 and 653 K were measured to be 1488, 683, 390 and 192 s respectively for the SmMg₁₁Ni alloy, which were reduced to 938, 586, 296 and 140 s for the MoS₂ catalyzed SmMg₁₁Ni alloy at identical conditions. The activation energies of the alloys with and without MoS₂ for hydrogen desorption are 87.89 and 100.31 kJ/mol, respectively. The 12.42 kJ/mol decrease is responsible for the ameliorated hydrogen desorption kinetics by adding catalyst MoS₂.     

储热材料的研究进展及其应用

综述了储热材料的研究进展和实际应用.介绍了储热材料的分类以及各类材料的性能、储能机理和优缺点;介绍了一些新型的相变材料,并结合实例探讨了储热材料在太阳能利用、建筑节能等领域的应用;指出了储热材料的研究方向和未来的发展趋势.     

节能的地下含水层蓄热(冷)器

分析了地下含水层蓄热（冷）的特点，阐述了使用含水层蓄热（冷）的系统节能和环保的重要意义，介绍了一些欧洲应用实例。     

Hydrogen and power co-generation based on coal and biomass/solid wastes co-gasification with carbon capture and storage

This paper investigates the potential use of renewable energy sources (various sorts of biomass) and solid wastes (municipal wastes, sewage sludge, meat and bone meal etc.) in a co-gasification process with coal to co-generate hydrogen and electricity with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The paper underlines one of the main advantages of gasification technology, namely the possibility to process lower grade fuels (lower grade coals, renewable energy sources, solid wastes etc.), which are more widely available than the high grade coals normally used in normal power plants, this fact contributing to the improvement of energy security supply. Based on a proposed plant concept that generates 400–500 MW net electricity with a flexible output of 0–200 MW_th hydrogen and a carbon capture rate of at least 90%, the paper develops fuel selection criteria for coal blending with various alternative fuels for optimizing plant performance e.g. oxygen consumption, cold gas efficiency, hydrogen production and overall energy efficiency. The key plant performance indicators were calculated for a number of case studies through process flow simulations (ChemCAD).     

Sulphur impacts during pulverised coal combustion in oxy-fuel technology for carbon capture and storage

The oxy-fuel process is one of three carbon capture technologies which supply CO₂ ready for sequestration - the others being post-combustion capture and IGCC with carbon capture. As yet no technology has emerged as a clear winner in the race to commercial deployment. The oxy-fuel process relies on recycled flue gas as the main heat carrier through the boiler and results in significantly different flue gas compositions. Sulphur has been shown in the study to have impacts in the furnace, during ash collection, CO₂ compression and transport as well as storage, with many options for its removal or impact control. In particular, the effect of sulphur containing species can pose a risk for corrosion throughout the plant and transport pipelines. This paper presents a technical review of all laboratory and pilot work to identify impacts of sulphur impurities from throughout the oxy-fuel process, from combustion, gas cleaning, compression to sequestration with removal and remedial options. An economic assessment of the optimum removal is not considered. Recent oxy-fuel pilot trials performed in support of the Callide Oxy-fuel Project and other pilot scale data are interpreted and combined with thermodynamic simulations to develop a greater fundamental understanding of the changes incurred by recycling the flue gas. The simulations include a sensitivity analysis of process variables and comparisons between air fired and oxy-fuel fired conditions - such as combustion products, SO₃ conversion and limestone addition.     

Environmental analysis of a German strategy for carbon capture and storage of coal power plants

This paper combines an existing projection of the development of electricity production with a technology-specific environmental assessment. The combination of these two approaches, which so far have only been performed separately, allows a discussion about environmental effects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) implementation strategies on a national level. The results identify the future role of lignite and hard coal in German power production. The implementation of CCS technology leads to a considerable loss of efficiency. Due to CCS, about 50 million t of lignite will be additionally required in 2030 in comparison to the reference case without CCS in 2010. Increasing demand, the replacement of old plants and the compensation of efficiency losses lead to highly ambitious expansion rates. In the case of CCS implementation, the global warming potential (GWP) can be reduced by up to 70%. However, other environmental impacts increase in part considerably. Compliance with national ceilings for NO_x emissions can only be reached by compensation measures in other sectors. The results of the environmental assessment demonstrate the significant role of the coal composition, coal origin and the required transport. CO₂ pipeline transport and CO₂ storage make a fairly minor contribution to the overall environmental impact.     

The outlook for improved carbon capture technology

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology for reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from power plants and other large industrial facilities, which are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to global climate change. However, the high cost and energy requirements of current CO₂ capture processes are major barriers to their use. This paper assesses the outlook for improved, lower-cost technologies for each of the three major approaches to CO₂ capture, namely, post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-combustion capture. The advantages and limitations of each of method are discussed, along with the current status of projects and processes at various stages in the development cycle. We then review a variety of “roadmaps” developed by governmental and private-sector organizations to project the commercial roll-out and deployment of advanced capture technologies. For perspective, we also review recent experience with R&D programs to develop lower-cost technologies for SO₂ and NO_x capture at coal-fired power plants. For perspective on projected cost reductions for CO₂ capture we further review past experience in cost trends for SO₂ and NO_x capture systems. The key insight for improved carbon capture technology is that achieving significant cost reductions will require not only a vigorous and sustained level of research and development (R&D), but also a substantial level of commercial deployment, which, in turn, requires a significant market for CO₂ capture technologies. At present such a market does not yet exist. While various incentive programs can accelerate the development and deployment of improved CO₂ capture systems, government actions that significantly limit CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere ultimately are needed to realize substantial and sustained reductions in the future cost of CO₂ capture.     

Study of a roadmap for carbon capture and storage development in Guangdong Province,China

Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly in Guangdong, an economically developed Chinese province. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important approach to lower carbon concentration in this area. This study provides guidance and recommendations for CCS development and demonstration by analysing the necessity of CCS in Guangdong. Furthermore, this study identifies the major opportunities and technical demands related to CCS development in this province based on a sectoral analysis of emission inventory and the forecasting and identification of the potential CO ₂ storage capacity. A CCS development roadmap is then developed for Guangdong based on the analysis results, and the milestone goals of this roadmap from the present until 2030 are presented in accordance with the development of technology in and the current status of Guangdong. In addition, the roadmap suggests CCS support policies.