基于克里金空间插值的MODIS积雪覆盖率产品去云方法

由于云与积雪在可见光和远红外波段都具有相似的光谱特征,使得光学遥感监测积雪受到天气的严重干扰,如何消除亚像元尺度上MODIS积雪覆盖率(Snow Cover Fraction,SCF)产品中云的干扰成为了一个亟待解决的难题。通过分析亚像元尺度上SCF分布的空间变异性,提出了一种基于克里金空间插值的MODIS SCF产品去云方法,分别利用普通克里金(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和以海拔为协变量的普通协克里金(Ordinary Co\|Kriging,OCK)进行去云实验。11个不同日期的实验结果表明:OK和OCK方法在MODIS SCF产品去云中均能达到较高的精度,特别是在云覆盖率低于20%的情况下,此时OCK的精度要好于OK;而当云覆盖率大于20%时,OK的精度略高于OCK,但两者的精度都明显低于云覆盖率低于20%的情况,而且平滑效应都比较明显。     

基于三维空间的图像加密算法①

为了实现图像安全,快速加密,利用了图像像素可以插入到相邻像素之间以及拉伸折叠的思想设计了一种基于三维坐标的图像加密算法。算法首先将二维十进制矩阵转化为三维二进制矩阵,再根据图像像素可以插入到相邻像素之间,即左映射或者右映射,和拉伸方法,把三维矩阵转化为二维二进制矩阵。然后用置乱算法把二维二进制矩阵进行置乱,接着根据折叠方法把二维二进制矩阵转化为三维二进制矩阵,最后再把三维二进制矩阵转化为二维十进制矩阵以达到加密的效果。实验表明,该算法是一个安全有效的加密算法,加密本身还可以改变图像的像素值。     

基于机器学习算法的AMSR-2地表温度降尺度研究

MODIS日尺度的地表温度受到天气影响,有效像元信息严重缺失,这对数据稀缺区域尤为重要。以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究区,探索了采用AMSR-2的垂直极化亮度温度与植被指数对地表温度空间降尺度的方法,并用此方法填补了2018年MODIS的缺失像元。(1)通过十折交叉验证,对4种机器学习算法（Cubist、DBN、SVM、RF）、10个波段组合、2个空间尺度（5 km、10 km）下的训练模型进行了分析,表明RF算法精度明显高于其他3种算法,C09波段组合的验证精度高于其他波段组合。(2)构建了2个鲁棒性的随机森林算法地表温度降尺度模型（5 km|RF|09、10 km|RF|09）,将AMSR-2亮度温度降尺度到1km分辨率,表明5 km|RF|09模型反演结果更为合理,MODIS与站点验证的R2分别为0.971、0.930,RMSE分别为3.38 K、4.71 K,MAE分别为2.51 K、3.84 K。(3)降尺度结果填补MODIS地表温度缺失像元,将其应用到古尔班通古特沙漠长时间序列的陆表温度分析,可为数据稀缺区域数据获取提供科学参考。     

基于Sentinel-2波段/产品的图像云检测效果对比研究

高时空分辨率遥感影像对精细尺度土地利用和土地覆盖变化研究具有重要意义,然而云噪声的存在给影像的解译和分析带来了一定的挑战,因此云噪声检测作为一项基础性工作在影像解译与分析过程中扮演了非常重要的作用。QA60产品被广泛推荐为Sentinel-2卫星影像的常规云检测产品,然而,我们最近的研究发现基于QA60产品的云检测通常会出现明显的云噪声漏检测现象。为探索提高Sentinel-2卫星影像云噪声检测效果的方法,基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台,结合Sentinel-2卫星影像2A级（L2A）数据的2个云相关波段（B1和B9）以及4个产品（QA60、AOT、MSK_CLDPRB和SCL产品）,设计相应分割算法,并以典型区为案例,从影像波段特性、云微物理学等角度分析了相关波段/产品云检测结果的空间分布格局及差异,并借助定量化指标对云检测效果进行评价。结果表明：①在云检测算法方面,B1和B9波段采用的动态阈值分割算法稳健性较好,检测结果能在一定程度上拟合其波段特性,并合理地表征相应波段的云噪声;②从云检测空间分布看,AOT产品效果较差,B9波段和QA60产品云检测可靠性较低,B1、SCL、MSK_CLDPRB 3个波段/产品的云检测潜力较强;③从评价结果看,B1波段的云检测效果最佳,对云噪声的敏感度高于其他云相关波段/产品,查准率、查全率、准确率和F1分数均大于0.90,稳健性最好。本文验证了气溶胶（B1）波段对云检测的精确性、稳健性和敏感程度,有望为进一步优化常规云检测算法提供新参考。     

用汇编语言实现多种数制的通用输出方法

把BX寄存器中的数据转换成相应的二进制、八进制、十进制、十六进制,以供显示输出。给出了各种进制通用的输出、转换方法及汇编语言程序。通过用户要求可以任意输出各种数制。     

汉江流域叶面积指数(LAI)空间尺度转换研究

为有效地整合利用不同分辨率遥感数据获取的陆面过程以及其他相关的环境变量,尺度问题越来越受到人们的重视.本文选取汉江流域为研究区,尝试对TM/ETM 影像反演的LAI升尺度转换,使用了一种基于NDVI像元分解的LAI升尺度转换算法,分两步考虑了地表异质性问题,很好的实现了900×1500大小实验区30m空间精度 LAI的向120m,300m,900m,3600m四种尺度的转换,该方法应用于整个汉江流域NASA 发布的MODIS LAI产品校正,取得了良好效果.     

基于树形结构的ARINC429解码库设计方法研究

在进行总线测试时,工程人员需要查询接口控制文件,并将接收到的二进制数转换为十进制,导致故障定位时间较长。针对该问题,提出了一种基于树形结构文件格式的ARINC429总线数据描述方法,并利用此描述方法基于XML建立了接口控制文件解码库。该解码库包含ARINC429数据字的传输速度、参数名称和参数单位等各种信息,能够实现ARINC429规范中BNR、BCD和DIS的解码。将该解码库应用于某型国产飞机航电系统通信导航半实物仿真平台进行验证,结果表明,仿真平台能够识别采集板卡接收到的数据并进行解码,能够做到仿真测试软件与编码库的分离,提高了可维护性,降低了仿真测试软件中解码代码的总量,且具有高度可移植性。     

面向亚像元级积雪信息提取的MODIS影像波段融合方法研究

MODIS影像因其共享性和时间序列的完整性而成为大区域积雪监测研究广泛使用的数据源,进行MODIS影像波段间融合,能够为积雪研究提供较高分辨率的影像数据源。为了充分利用MODIS影像250 m分辨率波段的空间和光谱信息,提取亚像元级的积雪面积,使用两种具有高光谱保真度的影像融合方法：基于SFIM变换和基于小波变换的融合方法,采取不同的波段组合策略,对MODIS影像bands 1~2和bands 3~7进行融合,并以Landsat TM影像的积雪分类图作为“真值”,对融合后影像进行混合像元分解得到的积雪丰度图的精度进行评价。结果表明：利用基于SFIM变换和小波变换方法融合后影像提取的积雪分类图精度较高,数量精度为75%,比未融合影像积雪分类图的精度提高了6%,表明MODIS影像波段融合是一种提取高精度积雪信息的有效方法。     

一种新的路径编码机制在移动机器人路径规划中的应用

针对基于遗传算法的移动机器人路径规划,本文提出了一种新的定长十进制路径 编码机制．首先,将移动机器人所处环境中的障碍物表示成多边形的形式,并对各障碍物顶 点用十进制进行任意编号,然后将移动机器人的路径编码成定长为所有障碍物顶点个数之和 的十进制染色体串．串中,非零位上的十进制值表示路径经过了相应编号的顶点,各顶点在 串中的顺序就是它们在路径中的顺序．此编码方式克服了已有的变长编码机制及定长二进制 编码机制需特殊遗传操作算子和特殊解码的缺陷,使得算法更加简单有效．     

在C语言中实现二进制格式数据输入输出

众所周知,二进制格式数据存储方法具有最高的数据存储效率,是最常采用的数据存储形式,并且还具有一定的数据隐蔽性。对数据以二进制格式存盘,可以极大地节省磁盘存储空间,而且当程序读取这种格式数据时,不需要像读十进制数据那样进行数据的格式转换,从而加速了软件的执行速度。 然而,在C语言编程环境中,没有直接提供对数     

Evaluation of MODIS gross primary productivity and land cover products for the humid tropics using oil palm trees in Peninsular Malaysia and Google Earth imagery

Conducting quantitative studies on the carbon balance or productivity of oil palm is important in understanding the role of this ecosystem in global climate change. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) annual gross primary productivity (GPP) (the product termed MOD-17) and its upstream products, especially the MODIS land cover product (the product termed MOD-12). We used high-resolution Google Earth images to classify the land cover classes and their percentage cover within each 1 km spatial resolution MODIS pixel. We used field-based annual GPP for 2006 to estimate GPP for each pixel based on percentage cover. Both land cover and GPP were then compared to MODIS land cover and GPP products. The results show that for pure pixels that are 100% covered by mature oil palm trees, the RMSE (root mean square error) between MODIS and field-based annual GPP is 18%, and that this is increased to 27% for pixels containing mostly oil palm. Overall, for an area of about 42 km² the RMSE is 26%. We conclude that land cover classification (at 1 km resolution) is one of the main factors for the discrepancy between MODIS and field-based GPP. We also conclude that the accuracy of the MODIS GPP product could be improved significantly by using higher-resolution land cover maps.     

针对MODIS 数据的地表温度非线性迭代反演方法

地表温度是气象、水文、生态等研究领域中的一个重要参数。构建了MODIS31/ 32 波段的热辐射传输方程, 讨论了方程的数值迭代解法, 提出了针对MODIS 数据地表温度的非线性迭代反演方法, 并介绍了大气透过率和地表比辐射率这两个中间参数的估计方法。误差及敏感性分析表明,提出的方法对大气透过率和地表比辐射率都不敏感, 反演精度优于传统的线性分裂窗算法。     

Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space

Classification-based global emissivity is needed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (NASA EOS/MODIS) satellite instrument land surface temperature (LST) algorithm. It is also useful for Landsat, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and other thermal infrared instruments and studies. For our approach, a pixel is classified as one of fourteen 'emissivity classes' based on the conventional land cover classification and dynamic and seasonal factors, such as snow cover and vegetation index. The emissivity models we present provide a range of values for each emissivity class by combining various spectral component measurements with structural factors. Emissivity statistics are reported for the EOS/MODIS channels 31 and 32, which are the channels that will be used in the LST split-window algorithm.     

AMSR-E亮温数据与MODIS陆表分类产品结合反演全球陆表温度

AMSR-E被动微波传感器获取的亮温数据与MODIS陆表分类产品(MOD12)相结合,将全球陆表分为16类,并假设每种类型的地表在各个被动微波通道具有较一致的发射率,在此基础上针对每种陆表类型分别建立了陆表温度反演算法。在算法的建立过程中,为了避免混合像元以及冻土、积雪发射率不确定性带来的影响,仅对单一地表类型占90%以上以及MODIS陆表温度产品高于273K的被动微波像元进行回归。同时,考虑到降雨对回归结果的影响,在数据选择中加入了降雨判识,在被动微波亮温数据中除去了降雨像元。利用上述算法,用2004年1～10月的全球部分地区AMSR-E数据在MODIS陆表分类产品的基础上对每种地表类型分别进行了陆表温度反演,并与MODIS陆表温度产品进行对比,结果显示相关性较好,均方根误差为2～4 K。     

Mapping global urban areas using MODIS 500-m data: New methods and datasets based on ‘urban ecoregions’

Although cities, towns and settlements cover only a tiny fraction (< 1%) of the world's surface, urban areas are the nexus of human activity with more than 50% of the population and 70-90% of economic activity. As such, material and energy consumption, air pollution, and expanding impervious surface are all concentrated in urban areas, with important environmental implications at local, regional and potentially global scales. New ways to measure and monitor the built environment over large areas are thus critical to answering a wide range of environmental research questions related to the role of urbanization in climate, biogeochemistry and hydrological cycles. This paper presents a new dataset depicting global urban land at 500-m spatial resolution based on MODIS data (available at http://sage.wisc.edu/urbanenvironment.html). The methodological approach exploits temporal and spectral information in one year of MODIS observations, classified using a global training database and an ensemble decision-tree classification algorithm. To overcome confusion between urban and built-up lands and other land cover types, a stratification based on climate, vegetation, and urban topology was developed that allowed region-specific processing. Using reference data from a sample of 140 cities stratified by region, population size, and level of economic development, results show a mean overall accuracy of 93% (k = 0.65) at the pixel level and a high level of agreement at the city scale (R² = 0.90).     

Near-real time retrievals of land surface temperature within the MODIS Rapid Response System

The MODIS Rapid Response (RR) System was developed to meet the near real time needs of the applications community. Generally, its products are available online within hours of the satellite overpass. We recently adapted the standard MODIS land surface temperature (LST) split-window algorithm for use in the RR System. To minimize latency, we eliminated the algorithm's dependency on upstream MODIS products. For example, although the standard MODIS LST requires prior retrieval of air temperature and water vapor from the MODIS scene, the RR LST employs a climatological database of atmospheric values based on a 25-year record of NOAA TOVS observations. The standard and RR algorithms also differ in upstream processing, surface emissivity determination, and use of a cloud mask (RR product does not contain one). Comparison of the MODIS RR and standard LST products suggests that biases are generally less than 0.1 K, and root-mean-square differences are less than 1 K despite the presence of some larger outliers. Initial validation with field data suggests the absolute uncertainty of the RR product is below 1 K. The MODIS RR land surface temperature algorithm is a stand-alone computer code. It has no dependencies on external products or toolkits, and is suitable for Direct Broadcast and other processing systems.     

Evaluation of the MODIS Albedo product over a heterogeneous agricultural area

In this article, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo product (MCD43) is evaluated over a heterogeneous agricultural area in the framework of the Earth Observation: Optical Data Calibration and Information Extraction (EODIX) project campaign, which was developed in Barrax (Spain) in June 2011. In this method, two models, the RossThick-LiSparse-Reciprocal (RTLSR) (which corresponds to the MODIS BRDF algorithm) and the RossThick-Maignan-LiSparse-Reciprocal (RTLSR-HS), were tested over airborne data by processing high-resolution images acquired with the Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) sensor. During the campaign, airborne images were retrieved with different view zenith angles along the principal and orthogonal planes. Comparing the results of applying the models to the airborne data with ground measurements, we obtained a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.018 with both RTLSR and RTLSR-HS models. The evaluation of the MODIS BRDF/Albedo product (MCD43) was performed by comparing satellite images with AHS estimations. The results reported an RMSE of 0.04 with both models. Additionally, taking advantage of a homogeneous barley pixel, we compared in situ albedo data to satellite albedo data. In this case, the MODIS albedo estimation was (0.210 ± 0.003), while the in situ measurement was (0.204 ± 0.003). This result shows good agreement in regard to a homogeneous pixel.     

A land cover classification product over France at 1 km resolution using SPOT4/VEGETATION data

The present study focuses on the development of a new land cover classification product over France at 1 km resolution. It is based on data sets from the Earth observing system SPOT4/VEGETATION. The satellite measurements are aimed at supporting regional efforts to set up global mosaics on new land cover products. They have been acquired in the frame of the Global Land Cover 2000 project. The instrument design relies on advanced technology, which leads to an improved radiometric and geometric resolution data. Such characteristics allow taking full benefit of the daily repetitiveness of the VEGETATION wide field-of-view sensor without the drawback of a variable pixel size on the image edge. Several physical processing steps are successively operated to the images on a per-pixel basis to remove detector blindness, to filter cloud contamination, and finally to correct both atmospheric and surface anisotropy effects. A new thematic map using the K-means clustering method has been built. First, the results of the satellite-based land cover classification has been successfully compared with the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) database which serves as a reference to appraise the reliability of the study. Then, it has been inter-compared with land cover products derived from MODIS and AVHRR sensors. For this, an aggregative scheme particularly focused on major land units (forest, grassland, cropland) adopted in order to yield a whole mapping at the same geographic projection and space resolution. The discrepancies between maps enhance the quality of the proposed product, thanks to the use of advanced data processing and a more appropriate method.     

Reprocessing the MODIS Leaf Area Index products for land surface and climate modelling

Land surface and climate modelling requires continuous and consistent Leaf Area Index (LAI). High spatiotemporal resolution and long-time record data are more in demand nowadays and will continue to be in the future. MODIS LAI products meet these requirements to some degree. However, due to the presence of cloud and seasonal snow cover, the instrument problems and the uncertainties of retrieval algorithm, the current MODIS LAI products are spatially and temporally discontinuous and inconsistent, which limits their application in land surface and climate modelling. To improve the MODIS LAI products on a global scale, we considered the characteristics of the MODIS LAI data and made the best use of quality control (QC) information, and developed an integrated two-step method to derive the improved MODIS LAI products effectively and efficiently on a global scale. First, we used the modified temporal spatial filter (mTSF) method taking advantage of background values and QC information at each pixel to do a simple data assimilation for relatively low quality data. Then we applied the post processing-TIMESAT (A software package to analyze time-series of satellite sensor data) Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter to get the final result. We implemented the method to 10 years of the MODIS Collection 5 LAI data. In comparison with the LAI reference maps and the MODIS LAI data, our results showed that the improved MODIS LAI data are closer to the LAI reference maps in magnitude and also more continuous and consistent in both time-series and spatial domains. In addition, simple statistics were used to evaluate the differences between the MODIS LAI and the improved MODIS LAI.     

Terra and Aqua MODIS inter‐comparison of three reflective solar bands using AVHRR onboard the NOAA‐KLM satellites

Cross‐sensor inter‐comparison is important to assess calibration quality and consistency and ensure continuity of observational datasets. This study conducts an inter‐comparison of Terra and Aqua MODIS (the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) to examine the overall calibration consistency of the reflective solar bands. Observations obtained from AVHRR (the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) onboard the NOAA‐KLM series of satellites are used as a transfer radiometer to examine three MODIS bands at 0.65 (visible), 0.85 (near‐IR) and 1.64 µm (far near‐IR) that match spectrally with AVHRR channels. Coincident events are sampled at a frequency of about once per month with each containing at least 3000 pixel‐by‐pixel matched data points. Multiple AVHRR sensors on‐board NOAA‐15 to 18 satellites are used to check the repeatability of the Terra/Aqua MODIS inter‐comparison results. The same approach applied in previous studies is used with defined criteria to generate coincident and co‐located near nadir MODIS and AVHRR pixel pairs matched in footprint. Terra and Aqua MODIS to AVHRR reflectance ratios are derived from matched pixel pairs with the same AVHRR used as a transfer radiometer. The ratio differences between Terra and Aqua MODIS/AVHRR give an indication of the calibration biases between the two MODIS instruments. Effects due to pixel footprint mismatch, band spectral differences and surface and atmospheric bi‐directional reflectance distributions (BRDFs) are discussed. Trending results from 2002 to 2006 show that Terra and Aqua MODIS reflectances agree with each other within 2% for the three reflective solar bands.