Adaptive pole-placement control of 4-leg voltage-source inverters for standalone photovoltaic systems

Three-leg inverters for photovoltaic systems have many disadvantages, especially when the load is unbalanced. These disadvantages are, for example, small utilization of the DC link voltage, the dependency of the modulation factor of the load current and the superposition of a DC component with the output AC voltage. A solution for these problems is the 4-leg inverter. Most papers dealing with 4-leg inverters suggest classic controllers, such as PI controller, for the system. However, the transient performance of the closed-loop system does not become acceptable. On the other hand, adaptive control of 4-leg inverters has not yet been discussed in the literature. This paper proposes pole-placement control strategy, via state feedback, for 4-leg voltage-source inverters to adjust the transient performance of the closed-loop system. In addition, a STR (self-tuner regulator) is introduced to guarantee the adaptive performance of the controller in the presence of time-variant RL loads. Simulation results validate the theoretical results and proposed control strategy.     

Pole-placement control of 4-leg voltage-source inverters for standalone photovoltaic systems: Considering digital delays

Three leg inverters for photovoltaic systems have a lot of disadvantages, especially when the load is unbalanced. These disadvantages are for example, small utilization of the DC link voltage, the dependency of the modulation factor of the load current and the superposition of a DC component with the output AC voltage. A solution for these problems is the four-leg inverter. Most papers dealing with 4-leg inverters ignore the effect of digital delays in control loop and suggest classic controllers, such as PI controller. However, the transient performance of the closed-loop system does not become, accurately, adjustable and acceptable, in most cases. This paper proposes a novel model, considering digital delays, for 4-leg inverters. Then, it applies pole-placement control strategy, via state feedback, to adjust the transient performance of the closed-loop system to a desired second-order system. Simulation results validate theoretical results and proposed control strategy.     

燃料电池功率调节系统的研究

燃料电池电压输出范围比较宽，电压比较低。针对该特点本文设计了DC/DC和DC/AC两级变换的功率调节系统(PCS)。其中DC/DC将燃料电池输出的低压直流电高频变换成高压直流电，变换器为电压单环控制。DC／AC逆变器采用基于电压电流瞬时值反馈的双闭环控制，将高压直流电逆变为正弦交流电。分析了整个功率调节系统的工作原理及逆变器电路参数对稳定性的影响。0．5KVA佯饥实验结果表明整个系统具有电压输入范围宽、变换效率高、输出波形THD小等优点。为开发高效、高功率密度的燃料电池电源系统提供技术基础。     

Multilevel converters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems: an overview

Multilevel voltage source inverters offer several advantages compared to their conventional counterparts. By synthesising the AC output terminal voltage from several levels of DC voltages, staircase waveforms can be produced, which approach the sinusoidal waveform with low harmonic distortion, thus reducing filter requirements. The need of several sources on the DC side of the converter makes multilevel technology attractive for photovoltaic applications. This paper provides an overview on different multilevel topologies and investigates their suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems. Several transformerless photovoltaic systems incorporating multilevel converters are compared regarding issues such as component count and stress, system power rating and the influence of the photovoltaic array earth capacitance.     

一种基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台的SVPWM逆变器控制算法

空间矢量脉宽调制法(SVPWM)比传统的正弦脉宽调制法(SPWM)具有较高的直流电压利用率以及较低的输出波形失真度。介绍了三相逆变器的SVPWM控制算法,建立了基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台的三相逆变器模型,并给出了基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台的SVPWM优化控制算法。通过建立一个控制系统来进行仿真和研究,给出了仿真线电压及相电压波形。仿真结果充分显示了SVPWM技术应用于大功率场合的优点。     

基于逆变器直流电压模式波能装置并网接入方法

针对采用蓄电池提供直流母线电压难于满足波能装置装机容量不断增长需求的问题,提出基于逆变器直流电压模式的多液压发电机组并网接入方法。逆变器为液压发电机组直接提供直流母线电压,组建成波能装置无蓄电池组支撑的直流纳电网。建立了逆变器直流电压模式电路拓扑和直流电压外环控制回路。通过多液压发电机组波能装置基于逆变器直流电压模式仿真试验,验证了无蓄电池组波能装置并网接入方法的可行性。该研究成果已应用到500 kW“长山号”波能装置中,为大功率波能装置并网系统研究奠定了基础。     

The elimination of leakage currents in the neutral point clamped photovoltaic grid-connected inverter by the improved space vector pulse width modulation method

In this paper, the reason of high-frequency leakage current in neutral point clamped photovoltaic grid-connected inverters that adopts traditional modulations is analysed. In order to solve the problem, this article puts forward two improved methods based on the three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), which can reduce the leakage current by applying three medium vectors or using only two medium vectors and one specific zero vector to compose the reference vector. In addition, the system control method adopts the coordination control of the current inner loop and the DC voltage outer loop, which can reduce voltage fluctuation at the DC side. Thereby, the suppression of leakage current can be realised without requiring any modification on the multilevel inverter. Compared with the traditional three-level sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM, the two new methods are advantageous in having a stable common-mode voltage, low leakage current, and low harmonic component of grid current. The theoretical analysis and results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

光伏发电并网逆变器建模及电能质量评估

鉴于光伏发电并网逆变器的建模对于光伏大规模接入、保障系统稳定运行具有重要意义,提出了系统仿真方案,利用Hammerstein-Wiener(HW)非线性模型对光伏并网逆变器的运行进行仿真。通过试验获得直流逆变器电压电流波形、交流逆变器电压电流波形、电压公共耦合点、电网和负荷电流;利用编程确定各种模拟波形并搜索与实际波形相比最准确的模型,同时将该方法运用到电能质量分析中,进而完成对系统的分析和建模。模拟结果表明,该模型效果较好,可以为系统规划、防止系统故障和改善电能质量等方面提供理论依据。     

Design and performance analysis of the three-level isolated DC-DC converter with the nanocyrstalline core transformer

In this study, an isolated three-level DC-DC converter is proposed for high power and high conversion ratio applications such as fuel cells. The proposed system consists of a single phase three-level inverter, a medium frequency transformer and a diode rectifier unit. In the proposed system, a DC supply voltage is converted to a medium frequency AC voltage via a three-level inverter instead of the conventional two-level inverter. Since the three-level inverter generates an AC waveform with multiple steps, lower voltage harmonics and lower EMI levels than conventional two-level inverter are achieved. Thus, the three-level inverter provides higher efficiency value. The medium frequency transformer enables high voltage conversion ratio and provides galvanic isolation as well. The output voltage of the medium frequency transformer is converted to the DC voltage and thus the DC-DC conversion is achieved. According to simulation and experimental results, it is seen that the proposed DC-DC converter structure provides higher power density and higher efficiency values than conventional system.     

Photovoltaic solar system connected to the electric power grid operating as active power generator and reactive power compensator

In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems acting as distributed generation (DG) systems, the DC energy that is produced is fed to the grid through the power-conditioning unit (inverter). The majority of contemporary inverters used in DG systems are current source inverters (CSI) operating at unity power factor. If, however, we assume that voltage source inverters (VSI) can replace CSIs, we can generate reactive power proportionally to the remaining unused capacity at any given time. According to the theory of instantaneous power, the inverter reactive power can be regulated by changing the amplitude of its output voltage. In addition, the inverter active power can be adjusted by modifying the phase angle of its output voltage. Based on such theory, both the active power supply and the reactive power compensation (RPC) can be carried out simultaneously. When the insolation is weak or the PV modules are inoperative at night, the RPC feature of a PV system can still be used to improve the inverter utilisation factor. Some MATLAB simulation results are included here to show the feasibility of the method.     

不平衡电网电压下T型三电平光伏并网逆变器的有限集模型预测控制

为实现电网电压不平衡时对T型三电平光伏并网系统输出功率和电流质量的控制,以达到入网功率平稳或电流正弦为控制目标,结合光伏阵列输出功率前馈,在两相静止坐标系下提出一种直流母线电压外环PI控制、并网电流内环有限集模型预测控制的控制策略,并在电压外环中引入2倍频陷波器以获得平滑的入网功率参考值。仿真结果表明:当电网电压不对称时,采用所提控制策略能够实现对入网有功、无功功率2倍频脉动及负序电流的分别抑制或协调控制,且并网电流谐波畸变小、入网电能质量高,同时实现T型三电平逆变器的中点电位平衡。     

Direct power control of grid connected PV systems with three level NPC inverter

This paper presents the control of a three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) voltage source inverter for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The control method used is the Extended Direct Power Control (EDPC), which is a generic approach for Direct Power Control (DPC) of multilevel inverters based on geometrical considerations. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, that allow maximal power conversion into the grid, have been included. These methods are capable of extracting maximum power from each of the independent PV arrays connected to each DC link voltage level. The first one is a conventional MPPT which outputs DC link voltage references to EDPC. The second one is based on DPC concept. This new MPPT outputs power increment references to EDPC, thus avoiding the use of a DC link voltage regulator. The whole control system has been tested on a three-level NPC voltage source inverter connected to the grid and results confirm the validity of the method.     

A new control scheme of a cascaded transformer type multilevel PWM inverter for a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system

From the viewpoint of high quality output voltage generation in a residential photovoltaic system, a multilevel inverter employing cascaded transformers can become a good substitute for the conventional pulse width modulated inverters and other multilevel counterparts. However, to obtain more sinusoidal output voltage waves, it should increase the number of switching devices and transformers resulting in a cost increase. To alleviate this problem, an efficient switching pattern is proposed and applied to a multilevel inverter equipped with two cascaded transformers, which have a series-connected secondary. Operational principle and analysis are illustrated focusing on a change of the switching pattern. High-performance of the proposed multilevel scheme embedded in a photovoltaic power conditioning system is verified by computer-aided simulations and experimental results.     

A pulse-amplitude-synthesis-and-control (PASC) inversion system forsingle-source diagonally connected MHD generators

In this paper, the problem of power waveform synthesis using the pulse-amplitude-synthesis-and-control (PASC) technique to produce a desired output from a single DC source is introduced. Although the specific example discussed here is for a diagonally connected magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator, the technique can be applied to any single terminal pair source, with appropriate modification in power extraction interface and computer control program to match source and load impedance characteristics. A power inverter is described which directly synthesizes (under computer program control) an approximate sinusoidal output using nearly uniform pulse heights and widths, from a single, two terminal DC source. The mechanism for pulse generation uses a bank of transformers whose primary windings are sequentially-in-time connected in parallel in an overlapped pulse fashion across the two terminal DC source and whose secondary windings are connected in series with the load. Both triangular and sinusoidal control signals give triangular and sinusoidal like outputs respectively, under open loop control, with the quality and voltage output increasing with the number of levels of synthesis approximation     

一种能够抑制共模电流的单级单相Buck-Boost光伏逆变器

该文给出一种能抑制共模电流的单级单相Buck-Boost光伏逆变器,该逆变器是通过将H桥逆变器与Buck-Boost斩波电路级联以及对相关的元件进行复用并对电路进行简化得到的,可同时实现升降压以适应宽输入范围的直流侧电压,无电解电容应用且具备有效抑制漏电流的能力,保证系统的可靠性和安全性,非常适用于中小功率光伏系统。此外,利用一种基于调制波重构的非线性调制策略,能显著降低直流侧储能电感大小,有效提高功率密度,实现均衡升降压。详述其工作原理,通过共模分析验证其能对阴阳两极漏电流实现有效抑制以及新型调制策略下可实现均衡升降压控制。在理论分析基础上,完成逆变器并网控制的仿真和实验,结果与理论分析相契合。     

采用电流寻优的MPPT光伏阵列并网逆变器的研究

针对光伏阵列模型之特点,提出了一种具有最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）的新型光伏阵列正弦波并网逆变器控制方案,该方案一改并网逆变器常规的双环（电压外环,电流内环）控制模式,而采而由MPPT控制器输出直接进行电流控制的新模式,使控制结构更加简单,动态性能更加优越,基于80C196MC控制的电流预估控制策略,实现了网侧电流正弦化,且为单位为功率因数。     

PWM逆变器的建模与双环控制策略

为准确分析有源逆变器的运行特点,根据系统控制策略的需要,在考虑了有源逆变器输出的基础上采用开关函数法建立了有源逆变器的开关周期平均模型。提出一种前馈加双环控制的控制策略,它的双环控制包括一个电感电流内环控制和一个瞬时电压外环控制。仿真结果显示该系统有很好的正弦波输出波形,快速的动态响应和高精度的输出电流。     

Modeling and simulation of three phase multilevel inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems

This paper presents a control for a three phase five-level neutral clamped inverter (NPC) for grid connected PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is capable of extracting maximum power from the PV array connected to each DC link voltage level. The MPPT algorithm is solved by fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy MPPT is integrated with the inverter so that a DC–DC converter is not needed and the output shows accurate and fast response. A digital PI current control algorithm is used to remain the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with three phase three-level grid connected NPC inverter in terms of THD.     

集散式光伏逆变系统低电压穿越控制策略

针对集散式光伏逆变系统低电压穿越时稳定性差的问题,提出了一种低电压穿越控制策略。该策略以智能控制器和逆变器相互耦合的直流母线电压为参考量,对智能控制器和逆变器进行协调控制,实现低电压穿越时的功率平衡。并通过负序电流指令补偿,抑制电网电压不平衡时直流母线电压2次纹波。1 MW集散式光伏逆变系统LVRT试验结果表明,该方法具有良好的动态响应和稳态性能,低电压穿越时,直流母线电压控制稳定;低电压穿越恢复时,有功功率恢复平稳快速。研究成果有重要的工程应用价值。     

Bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter application system

A novel topology of the bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter was proposed to reduce the negative impact of the photovoltaic grid-connected system on the grid caused by environmental instability. Using the proposed Inverter as a UPS power supply in case of a grid failure, storage electrical energy and regulating the energy delivered to the grid for reducing the pressure on the grid. A new artificial fish-swarm algorithm and variable step voltage perturbation method were presented to track the maximum power point of the solar panels. Analysis was done to reduce the output ripple of the inverter and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) was selected to control the inverter. Model simulation was performed using PSpice software to obtain the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the solar panel output. The solar array simulator was used to verify the effect of maximum power point tracking at different light intensities. The study concludes that the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency of the bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter designed was as high as 99.9%. The distortion rate of the grid-connected current waveform was within 2% and the DC current component was less than 0.5%. The output voltage and power were in full compliance with the grid connection standard.