美国华盛顿禁止餐厅使用一次性泡沫塑料包装

美国华盛顿特区将出台新规定，禁止餐厅和食杂店使用以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制作的一次性饭盒和饮料瓶子。此举旨在保护环境，维持该地区的可持续发展。     

边写边画——拯救森林“筷”行动

筷子在环保事业中的角色其实早已经不陌生，大量的木材被消耗浪费在制造一次性筷子上，但是餐厅的“筷子消毒”确实是消费者无法把握的环节。为了既不浪费木材又能使用放心的筷子，设计、制作、推广便携式折叠筷是一个不错的选择。“拯救森林‘筷’行动”是绿色和平组织正在进行的一项拒绝一次性筷子的活动。替代一次性筷子的产品设计制作项目也在实施中。而设计师顾明德（Daniel）则是整个项目中最重要的执行者，他不仅负责设计，甚至在材料选择和联系生产部分也大力参与。[编者按]     

全新材料一次性拖把确保产品质量---适用于洁净室的一次性拖把

使用拖把进行环境清洁至关重要，它使生产环境的清洁和维护达到一定水平（清洁度、生物防治、灭菌程度等），从而确保产品质量。一次性拖把是由新材料制作而成，可以提供稳定的产品性能和效果。这对无菌生产非常重要，因为使用全新材料会减少未知的、潜在的环境变化和污染，有利于无菌验证。     

ITO玻璃电致化学发光微流控芯片的低温键合

研究了一种利用商品化的氧化铟锡ITO）玻璃制作一次性电致化学发光微流控芯片的方法．采用光刻和湿法腐蚀ITO（氧化铟锡）层制作微电极；利用同样的方法，在另一片Cr板玻璃上湿法腐蚀微沟道．在玻璃之间夹入PE薄膜作为间质实现芯片的低温键合，采用开孔和预压处理PE薄膜，解决了键合气泡和储液池边缘变形问题．该方法解决了ITO玻璃不耐高温的问题，在120～125℃实现了微通道的有效封接，芯片的键合强度达到0．7MPa．     

一次性餐具新技术——草纤维发泡

用一年生草本作物的秸秆、壳、渣等纤维，经过特殊工艺而制作的一次性餐具在我国已有四、五年的历史，开始时这种产品色深且脆，不怎么受人重视；几经历炼，特别是开发出草纤维发泡技术以后，新一代的草餐具有轻(400ml碗重15克)、     

一次性与未来的照相机

一次性与未来的照相机韦拉德·克拉克当它们于１９８７年首次在美国市场上露面时，受到人们的嘲笑。不论如何，它们有什么资格值得称为照相机。尽管它们制作得非常精巧，但也只不过是由塑料与卡纸板包裹着的一些胶卷。人们把它们称作“可扔掉的东西”或“可随意处理的东西...     

新产品快讯

新产品快讯厦门福达感光公司推出福达牌一次性相机厦门福达感光材料有限公司推出了新一代产品──福达牌一次性相机。福达牌一次性相机针对普通一次性相机存在的解像力和清晰度差的弊病，在机身和所用胶片上采用新技术，取得突破性进展，经反复实拍验证，效果甚佳。福达牌...     

一次性相机的成就

一次性相机的成就仇梅编译一次性相机的市场需求和销售状况令日本和美国的工业界为之惊喜！为何一次性相机如此受到消费者的欢迎呢？柯达公司的发言人解释说：１５年前，在一次性相机刚推出之时，日本的照相机市场上售价为７５美元以下的照相机产品是一个空白，所以，一次...     

一次性筷子暗藏杀机

中国人是最早使用筷子作为独特的进食器具。而一次性筷子的大量出现和使用，至今也不过只有近二十年的历史。最初是在中国沿海城市开始流行，后来传播到香港、日本、韩国。当时提倡使用一次性筷子，认为一次性筷子可以减少疾病的传播，全国各城市的餐馆都有一次性筷子。上饭店或食堂吃饭，很多人也喜欢用一次性筷子，都认为它们比较卫生。但是，事情发展到了今天，性质就变了。一些黑心的商人和厂家，看到了一次性筷子的商机，绞尽脑汁往里添加硫磺、抛光     

水深性薄膜在印刷过程中产生的缺陷和对簧

水溶性塑料包装薄膜主要用于水中使用产品的包装、纺织物的包装、水转移印刷、作为暂时性载体用于假发及刺绣的制作过程、农用种子带、洗涤袋等，此外，还可以做油性食品包装，生理棉和卫生纸巾等一次性包装、固体水缓释包装：暂时性保护膜；生产复合型高阻隔包装材料等等。但印刷水溶性塑料包装薄膜应用的场合并不多，主要是产品外包装及水转移印刷领域，其它领域使用的水溶膜一般不需要印刷。     

再论载体材料与贵金属催化剂——粉末冶金多孔金属应当是贵金属催化剂的合理载体材料

理论分析和实验结果表明催化过程中催化剂不参加化学反应,催化剂本身不发生化学变化,化学反应模式催化循环反应不可能发生,1902年提出的化学反应模式的催化循环原理(Sabatier's principle and Boudar'ts prin-ciple)难以令人信服。简述了触媒理论的逻辑推理及实验验证。触媒理论认为催化循环是催化剂质点内运动的电子轨道变形与恢复的循环,催化剂(或促进剂)有助于变形了的轨道恢复,而毒化剂则使变形了的轨道进一步变形;认为载体材料对贵金属催化剂催化活性的影响犹如催化剂(或促进剂)或毒化剂。凡是电负性大于贵金属催化剂的酸性材料作为载体都会降低金属催化剂催化活性,为了达到相同的转化率,必须要用较多的贵金属催化剂。Cl、O、N、C、S、P、SiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、硅藻土以及菫菁石陶瓷等都是酸性元素或材料。凡是电负性小于贵金属的碱性材料和过渡族元素都能提高贵金属的催化活性,如果达到同样的排放标准,则可以节省许多贵金属。汽车尾气净化催化剂用的Fe-Cr-Al金属卷片蜂窝载体优于陶瓷蜂窝载体。粉末冶金多孔金属蜂窝载体的最大优点是涂层量多而又不易剥落,起燃温度低,远优于金属卷片蜂窝载体。     

Characterisation of wear particles produced by metal on metal and ceramic on metal hip prostheses under standard and microseparation simulation

The failure of metal on polyethylene total hip replacements due to wear particle induced osteolysis and late aseptic loosening has focused interest upon alternative bearings, such as metal on metal implants. A recent advance in this field has been the development of a novel ceramic on metal implant. The characteristics of the wear particles generated in this low-wearing bearing have not been previously determined. The aims of this study were to characterise metal wear particles from metal on metal and ceramic on metal hips under standard and adverse (microseparation) wear conditions. Accurate characterisation of cobalt-chrome wear particles is difficult since the reactive nature of the particles prevents them from being isolated using acids and bases. A method was developed to isolate the metal wear particles using enzymes to digest serum containing lubricants from metal on metal and ceramic on metal hip simulations. High resolution scanning electron microscopy was then used to characterise the wear particles generated by both metal on metal and ceramic on metal implants under standard and microseparation wear conditions. The wear particles isolated from all simulations had a mean size of less than 50 nm with a rounded and irregular morphology. No significant difference was found between the size of wear particles generated under any conditions.     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Langmuir–Blodgett films of N-octadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide deposited from subphases containing metal ions

The Langmuir–Blodgett films of N-octadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide (HOQ) deposited from subphase containing metal ions were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The amphiphilic HOQ with its complexing head group in contact with the aqueous phase can form metal complexes with the metal ions present in the aqueous phase. The formation of HOQ–metal complexes leads to the appearance of new XPS peaks assigned to the metal ions. The information on stoichiometry provided by XPS indicates that a metal ion is coordinated by one HOQ molecule for transition metal ions of the fourth period, but by two HOQ molecules for the metal ions after the fourth period.     

服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展机理分析

对服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢裂纹扩展机理进行了分析,通过试验测定了两种母材区和两种焊缝区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,通过扫描电子显微镜分析了螺旋焊接管线钢中裂纹扩展速率不同的原因。结果表明:焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展速率快于母材中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率;焊缝组织中分布着许多孔洞和表面裂纹,导致组织疏松,使焊缝金属的韧性降低,从而使管线钢承载能力降低,在循环波动载荷下易发生螺旋焊缝疲劳断裂失效。     

Development of microparticle counting sensor based on structural and spectroscopic properties of metal mesh device

A microparticle counter based on a metal mesh device was developed. The metal mesh device had a lattice-shaped structure with well-regulated holes of 1.8 μm. The collection percentages of differently sized microparticles using the metal mesh device were determined by flow cytometry. The cut-off point and hole size of the metal mesh device were identical. Polystyrene microparticles were detected from changes in the spectroscopic properties of the metal mesh device. When microparticles were trapped on the holes of the metal mesh device, the transmittance in the infrared spectra decreased. Microparticles smaller than the holes were not detected by the metal mesh device, whereas 2 and 3 μm microparticles were detected. Polystyrene and silica microparticles could be counted using the metal mesh device via calibration curves between the concentration of microparticles and the change level in the transmittance of the metal mesh device. The separation of microparticles from a mixture suspension using the metal mesh device was evaluated. Unlike a microfiber filter, only 2 μm microparticles were collected from coexisting 1 μm microparticles by the metal mesh device. Owing to its high separation ability, the metal mesh device selectively detected 2 μm microparticles in coexisting 10-equivalence 1 μm microparticles.     

两种焊接工艺对焊接接头冲击韧度的影响

针对对接焊缝金属的冲击吸收功低于熔敷焊接接头中的熔敷金属的冲击吸收功的现象,分别从材料的力学性能和显微组织方面进行探讨。结果表明:对接焊缝金属中的屈氏体含量高于熔敷金属中的含量,组织较粗大,从而使得对接焊缝金属容易形成裂纹,致使相同温度下对接焊缝金属与熔敷金属相比其冲击吸收功较低,韧性-脆性转变温度较高。     

Numerical investigation on welding residual stresses in a PWR pressurizer safety/relief nozzle

This paper presents finite element simulation results of residual stresses in dissimilar metal welds of a PWR pressurizer safety/relief nozzle. The present results are believed to be significant in two aspects. The first one is to consider the effect of the presence of similar metal welds on resulting residual stresses. The second one is the mitigation effect of the overlay welding thickness on residual stresses. After dissimilar metal welding, tensile residual stresses are present both at the inner surface and at the outer surface of dissimilar metal welds. Adjacent similar metal welding, however, decreases residual stresses to compressive ones at the inner surface of dissimilar metal welds, possibly due to the bending mechanism caused radial contraction of the weld. At the outer surface of dissimilar metal welds, similar metal welding increases residual stresses. Overlay welding further decreases residual stresses at the inner surface of dissimilar and similar metal welds, but increases slightly residual stresses at the outer surface.     

超细晶Q460高强钢焊接接头组织与韧性研究

采用手工焊条电弧焊和熔化极活性气体保护焊对超细晶Q460钢进行了焊接,分析表征了焊接接头的组织结构、显微硬度和冲击韧性的变化规律。研究结果表明,采用E5515焊条焊接,焊缝金属主要为先共析铁素体、多边形铁素体与少量珠光体。采用ER55-G焊丝,熔化极活性气体保护焊,焊缝金属主要由针状铁素体和少量多边形铁素体组成,焊丝中Ti元素的添加有利于获得针状铁素体组织。采用较小的焊接线能量,超细晶Q460钢热影响区粗晶区组织为粒状贝氏体组织。焊缝金属的显微硬度高于热影响区和母材的显微硬度,热影响区未出现软化现象。冲击试验表明,焊缝金属和热影响区均具有较高的冲击韧性,而且热影响区的韧性高于焊缝金属的韧性。     

Low-cycle fatigue of 1Cr–18Ni–9Ti stainless steel and related weld metal under axial, torsional and 90° out-of-phase loading

The fatigue behaviour of base metal and weld joints of 1Cr–18Ni–9Ti stainless steel has been studied under uniaxial, torsional and 90° out‐of‐phase loading. A significant degree of additional hardening is found for both base metal and weld metal under 90° out‐of‐phase loading. Both base metal and weld metal have the same cyclic stable stress–strain relationship under torsional cyclic loading and 90° out‐of‐phase cyclic loading. Base metal exhibits higher cyclic stress than weld metal under uniaxial loading, and Young's modulus and yield stress of weld metal are smaller than those of base metal. Weld metal exhibited lower fatigue resistance than base metal under uniaxial and torsional loading, but no significant difference was found between the two materials under 90° out‐of‐phase loading. A large scatter of fatigue life is observed for weld metal, perhaps because of heterogeneity of the microstructure. The Wang–Brown (WB) damage parameter and the Fatemi–Socie (FS) damage parameter, both based on the shear critical plane approach, were evaluated relative to the fatigue data obtained.     

金属包装覆膜技术的研究与应用进展

目的 综述金属包装覆膜技术的研究现状与应用进展,阐述金属覆膜工艺的原理及特点.方法 金属包装因其优异的加工性能和力学性能,在食品饮料包装中占据着重要地位,但金属包装存在的腐蚀现象会影响包装内装物的质量.金属的覆膜技术相较于涂层技术,具有抗腐蚀性能良好、成本低和绿色环保等特点,应用在食品饮料包装中具有较大的优势.从金属覆膜的工艺技术出发,介绍金属覆膜技术的研究现状,分析影响其结合强度的因素,通过聚合物改性和金属基材的表面处理来减少缺陷的产生,从而提高覆膜金属包装的质量.结论 金属覆膜工艺在食品包装方面有着广泛的应用,通过借鉴以往实验研究成果,分析金属覆膜工艺中存在的问题与缺陷,探讨覆膜过程中膜铁结合机理,从而为金属覆膜技术的创新研究和应用提供支持.