透水四面体框架群防护特性及其与抛石防护的对比研究

透水四面体框架群能降低其附近的水流流速、耗散水流的能量,起到减速防冲和促淤的效果,同时也可以保护床沙、抑制局部冲刷.不同的抛投密度防护效果也不同,随着抛投密度的增加,其防护效果几乎线性增强,但达到一定限度后将不再增加.抛石防护是使用历史较早、使用频率较高的一种桥墩局部冲刷防护措施.抛石防护就是将所选石料布设于桥墩周围床面上,用以提高桥墩周围河床床面的抗冲能力.抛石防护主要工作原理是保护床沙、增加其起动或扬动流速;增大桥墩附近局部糙率、减小局部流速.本文采用多组水槽清水冲刷试验,对比分析了透水四面体框架群在不同抛投密度条件下的防护效果差异,及其与抛石防护桥墩局部冲刷的最大深度及其整体防护效果的优劣,为四面体框架群和抛石防护的应用提供一些决策所必须的技术参数.     

佛山高明大桥桥墩基础冲刷防护水力数值模拟研究

受采砂等人类活动影响,高明大桥附近河床下切幅度达10 m,威胁到大桥安全与稳定。该文在分析桥墩附近河床冲刷现状及床沙特性的基础上,通过建立桥址附近河道平面二维水流数学模型,结合经验公式进行桥墩局部冲刷水力计算,预测桥墩局部冲刷坑范围和趋势,据此提出桥墩抛石防护方案,包括防护范围、块石粒径、抛石厚度等。经汛后检测,冲刷防护措施效果较好,可为珠江三角洲类似大桥冲刷防护工程应用提供参考。     

环翼式桥墩周围水力特性试验研究

为分析环翼式桥墩周围水流流速分布特征,根据桥墩局部冲刷机理,进行了三种流量、三种水深、三种挡板位置的模型试验。试验结果表明:桥墩周围的表层纵向流速、表层横向流速仅仅受到水流波动的影响。挡板与河床的距离越小,桥墩中心线上的近底纵向流速越大,中心线上及墩侧一定范围的近底横向流速越大,但是近底垂向流速却越小。当挡板距离河床底部为0.3倍水深时,靠近河床边壁处各向流速受挡板影响不大,但是靠近桥墩中心处各向流速在挡板所在位置都有尖点,同时,靠近桥墩中心处的纵向相对紊动强度在测点高度与水深比值为0.4处有极大值。     

环翼式防冲板对圆端形桥墩局部冲刷试验及水力特性

由于传统桥墩冲刷防护措施的局限性,引入新型防冲装置-环翼式防冲板,对圆端形桥墩冲刷进行防护,通过减小下降水流改变桥墩周围水流结构,主动降低了下降水流对桥墩的冲刷。为探究环翼式防冲板对圆端形桥墩局部冲刷的防护作用,采用3种比例圆端形桥墩、3种环翼式防冲板安装位置进行物理模型试验,对圆端形桥墩周围的冲坑特征、垂向流速、垂向紊动强度、紊动切应力等水力要素进行研究。结果表明:安装环翼式防冲板后,3种圆端形桥墩冲刷程度均减小,中圆端形桥墩冲刷减小幅度最大,冲坑体积减小率为30.0%;中圆端形桥墩安装环翼式防冲板后,墩前垂向流速减小为0.039m/s、垂向紊动强度减小为0.025m/s;防冲板上垂面紊动切应力增大,板下垂面紊动切应力减小。试验结果表明环翼式防冲板能够减小桥墩的局部冲刷,具有很高的实用价值。     

并线桥墩局部冲刷试验研究

针对并线桥墩在多沙河流上的局部冲刷问题,采用1:100正态模型水槽对桥梁平面正交在不同形状、上下游不同桥梁间距的桥墩布置进行了系列试验研究,对上下游桥墩在不同水流强度、不同桥梁间距条件下的局部冲刷过程进行系统观测和分析。结果表明,桥墩并线时,桥墩周围水流流态较为复杂,受上游墩阻水绕流影响,下游墩周围水流紊动强度减小,流速减弱。当上下游桥墩距离较近时,上下游桥墩局部冲刷坑深度均小于相应单独桥墩,下游桥墩冲深小于上游桥墩冲深,这种差异随桥梁间距的增大而逐步减弱。随着水流强度及桥墩尺度的增大,下游桥墩不受上游桥墩影响的距离相应增大,当流速为2 m/s、墩径为2~8 m时,其影响距离约为350~660 m。     

非均质河床双排桥墩局部冲刷数值模拟研究

精确模拟山区河流非均匀沙质河床桥墩的局部冲刷对桥梁设计和安全运行具有重要的意义。以黑石渡大桥河床床沙特征为背景,采用Flow3D软件开展非均匀沙质河床上双排圆柱形桥墩冲刷三维数值模拟研究。为考虑河床非均匀泥沙的悬移质运动、泥沙挟带、推移质输运等过程,在数值模拟过程中,根据非均匀沙质河床的颗粒分布曲线,对所筛取的各个级配范围内的颗粒采用其对应的中值粒径来表征。模拟得到了双柱排桥墩局部流场结构、河床的冲淤变化和上下游桥墩周围冲刷坑形态。研究表明:受桥墩阻水作用影响,墩前壅水、墩后跌水现象明显。墩周冲刷坑基本贯通整个墩周区域,受上游墩保护作用影响,下游墩冲刷坑的发育深度和规模小于上游墩。将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,二者吻合较好。研究成果可为深入开展非均匀沙质河床桥墩局部冲刷研究提供参考。     

斜交桥墩局部冲刷坑形态试验研究

为研究斜交桥墩在多沙河流上的局部冲刷问题,利用1∶100正态模型水槽对不同斜交角度长方体圆墩进行了系列试验,对桥墩在不同水流强度、斜交角度条件下的冲刷坑形态进行了系统观测和分析。结果表明:斜交桥墩冲刷坑的几何特性与正交桥墩存在较大区别,当单宽流量为10 m3/(s·m)、斜交角度为15°以上时,桥墩会出现共轭冲刷坑;当桥墩斜交时,背水侧会出现顺时针旋涡水流下降区,迎水侧墩尾处受水流顶冲出现局部冲刷坑;桥墩局部冲坑深度、体积、范围等要素均随水流强度及斜交角度的增大而增大,墩尾冲刷坑深度约为墩前的0.7倍,桥墩冲刷坑面积与桥墩投影面积比的最大值为32.4;水流强度较小时规范公式计算值与试验值较吻合,水流强度较大时规范公式计算冲深小于试验值,二者比值为0.66～0.92。     

非粘性土覆盖的岩石河床桥墩冲刷计算分析

桥下河床的冲刷计算,是确定桥梁孔径及墩台基础埋深的重要因素。桥下河槽冲刷包括:河槽的天然演变冲刷,桥梁压缩河槽所引起的一般冲刷和桥墩周围的局部冲刷。本文以石峡沟特大桥为例,计算非粘性土覆盖的岩石河床桥墩的一般冲刷与局部冲刷。1.工程水文背景石峡沟发源于石峡梁,主沟全长18km,汇水面积为81.2km,最终流入清水川。桥址处河道蜿蜒曲折,流速较快,河岸冲刷严重,河流所到之处均裸露岩石,并伴有石块沉落在沟内。在DK25+620处全部流量从河槽通过,斜交角度为54°,流量大小为657.5m/s。百年一遇水位23     

郑焦铁路黄河大桥桥墩局部冲刷试验研究

为了保证郑焦铁路黄河大桥桥梁基础安全,同时尽量避免桥梁基础因设计偏于安全而造成工程投资的增加,按单宽流量、河势以及桥墩防护的多种组合,开展了桥墩基础局部冲刷试验研究,分析了桥墩局部冲刷的水流现象、冲刷坑形态和冲刷深度。结果表明:局部冲刷最深点在承台下的桩群之间,略偏向桥轴线上游部位;墩后形成带状淤积体,淤积体随单宽流量的增大而增大。水流方向与桥轴线正交时,桥墩周围的局部冲刷坑形态基本沿桥墩轴线对称分布;水流方向与桥轴线法线存在夹角时,冲坑范围扩大、冲坑深度明显增深,桥墩两侧马蹄形旋涡不再对称分布。墩前抛石护底后,局部冲刷坑深度明显变浅。     

环翼式桥墩局部冲刷防护试验

基于桥墩局部冲刷原理,在传统防冲刷保护措施的基础上设计了一种能改变桥墩迎水面流态的新型环翼式桥墩,在不同流速、有无环翼式挡板以及不同的挡板位置下,试验研究了环翼式桥墩的局部防冲刷效果。研究结果表明,环翼式挡板可有效减小桥墩的局部冲刷,当桥墩上的挡板与河床的距离约为水深的1/3时,与无挡板的桥墩相比近底垂向流速最大可减小96%,最大冲坑深度可减小57.6%,环翼式桥墩防冲刷效果明显。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.