激光反应熔覆碳化物陶瓷涂层温度场的有限元模拟

利用ANSYS软件建立预置式粉层激光反应熔覆的数值模拟模型,考虑了相变潜热、辐射对流散热、表面效应单元等因素的影响;在不同的工艺参数下,用该模型对激光反应熔覆碳化物陶瓷涂层温度场进行了计算,分析了整个激光加工过程中温度场的变化情况。结果表明:激光功率和扫描速度对基体熔化厚度以及熔覆层宽度的影响都比较显著;激光功率是造成熔覆层较大温度梯度的主要因素;有限元模拟得到的最佳工艺参数得到了试验验证。     

Time-dependent FEM simulation of dilution control of laser cladding by adaptive mesh method

Dilution is an important factor which influences the properties of clad layer. In this paper the change of dilution during laser cladding and the control of dilution are simulated by a finite element method. The adaptive mesh method is adopted for the time-dependent finite element method computation so that the shape of melt pool can be well represented. The situation of the width control of melt pool is also simulated, which indicates that the dilution can be controlled if the width of melt pool is controlled. Computational results indicate that if a line energy (input energy per unit distance) remains constant the dilution will increase with time, especially at the beginning. Simulation results show that it is possible to control dilution in a certain range if the line energy decreases with time. Experiment of Nd: YAG laser cladding with wire feeding is performed. Experiment results coincide well with the FEM results.     

交变磁场对激光熔覆铁基复合涂层宏观形貌的影响及其微观组织演变

通过特殊设计的电路及作用线圈制作了交变磁场发生装置,并用其研究了不同磁场强度对激光熔覆铁基涂层宏观形貌和显微组织的影响。基于电磁学及金属凝固原理,揭示了激光熔覆涂层的固化过程和磁场诱发熔覆涂层柱状树枝晶向等轴晶转变的主要机制。实验结果表明:在交变磁场作用下,熔池金属液表面产生的趋肤效应和交变电磁力使凝固后熔覆层的表面形态呈波浪式,熔高和横截面积均随磁场电流的增加而减小,但熔宽变化不大。熔池内部产生的电磁力驱动熔体流动使树枝晶熔蚀和机械折断,游离的破碎枝晶成为新的形核核心,增加了形核率,从而促使熔覆层顶部组织由树枝晶向等轴晶转变。随着磁场电流的增加,等轴晶区扩大,但涂层底部的组织变化不明显。     

宽带激光熔覆高硬度火焰喷涂层组织和裂纹行为

对镍基合金火焰喷涂层进行宽带激光熔覆试验,分析熔覆层组织、物相组成和硬度分布规律以及工艺参数对组织、结合强度和硬度的影响。激光熔覆过程骤冷骤热的特点使得熔覆层内存在较高的拉应力,同时,由于激光熔覆镍基合金火焰喷涂层主要由g (Fe, Ni) 固溶体和弥散分布的高硬度脆性碳化物相(Ni, B) 和(Cr, Si) 相组成,熔覆层强度和硬度显著提高而延性降低,在凝固过程残余内应力的作用下极易开裂,熔覆层裂纹为低延性穿晶脆性冷裂纹。基体的预热和熔覆后保温缓冷可有效降低温度梯度,释放残余内应力,当预热温度为300 ℃时,熔覆层裂纹消失。     

Effects of Defocus Distance on Three-Beam Laser Internal Coaxial Wire Cladding

Three-beam laser internal coaxial wire feeding cladding is regarded as a promising additive manufacturing technique because it is highly efficient and controllable.In this study,the effects of the defocus distance on cladding using a three-beam laser with internal wire feeding are experimentally and numerically studied.A process map indicating the surface characteristics at different defocus distances with various parameter combinations was developed.The transmission characteristics including laser intensity,beam size,and laser spot distance of the three-beam laser at different defocus distances were analyzed using TracePro software.Based on the TracePro results as heat source,a three-dimensional transient finite element (FE) thermal model was formulated to predict the thermal field,tempera-ture history and molten pool shape at different defocus distances.A molten pool with a flat bottom and low melting depth is generated when the defocus distance is-2.5 mm,whereas when this distance is-1.5 mm,a pool with a valley-shaped bond and high melting depth is formed.The simulated results of the temperature cycle and clad geometry are both validated and found to well agree with experimental measurements.The influence of the defocus distance on the microstructure and microhardness are discussed based on the temperature history and cooling rate.With the increase in the absolute defocus distance,the height and dilution of the clad decreased,whereas the width increased.In addition,the effects of defocus distance with various parameter combinations on clad geometry were explored using the formulated FE model.     

激光熔覆工艺参数对铁基双层涂层组织和残余应力的影响

针对激光熔覆过程中剧烈的温度场变化伴随着应力、应变演化,进而导致零件具有高裂纹敏感性的问题,对不同激光扫描路径及工艺参数下残余应力演变规律进行研究。采用激光熔覆在Q345钢上制备了Fe基双层多道涂层,并以X射线衍射法结合电化学腐蚀剥层法测量沿涂层深度方向的残余应力分布,探究激光扫描路径、功率以及扫描速度对涂层显微组织和应力分布的影响。结果表明：涂层表面和内部为残余压应力,在涂层基体熔合线处残余应力发生突变,热影响区表现为残余拉应力;激光熔覆工艺对涂层残余应力的大小和分布规律有显著影响,当激光扫描路径为轮廓偏置式、激光功率为1.8 kW、扫描速度为0.02 m/s时,涂层具有最优的残余应力分布和成形质量;残余应力的产生主要与激光束对熔池的冲击作用以及熔覆层的非平衡凝固特性有关。     

影响激光直接制造金属零件精度的因素及其闭环控制研究进展

讨论了基于激光熔覆的金属直接制造过程所涉及的关键因素 :激光功率、送粉速度、扫描速度、熔池温度及辅助气的流速等对金属零件成形精度的影响。着重介绍和分析了国内外在激光直接制造金属零件过程参数的检测与闭环控制方面的研究现状 ,展望了该技术的应用前景。     

激光熔覆成形预热基板设计及试验研究

为了降低激光熔覆成形过程中熔覆层热应力和减少裂纹的产生,以热传导理论和激光快速成形理论为依据,进行了预热基板的结构和控制设计;并进行了不同预热温度下单道熔覆和平面熔覆的试验研究.结果表明,通过智能PID控制器可对预热温度进行良好控制,通过热电偶温度采集模块可以实现对基板预热温度的连续、实时检测;在基板预热条件下进行激光熔覆成形可以显著改善试样的成形质量,并有效降低成形过程的热应力,减少了熔覆层裂纹的产生.     

65Mn钢表面激光熔覆温度场模拟及性能研究

为了探究不同激光熔覆工艺参数对温度场的影响,利用ANSYS软件对激光熔覆温度场进行模拟。在选定工艺参数下,通过激光熔覆技术在65Mn钢表面熔覆Ni60A合金粉,并与镍基焊条电弧焊试验进行对比。对两种熔覆层的显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能进行观察和测试。结果表明：激光熔覆温度场的最高温度与激光功率、频率成正比,而与扫描速度成反比。在激光功率580 W,扫描速度100 mm/min,频率4 Hz,脉宽8 ms的工况下,温度场最高温度达到2 092.1℃。激光熔覆层主要由等轴晶、柱状晶组成,而电弧焊覆层组织的晶粒组织粗大,存有大量树枝晶。激光熔覆层晶粒更加致密,组织均匀,强度、塑韧性性能更好。在硬度与耐磨性方面,激光熔覆层硬度平均值为531.24 HV_0.2,电弧焊熔覆层硬度平均值为492.46HV_0.2,且激光熔覆对硬度的提高效果更加显著。激光熔覆层的磨损率为4.9×10^-4 mm³·N^-1·m^-1,是基体的3/5。磨损机理由严重的粘着磨损转变为轻微的磨粒磨...     

基于ANSYS的激光熔覆的数值模拟

利用ANSYS对激光熔覆过程进行了数值模拟,考虑了热源模型、相变潜热、表面效应单元等。分析了整个激光加工过程中温度场的变化过程,以及激光各个参数对材料最高温度与最大冷却速率的影响,并且分析了熔覆层宽度与激光各个参数之间的关系。     

激光熔覆中的温度分布和涨落对熔覆工艺的影响

研究了激光熔覆WC－Co硬质合金的试验中,熔池中的温度分布和温度涨落对激光熔覆工艺的影响。讨论了减少这些因素对激光熔覆工艺影响的途径,并对熔池内温度分布出现双峰的原因做了探讨。     

Finite element modeling of heat transfer in single and multilayered deposits of Ni-WC produced by the laser-based powder deposition process

The localized high-energy input and high-cooling rate inherent in the laser-based powder deposition (LBPD) process yield deposits with superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. However, these characteristics induce thermal stresses within the deposited material that subsequently lead to cracks. This tendency is predominant in the LBPD of metal–ceramic composite materials such as nickel (Ni) and tungsten carbide (WC). In this study, the thermal behavior of single and multilayered compositionally graded Ni-WC composite material during LBPD is studied using an experimentally verified three-dimensional finite element model. The model incorporates both directional- and temperature-dependent material properties. The effect of the mass fraction of the reinforcement, laser power, scanning speed, powder flow rate, and preheating temperature on temperature, temperature gradient, cooling rate, and molten pool evolution are investigated. The distribution and dissolution of WC in Ni-WC deposits are analyzed in the light of the scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and microhardness distribution. The dissolution of WC in the molten Ni varies based on the mass fractions of the Ni and WC and the prevailing thermal conditions such as molten pool temperature and cooling rate. Experimental and numerical results confirm that the desired composition gradient can be achieved in a multilayered Ni-WC composite material deposit by adjusting the laser power. The developed heat transfer analysis may be used to select the suitable process variables needed to achieve the desired properties in the LBPD of single and multilayered Ni-WC composite material.     

Laser repetitive pulse heating and melt pool formation at the surface

In this paper, laser repetitive pulse heating of steel surface is conducted to predict temperature and melt pool geometry in the irradiated region. The enthalpy porosity method is incorporated to account for the phase change in the irradiated surface. The flow field in the melt pool is simulated after considering the Marangoni effect. To examine the influence of the laser pulse intensity distribution on the formation and flow field in the melt pool, the laser pulse intensity parameter (β) is introduced in the analysis. An experiment is conducted to compare the melt pool geometry predicted from the simulation and that obtained from the experiment. The melt pool size is significantly affected by the intensity parameter (i.e., the melt pool is too shallow for high-intensity parameters). The predicted melt pool geometry is in agreement with the experimental results.     

Multiphysics simulation of laser–material interaction during laser powder depositon

This work reports a theoretical and numerical study of the parameters related to the process of laser powder deposition through a lateral nozzle. For this purpose, a 3D quasi-stationary finite element model was developed analytically and implemented numerically. The proposed model estimates the shape of the melt pool depending on the process parameters including scanning speed, powder mass flow, laser power, and physical properties. Also, phase transformations and physical properties (density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat) vary as function of temperature. In addition, thermo-capillary forces and their effect on fluid flow inside the melt pool are considered. The obtained set of equations coupled through the temperature variable was solved using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results are presented and compared with previously obtained experimental data, in which chromium powder was deposited, allowing validation of the model. Finally, variations at the melt pool geometry in terms of the operational parameters are analyzed. This model aims at estimation of melt pool geometry during laser powder deposition in time reasonably short to allow for predictable process control.     

基于有限元的激光熔覆凝固过程分析

针对激光熔覆过程中温度变化对其凝固组织的影响,讨论了温度梯度G与冷却速度(即降温阶段的温度变化率)对凝固组织的影响,利用形状控制因子K分析了激光熔覆过程的凝固行为。分析结果表明:在热源中心的正下方晶粒是沿基体垂直方向析出的;冷却速度有细化晶粒的作用,冷却速度越大,晶粒越细小;熔覆材料或基材达到熔点的时间与达到最大冷却速度时间的先后顺序对其凝固组织形态有重要影响,若冷却速度先达到最大值,其组织呈胞状晶粒,否则,其组织呈柱形树枝晶。K在80×106～120×106℃.s时,凝固组织为密布排列且粒径较大的胞状晶粒;当K大于200×106℃.s时,凝固组织为柱形树枝晶。     

Simulation of in-situ preheating of ni-based multi-layer and multi-pass coatings on H13 steel

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - COMSOL was used to simulate the temperature field of the preheating and non-preheating processes of the laser cladding multi-layer and multi-pass...     

Study of a hollow laser beam for cladding

Laser cladding, as a promising manufacturing technology, has been widely used in industry for component recovery and surface modification. In this paper, a hollow laser beam was proposed to optimize the laser intensity distribution. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) model was developed using ANSYS to investigate the thermal field in the clad deposited by a hollow laser beam. The thermal results, such as the temperature distribution and the cooling rate, were investigated. The effect of the hollow ratio between the inner and outer radius of the hollow beam on the molten pool shape was also studied. The temperature at the boundary of the molten pool was higher than at the center. A clad with a flat metallurgical bonding was formed. The microstructure in the clad was mainly consisted of fine dendrites except the large columnar structures along the bonding. The hardness distribution of the clad was associated with the grain size distribution and the dilution by the substrate. The molten pool was not able to be generated with a high hollow ratio, while overheated at the center with a low hollow ratio. Based on the comparison with the Gaussian laser beam, the hollow laser beam could effectively alleviate the overheating at the center of the clad.     

Cr12MoV钢电子束熔覆前的预置涂层工艺热应力仿真

以镍基粉末为例,利用ANSYS对Cr12MoV钢电子束熔覆处理前的等离子喷涂的工艺过程进行数值模拟,采用间接耦合的方法,对热喷涂冷却过程进行温度场和应力场耦合分析.结果表明：粉末熔滴温度随着冷却过程的进行而向边缘逐渐下降;基体温度先急速升温最大值后缓慢下降,下降趋势渐趋于熔滴温度下降的趋势;熔滴主要承受压应力,最大值位于熔滴的下表面中心位置;离熔滴中心轴线逾远,承受的拉应力逾大;基体合适的预热温度有利于降低熔滴径向应力.     

Effect of laser beam incidence angle on cladding morphology in laser cladding process

The change of angle θ between laser cladding powder plane and substrate plane will lead to changes in cladding layer's geometric morphology. Therefore, we established a quantitative numerical prediction model for cladding layer geometry. In this model, we consider the variation of θ, the laser energy attenuation rate and the temperature rise of the powder particles. At the same time, the simulation results were verified by experiments. The results show that when θ is in the range of 50°~90°, the initial temperature is 298 K, the scanning speed is 3.75 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 4.5 mm, the Fe#1 powder cladding can achieve better forming effect on Q235. In general, with the decrease of θ, the height of the cladding layer decreases and the width of the layer increases. However, when θ is less than 50°, the quality of the formed morphology significantly deteriorated. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which verifies the validity and reliability of the model. This work provides a theoretical reference for further understanding the relationship between the laser cladding morphology and the incident angle.     

T92/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接温度场的数值模拟

重点介绍T92/12Cr1MoV焊接过程的三维有限元分析模型,得到了多层焊温度场的分布规律,同时通过有限元分析中的关键问题判断和检测,得出如下实验结果：距离焊缝越近的点,加热及冷却速度越快;预热温度提高,加热速度及高温停留时间变化不大,但峰值温度升高,且相变温度以上停留时间变长;焊接线能量增加,t8/5延长,而t8/5过长,促进晶粒长大,使韧性降低,t8/5过短,易生成淬硬组织,因此应严格控制焊接线能量。