氢气流量对大气等离子喷涂TiO2涂层导电性的影响

采用大气等离子喷涂方法制备TiO2涂层,研究氢气流量的变化对TiO2涂层的显微结构、相结构以及导电性的影响.随着氢气流量的增加,TiO2涂层的孔隙率减少,缺氧相增加,涂层的电阻率随之减小.同时在通电升温条件下涂层的电导率随温度的升高而增加.结果表明,大气等离子喷涂TiO2涂层主要由金红石相、锐钛矿相和缺氧相Magneli(TinO2n-1,n=4～10)组成,各相的含量与等离子气中氢气的流量有关.     

等离子喷涂AlSi-ployester封严涂层工艺优化研究

采用AlSi-ployester粉末和PARXAIR-3710等离子喷涂系统制备封严涂层.为使AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂涂层获得优良的涂层性能,选择涂层结合强度为判据,通过正交试验对AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂工艺进行了优化.利用扫描电镜,Axio lmager.A lm金相图像分析系统等手段对涂层形貌和孔隙率进行分析,同时对涂层的硬度、抗热震性能进行了测试.确定优化后的工艺参数为:电弧电流790A.主气流量62.7 L/min,辅气流量5 L/min,喷涂距离100mm.结果表明,电弧电流、主气流量、辅气流量、喷涂距离对AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度具有不同的影响,在优化的喷涂工艺参数条件下,AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度可达6.9MPa,具有较好的硬度和热震性能,可为今后等离子喷涂系统工艺参数的选定提供参考.     

等离子喷涂参数对TiB2可湿润阴极涂层沉积效率的影响

采用大气等离子喷涂（APS）在石墨质碳阴极材料上沉积TiB2可湿润性阴极涂层。研究了喷涂工艺参数对涂层沉积效率的影响。结果表明,涂层沉积效率随喷涂距离的增加而增加,随主气流量、喂料速率和喷涂功率增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,随粉末尺寸的减少而增加。最佳工艺参数为：喷涂距离80 mm,主气流量1900 L/h,送粉气流量（Ar）120 L/h,喂料速率27.34 g/min,喷涂功率35.8 kW,颗粒直径(d50) ≤37.4 μm,该条件下涂层沉积效率为67.26%。该TiB2涂层在220 kA铝电解槽上应用,槽稳定后铝液中Ti含量为0.0021%（质量分数）。     

正交设计法优化等离子弧熔覆镍基碳化钨涂层工艺

采用等离子弧熔覆技术在Q345钢表面制备镍基碳化钨涂层,采用正交设计优化等离子弧堆焊工艺参数,以熔覆涂层表面成形质量、稀释率和硬度值作为考核指标,借助极差分析和方差分析研究离子气流量、送粉速度、电流、熔覆速度4个工艺参数对3个指标的影响规律。结果表明：对熔覆涂层成形质量影响的程度大小依次为：电流>离子气流量>送粉速度>熔覆速度;对熔覆涂层稀释率影响的程度大小依次为：电流>送粉速度>离子气流量>熔覆速度;对熔覆涂层硬度影响的程度大小依次为：离子气流量>电流>送粉速度>熔覆速度。最优工艺参数是：离子气流量1.0 L/min,送粉速度18 g/min,熔覆速度5 mm/s,电流80 A。在此工艺参数下镍基碳化钨涂层成形较好,稀释率为5.2%,表面宏观硬度达到HRC62.8,具有较好的耐磨性。     

微束等离子喷涂制备羟基磷灰石涂层

采用微束等离子喷涂系统制备羟基磷灰石涂层,通过扫描电子显微分析(SEM)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)对涂层形貌、相组成和结晶度进行了研究.结果表明,随着喷涂电流和离子气流量的增加,羟基磷灰石粒子的熔化和撞击后的铺展更充分,在70～130 mm范围内随着喷涂距离的增加粒子熔化程度增加.适当的喷涂工艺条件下微束等离子喷涂制备羟基磷灰石涂层的结晶度可以相当或高于传统大气等离子喷涂制备的涂层,有利于涂层在体液环境中稳定性的提高.     

新型大气长层流等离子体喷涂方法和研究进展

介绍了一种新型大气等离子喷涂方法,该方法采用特殊内通道结构的直流非转移电弧等离子发生器,可以直接在大气条件下获得长度100～1000 mm之间变化的等离子射流。在大气条件下,等离子射流的流动特性具有"长、直、准"的层流或类层流状态,工作时噪音小于80 dB。在工作参数范围内,等离子射流的长度在固定总气流量条件下可以随输出功率的增加而增长;射流的长度在固定输出功率的条件下随总气流量的增加而减小。当使用在大气等离子喷涂技术中时,会为飞行粉末颗粒带来超长的加热和加速过程。文中详细介绍了大气层流等离子喷涂技术的研究历史和研究现状,以及研究团队利用该新型技术制备的6种涂层的显微结构、颗粒的飞行和加热特点,并对比了目前其他大气等离子喷涂技术的结果。结果表明,文中介绍的方法在最低的输出功率和气流量条件下,为金属和陶瓷颗粒提供了超长的飞行和加热条件,表现为较低的颗粒飞行速度和超高的颗粒表面温度。可以在不同的射流长度或喷涂距离下,获得不同的颗粒熔化状态或涂层结构,并发现可以直接在大气条件下获得大规模气液共沉积的涂层。     

喷涂工艺参数对硅灰石涂层结构的影响

采用等离子喷涂方法,在不同喷涂距离、主气流量和喷涂功率下制备硅灰石涂层.使用扫描电镜观察了涂层的微观形貌,研究了喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响.结果表明,在较大主气流量下,随着喷涂距离增加,涂层粒子扁平化程度降低,涂层内孔隙逐渐增多;在较小主气流量下,涂层粒子扁平化程度随喷涂距离增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势.主气流量增加,涂层致密,粒子扁平充分.喷涂功率增加,粒子熔化好,涂层致密;但随喷涂功率进一步增加,涂层中出现较多的圆形孔隙.喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响主要通过影响熔融粒子的温度和速度所致.     

等离子喷涂TiO2基涂层工艺参数优化研究

目的对TiO_2基涂层的等离子喷涂工艺参数进行优化。方法采用正交实验、基材温度采集并结合涂层微观形貌分析、能谱分析、结合强度试验、显微硬度测试等方法,研究了喷涂电流、喷涂距离、主气流量对涂层组织及性能的影响规律,并获得了优化的喷涂工艺参数。结果涂层分熔融区和部分熔融区,呈现双模结构的混合微观结构特征,截面形貌凹凸不平,并以机械结合为主。拉断后,涂层断裂面呈韧窝状,由陶瓷层到粘结层呈台阶状过渡,陶瓷层整体的内聚结合强度优于陶瓷层与粘结层结合界面的结合强度。涂层条带状夹杂随着粉末流到达基板的温度的增加而减少,对结合强度影响不显著,但对硬度影响较显著。等离子喷涂过程中,粉末流到达基板的温度在一定范围内时,涂层性能随着粉末流到达基板的温度的增加而增加,但粉末流到达基板的温度过大,涂层性能降低。结论获得最优涂层必须采用最优工艺参数,工艺参数对涂层综合性能的影响主次顺序为喷涂电流、喷涂距离、主气流量,得到的优化工艺参数为:喷涂电流350 A,喷涂距离110 mm,主气流量2100 L/h。     

Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层等离子喷涂工艺参数的优化

采用正交试验方法研究了等离子喷涂工艺参数对Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层显微硬度的影响,并应用极差分析方法对试验结果进行了分析.结果表明,影响涂层性能的因素从主到次依次为喷涂距离、电流、送粉气流量和电压.Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层最佳的等离子喷涂工艺参数是电流500 A,电压65 V,喷涂距离100 mm,送粉气流量7 L/min.采用优化后的等离子喷涂工艺制备的涂层,粒子熔化充分,涂层均匀致密,孔隙率低,界面结合良好,是高质量的热喷涂涂层.     

铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层工艺参数优化的研究

目的 通过优化等离子喷涂工艺参数，提高铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层的结合强度和涂层表截面硬度。方法 用正交试验法，对影响喷涂涂层结合强度和硬度的4个关键喷涂参数进行优化，分别得到喷涂粘结底层Ni-5Al和工作表层Al2O3-3%TiO2的最佳优化参数。结果 通过正交试验确定影响Ni-5Al涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷涂电流、喷涂距离、辅气流量、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1；影响Al2O3-3%TiO2涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷距、辅气流量、电流、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1。Ni-5Al涂层的最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离120 mm，喷涂电流520 A，主气流量42 L/min，辅气流量7.5 L/min。Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离90 mm，喷涂电流530 A，主气流量46 L/min，辅气流量7.8 L/min。最佳工艺下制备的Ni-5Al底层与基体的结合强度为25.2 MPa，Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层与Ni-5Al底层的结合强度为17.8 MPa，且其截面硬度在1000HV0.5以上。结论 对喷涂工艺参数进行优化可以得到质量高且稳定的Al2O3-3%TiO2复合喷涂涂层，与非最佳工艺参数喷涂涂层相比，各指标均有较大提高。     

Effects of plasma treatment on bioactivity of TiO2 coatings

In this work, nano-TiO₂ powders were deposited on titanium alloy substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying, followed by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) using hydrogen, oxygen and ammonia gases. The bioactivities of PIII-treated TiO₂ coatings were evaluated by the formation of apatite on their surface after soaked in simulated body fluids (SBF) for a period of time. As-sprayed TiO₂ coating is composed of rutile, anatase and TiO_2−x (most of them is Ti₃O₅). After immersion in SBF for two weeks, the hydrogen PIII-treated TiO₂ coating can induce bone-like apatite formation on its surface but apatite cannot be formed on the surface of as-sprayed and oxygen, ammonia PIII-treated TiO₂ coatings. The results obtained indicated that a hydrogenated surface plays a very important role to induce bioactivity of TiO₂ coatings.     

Comparison of the photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 coatings elaborated by different thermal spraying processes

This paper proposes a comparative study on the microstructure and photocatalytic performances of titanium dioxide coatings elaborated by various thermal spraying methods (plasma spraying in atmospheric conditions, suspension plasma spraying, and high-velocity oxyfuel spraying). Agglomerated spray dried anatase TiO₂ powder was used as feedstock material for spraying. Morphology and microstructural characteristics of the coatings were studied mainly by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The photocatalytic behavior of the TiO₂-base surfaces was evaluated from the conversion rate of gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx). It was found that the crystalline structure depended strongly on the technique of thermal spraying deposition. Moreover, a high amount of anatase was suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants. Suspension plasma spraying has allowed retention of the original anatase phase and for very reactive TiO₂ surfaces to be obtained for the removal of nitrogen oxides. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Development of a novel cathodic plasma/electrolytic deposition technique part 1: Production of titanium dioxide coatings

A new atmospheric pressure plasma electrolytic deposition process has been developed for the production of crystalline titanium dioxide films on metal substrates. The process occurs in a liquid precursor composed of titanium tetraisopropoxide and absolute ethanol. A plasma discharge is created and confined around the cathode in a superheated vapour sheath surrounded by the liquid phase, inducing the production of a nano-crystalline TiO₂ coating at the surface of the cathode. The analysis of the structure and composition of these TiO₂ coatings have been carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Raman and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopies and X-Ray Diffraction. The produced crystalline titanium dioxide coatings are very adherent to the substrate and present a dendritic-like structure. We have moreover demonstrated that it is possible to adjust easily its composition by a post-processing calcination. Such characteristics make these films very interesting for photocatalysis, solar cells and gas sensing applications, and promise therefore some useful industrial benefits.     

Yb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Si<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> Environmental Barrier Coatings Deposited by Various Thermal Spray Techniques: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Dense, crack-free, uniform, and well-adhered environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are required to enhance the environmental durability of silicon (Si)-based ceramic matrix composites in high pressure, high gas velocity combustion atmospheres. This paper represents an assessment of different thermal spray techniques for the deposition of Yb₂Si₂O₇ EBCs. The Yb₂Si₂O₇ coatings were deposited by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF), suspension plasma spraying (SPS), and very low-pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) techniques. The initial feedstock, as well as the deposited coatings, were characterized and compared in terms of their phase composition. The as-sprayed amorphous content, microstructure, and porosity of the coatings were further analyzed. Based on this preliminary investigation, the HVOF process stood out from the other techniques as it enabled the production of vertical crack-free coatings with higher crystallinity in comparison with the APS and SPS techniques in atmospheric conditions. Nevertheless, VLPPS was found to be the preferred process for the deposition of Yb₂Si₂O₇ coatings with desired characteristics in a controlled-atmosphere chamber.     

Mechanical and tribological performance of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings elaborated by flame and plasma spraying

Mechanical properties and wear rates of Al₂O₃-13 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-13) and Al₂O₃-43 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-43) coatings obtained by flame and atmospheric plasma spraying were studied. The feed stock was either ceramic cords or powders. Results show that the wear resistance of AT-13 coatings is higher than that of AT-43 and it seems that the effect of hardness on wear resistance is more important than that of toughness. Additionally, it was established that, according to conditions used to elaborate coatings and the sliding tribological test chosen, spray processes do not seem to have an important effect on the wear resistance of these coatings.     

Structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying

Titanium dioxide coatings were deposited by utilizing an atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) system, at different spray parameters like argon flow rate and arc current. The structure and crystallite size of the as-sprayed TiO₂ coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photo-catalytic efficiency was determined in an environmental test chamber and evaluated from the conversion rate of ethanol. The as-sprayed TiO₂ coatings were photo-catalytically reactive for the degradation of ethanol and the photo-catalytic activity was influenced by spray conditions.     

Nanostructured photocatalytic titania coatings formed by suspension plasma spraying

This paper describes formation of titanium dioxide coatings designed for photocatalytic applications, obtained by suspension plasma spraying (SPS), an alternative of the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technique in which the material feedstock is a suspension of the material to be sprayed. Two different TiO₂ powders were dispersed in distilled water and ethanol and injected in Ar-H₂ or Ar-H₂-He plasma under atmospheric conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to study the microstructure of the titania coatings. Photocatalytic efficiency of the elaborated samples was evaluated from the conversion ratio of different air pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). The morphology and crystalline structure of the deposits depended mainly on the nature of the solvent (water or alcohol) used in the preparation of the slurries. Dense coatings were obtained starting from aqueous suspensions and porous deposits were elaborated by plasma spraying of a PC105 alcoholic suspension. A significant phase transformation from anatase to rutile occurred when ethanol was used as a solvent. Different photocatalytic performances were observed as a function of the nature of the liquid material feed-stock, the spraying parameters, and the nature of the pollutant. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Investigation of novel low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma system for deposition photo-catalytic TiO2 thin film

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel low-temperature atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma system and to use the system to deposit photo-catalytic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin film. In this study, titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor for TiO₂ thin film deposition. The precursor was vaporized by ultrasonic oscillator and introduced into an atmospheric plasma system by argon (Ar) carrier gas. The main plasma working gas was Ar mixed with O₂. Microstructure evolutions of TiO₂ thin film were investigated by low-angle grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GID), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The photo-catalytic properties were determined by contact angle and methylene orange de-coloration testing. In this study, the substrate temperature, the precursor flow rate and the O₂ flow rate were varied. TiO₂ thin film grown at a temperature of 350 °C, with precursor and O₂ flow rates of 20 sccm and 200 sccm, respectively, revealed the optimum photo-catalytic properties. It was also found that titanium dioxide thin films synthesized by the AP plasma method possess reasonable photo-catalytic characteristics like other deposition techniques.     

TiOxNy coatings grown by atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Titanium oxynitride coatings were deposited on various substrates by an original atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process using titanium tetra-iso-propoxide as titanium and oxygen precursors and hydrazine as a nitrogen source. The films composition was monitored by controlling the N₂H₄ mole fraction in the initial reactive gas phase. The variation of the N content in the films results in significant changes in morphological, structural and mechanical properties. When a large excess of the nitrogen source is used the resulting film contains ca 17  at % of nitrogen and forms dense and amorphous TiO_xN_y films. Growth rates of these amorphous TiO_1.5N_0.5 coatings as high as 14 μm/h were obtained under atmospheric pressure. The influence of the deposition conditions on the morphology, the structure, the composition and the growth rate of the films is presented. For the particular conditions leading to the growth of amorphous TiO_1.5N_0.5 coatings, first studies on the mechanical properties of samples grown on stainless steel have revealed a high hardness, a low friction coefficient, and a good wear resistance in unlubricated sliding experiments against alumina which make them very attractive as protective metallurgical coatings.     

Milestones in Functional Titanium Dioxide Thermal Spray Coatings: A Review

Titanium dioxide has been the most investigated metal oxide due to its outstanding performance in a wide range of applications, chemical stability and low cost. Coating processes that can produce surfaces based on this material have been deeply studied. Nevertheless, the necessity of coating large areas by means of rapid manufacturing processes renders laboratory-scale techniques unsuitable, leading to a noteworthy interest from the thermal spray (TS) community in the development of significant intellectual property and a large number of scientific publications. This review unravels the relationship between titanium dioxide and TS technologies with the aim of providing detailed information related to the most significant achievements, lack of knowhow, and performance of TS TiO₂ functional coatings in photocatalytic, biomedical, and other applications. The influence of thermally activated techniques such as atmospheric plasma spray and high-velocity oxygen fuel spray on TiO₂ feedstock based on powders and suspensions is revised; the influence of spraying parameters on the microstructural and compositional changes and the final active behavior of the coating have been analyzed. Recent findings on titanium dioxide coatings deposited by cold gas spray and the capacity of this technology to prevent loss of the nanostructured anatase metastable phase are also reviewed.