基于双参数地基的隧道预支护拱棚壳体力学模型

隧道预支护技术作为重要施工辅助方法,除有效加固围岩外,还具有良好的承载、抑制变形作用。为了更好地模拟隧道预支护拱棚真实受力,基于注浆管棚、水平旋喷拱棚所呈现出的壳体特性,首先,建立正交曲线坐标系,通过位移函数求解控制方程,然后,引入Pasternak地基模型,建立了Pasternak双参数地基的拱棚壳体力学模型,最后,推导出拱棚挠度、内力、地基反力的解析解表达式。将所提模型进行案例计算和数值验证,再对预支护拱棚的变形、横纵向受力以及地基接触反力进行分析,探讨了拱棚设计参数对旋喷拱棚变形的影响。与既有文献的分析方法对比,所提模型考虑了岩土体的连续性和注浆加固区整体性影响,相比传统方法理论上更贴近拱棚预支护真实受力状态;解析法和数值法得出的整体挠度曲线均呈“勺形”分布,结果吻合程度较好。力学分析表明：纵向上,拱棚能很好地调整压力分布,一定程度上使内部围岩处于免压状态;以开挖面为界,拱棚纵向弯矩、剪力的影响范围约5倍开挖进尺;横向上,拱脚处剪应力起主导作用,拱顶处主要由正应力主导且容易发生材料破坏;不同参数对拱棚结构变形影响程度不同,总体表现出：初始挠度>开挖进尺>桩径>埋深>开挖高度。     

复杂地质条件下超深旋喷桩的工程应用研究

旋喷桩的施工深度受到施工机械、土质、土层结构等因素的影响,深度越深,施工质量越难以控制。今以某工程为例,通过反复试验,对喷射方式和钻头结构型式进行了改进,最后顺利达到了预定钻进深度;在质量控制与检测方面提出了一系列异于常规旋喷深度的方法和措施;在旋喷桩作为止水帷幕的设计方面进行了优化设计,试验和研究结果对今后类似工程具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。     

Removal of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2 ： 4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ are 16.19 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb^2＋ is stronger than that for Cd^2＋. The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich＇s model with related coefficient higher than 0. 996.     

Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^2＋ , Pb^2＋ and Hg^2＋ in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of groups on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified groupting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg²⁺ > Pb²⁺ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests. Foundation item: Project (2000-65) supported by the Fund for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.     

灌浆压力测量误差的正交试验分析

灌浆规范中的灌浆压力是作用在灌浆岩体上的孔内灌浆压力。由于工艺的约束,现行灌浆监控过程常用孔口压力表示孔内灌浆压力,造成了灌浆压力的测量误差。针对非循环灌浆工艺,通过建立流体管道流动模型开展数值计算,采用多因素多水平正交法探究灌浆压力误差受浆液配比、浆液流速、灌浆孔深的相对影响,并采用统计法来分析不同工况下的显著影响因素。研究结果表明：灌浆压力较小时,灌浆压力误差普遍较大;若此时灌浆孔深且流速较大时,灌浆压力的测量误差则会超过灌浆压力仪表0.5%的精度要求,须进行误差补偿。其次,极差分析结果表明灌浆孔深是造成测量误差的主要因素,灌浆流速是第二个主要因素。而综合所有试验结果,浆液流速和灌浆孔深接近时,浆液配比越小,绝对偏差越大。结合上述正交试验和数值模型获取了不同工况下孔内灌浆压力值。     

Estimation of compaction grouting pressure in strain softening soils

A new method was proposed to predict the limited compaction grouting pressure for the soft soils. Theoretical basis of the method considered the conical shear failure above the grout bulb. Using the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion as the initial yield function, the limited compaction grouting pressure was determined, according to the softening elastic-plastic model based on the conventional triaxial compression tests to simulate the strain softening soils. The small strain in the elastic zone and large stain in the plastic zone and the rational yield function for the strain softening phase stage, the analytical solutions to the compaction grouting pressure were presented. The results indicate reasonable agreement and show a good potential of the proposed method for rationally optimizing the design of compaction grouting operations. Foundation item: Project (200550) supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China; Project (09JJ1008) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China     

基于极限拉应变法的盾构掘进注浆隆起 对上覆结构的影响

通过对杭州庆春路过江隧道盾构掘进地面位移的分析,发现横断面地面注浆隆起符合高斯分布;在Peck公式基础上考虑注浆隆起,提出广义Peck公式,可对盾构隧道施工引起的包含注浆隆起在内的横断面地面位移进行合理的预测与反分析.基于极限拉应变法,讨论了地层损失沉降和注浆隆起综合作用对上覆结构的影响.通过一算例分析,对盾构掘进最佳同步注浆量进行了探寻.算例表明：提高注浆建筑空隙填充率对减轻盾构掘进给结构造成的危害是最为关键的,额外注浆反而对结构不利.     

孔隙砂岩地层涌水灾害注浆治理的新设备及方法研究

为解决针对于孔隙砂岩水害注浆治理缺乏有效的针对性注浆设备和方法的问题,研制了一种针对孔隙砂岩水害治理的新型注浆设备,通过连续挤压方式在注浆过程中可以输出稳定低压和可控流量。提出了针对于孔隙砂岩注浆治理的新方法,辅以新型注浆设备可有效提高砂岩介质的可注性,保障注浆加固效果。将新型注浆设备和方法成功应用于孔隙砂岩介质模拟注浆试验,并应用活塞式注浆泵进行了对比试验。根据浆液扩散半径、扩散形状、注浆压力波动等实验结果表明,活塞式注浆泵不适用于孔隙砂岩的注浆治理,进一步验证了孔隙砂岩注浆治理的新方法以及新设备的科学性和可行性,为地下工程孔隙砂岩涌水灾害治理提供了新的思路。     

基于颗粒吸附概率模型的渗透注浆滤过机制研究

滤过效应对悬浊液渗透注浆扩散具有重要影响,滤过系数为渗透扩散关键影响参数,现有研究多将该系数假定为常数,具有较大局限性。考虑渗流域内各组分质量守恒,引入线性滤过定律,采用颗粒沉积概率模型描述水泥颗粒在多孔介质内沉积吸附行为,建立了考虑渗滤效应的水泥浆液渗透注浆柱形扩散理论模型。基于一维渗透注浆试验过程信息,提出了柱形扩散理论模型参数反演确定方法。开展了三维渗透注浆柱形扩散模型试验,结合理论模型计算结果,对比分析了孔隙率及浆液压力时空变化规律,探讨了注浆速率及浆液水灰比对滤过机制影响规律,并对理论计算模型准确性进行了验证。结果表明,注浆速率越小,注浆口处孔隙率衰减量越大,同时孔隙率沿浆液扩散方向衰减越剧烈;浆液水灰比越小,孔隙率衰减越快,滤过效应越显著。与试验值对比,所建立模型孔隙率最大计算误差小于12%,注浆压力最大计算误差小于14.2%,所建立模型可较好地描述水泥浆液多孔介质柱形扩散过程。     

Preparation and performance research of cement-based grouting materials with high early strength and expansion

Main performance of the cement grouting materials made up by Portland cement(PC) and sulphoaluminate cement(SAC) was investigated in this program, a kind of expanding agent(EA) which was mainly constituted by metakaolin and alunite was utilized for the compensation of the shrinkage, the hydration products and micro structure of the grouting materials were researched by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that a high expansion rate of the grouting materials could be reached as the expanding agent mixed in 6% of PC mass; the addition of SAC in the S2(PC:SAC:EA=34:6:2.25) brought a further improvement of the expansion rate of the grouting materials, the analysis of XRD and SEM showed that due to the reaction of expanding agent and SAC in the grouting materials, more ettringite crystal was generated, which resulted in a higher early strength, the addition of SAC played an expansion and strength reinforcement role in the grouting materials.     

富水区隧道渗流场解析解及合理支护参数

以复势函数和地下水力学理论为基础,引入双极坐标描述等势线,推导由围岩、注浆圈和初期支护组成的富水地区隧道渗流场解析解,获得隧道注浆前后初期支护外水头的水头差公式. 通过与保角变换法、镜像法和数值模拟计算结果对比,验证所提解析方法的合理性. 通过研究隧道注浆圈、初期支护的渗流参数与初期支护外水头、渗水量及水头差的关系,提出隧道结构合理渗流参数的确定方法. 结果表明：减小初期支护渗透系数或增大初期支护厚度都可致渗水量减小且水头增大;水头差随初期支护渗透系数或厚度增大先增大后减小,当水头差处于峰值时,注浆圈能发挥较大的作用,初期支护外水头可以降至全水头的30%±6%.     

Penetration grouting reinforcement of sandy gravel

To study the relationship between grouting effect and grouting factors, three factors （seven parameters） directionless pressure and small cycle grouting model experiment on sandy gravel was done, which was designed according to uniform design method. And regressing was applied to analysis of the test data. The two models test results indicate that when the diffusing radius of grout changes from 26 to 51 cm, the grouted sandy gravel compressing strength changes from 2.13 to 12.30 MPa; the relationship between diffusing radius（R） and water cement ratio（m）, permeability coefficient（k）, grouting pressure（p）, grouting time（t） is R=19.953m^0.121k^0.429p^0.412t^0.437; the relationship between compressing strength（P） and porosity（n）, water cement ratio, grouting pressure, grouting time is P =0.984n^0.517m6-1.488p^0.118t^0.031. So the porosity of sandy gravel, the permeability coefficient of sandy gravel, grouting pressure, grouting time, water cement ratio are main factors to influence the grouting effect. The grouting pressure is the main factor to influence grouting diffusing radius, and the water cement ratio is the main factor to influence grouted sandy gravel compressing strength.     

综合评判法在混凝土密实度检测中的应用

将注浆层空间中地质雷达信号差和面波反演后波速差作为评判因素,对注浆密实度进行综合评判.经推导得出两评判因素与注浆密实度为近似线性关系;采用典型试验数据,用主成分法计算出两因素的权重集为{0.7218,0.2782};根据注浆密实度情况,将评判集分为4个等级,即{密实,较密实,较差,极差}.共进行了两次大规模模型试验,分别用于建立检测模型和结果验证,浆液凝固后可以移走上部平台,对表面凹坑精确测量,保证了数据的可信度.经检验,直径超过20 cm凹坑的判断准确率为100%,10～20 cm为81.8%,5～10 cm为60%,小于5 cm为30.4%.     

破碎围岩锚注加固浆液扩散规律研究

基于连续介质力学和渗流力学理论,运用渗透张量法得出浆液在破碎围岩中扩散的基本方程;并通过对实际锚注支护工程进行假设与简化,建立锚注加固系统浆液在包含正交裂隙组的围岩中渗透扩散的数学模型.在此基础上,运用COMSOL软件对锚注支护工程进行实时模拟,研究了不同注浆压力和不同注浆锚杆布置方式对浆液流动扩散规律的影响.结果表明：对于巷道锚注支护工程,合理的注浆压力约为1.0～4.0MPa,合理的钻孔间距约为浆液扩散半径的1.3倍左右.将研究成果用于祁南煤矿新掘大巷锚注支护设计,取得了良好的效果.     

Compressive strength of polymer grouting material at different temperatures

In order to study the influence of temperature on compressive strength of polymer grouting material, the compression specimen injection mold is self-made, and the uniaxial compressive test was carried out in the temperature control box under different temperatures. The change regularity of compressive strength of polymer grouting material under different temperatures and the law of volume changes of polymer samples were obtained. The experimental results show that: the compressive strength of polymer material increases with the increase of density; the temperature change has a certain influence on the compressive strength of polymer grouting material; the compressive strength decreases with temperature increases under the same density, but the compressive strength is not significantly affected by temperature when the density is less than 0.4 g/cm³; the volume change of the samples accords with the law of thermal expansion and contraction when temperature changes, and the increase of the volume is obvious when it is under high temperature. The achievements will provide an important basis to the application of the polymer grouting material.     

Establishment and application of drilling sealing model in the spherical grouting mode based on the loosing-circle theory

There are quite a few studies that have been done on borehole sealing theory both domestically and internationally. The existing researches usually consider drilling of the surroundings as a dense homogeneous elastic body which does not meet the characteristics of real drilling of the fractured body. Based on the loosing-circle theory and analyses of the surrounding rock stress field, cracks and seepage fields, combined with Newtonian fluid spherical grouting model, we deduced the dynamic relationship between the seepage coefficient and rock or grouting parameters of the drilling sealing fluid mode of spherical fissure grouting. In this experiment, mucus was injected in the simulated coal seam and the permeability coefficient of the sealing body was calculated by using the model. To verify the validity of the model, the calculated sealing body number was compared with the extreme negative pressure that the sealing body could withstand. The theoretical model revealed the drilling sealing fluid mechanism, provided a method for the quantitative calculation of the drilling sealing fluid effect by grouting mode and a reference for the subsequent research of sealing mechanism.     

堤坝劈裂灌浆造孔间距改变的灌浆效果评价

堤坝劈裂灌浆技术是改善堤坝工程内在质量的一项重要技术措施,然而目前对该技术浆液在坝体内的渗透固结机理尚不明确,无法对灌浆后坝体的防渗效果进行有效地评价。为此,假定施工工艺其他条件不变的情况下,针对灌浆孔间距布设与劈裂灌浆防渗实际效果之间的相互作用规律,基于大型有限元数值计算方法,采用Mohr—CoulombHardening本构模型,通过布设不同间距灌浆孔的流固耦合计算,研究了堤坝劈裂灌浆过程中浆液所产生的孔隙水压力、堤坝应力应变等分布规律,揭示了堤坝劈裂灌浆浆液在土体内渗流固结机理,探讨了其对坝体稳定性的影响,评价了灌浆效果。     

一侧有建筑物时盾构引起地表沉降的数值分析

本文利用有限元程序 Midas/GTS,综合考虑土体非线性、土体与盾构作用、注浆压力、千斤顶推力、密封舱土压力等要素,建立了隧道-土-桩基-建筑物三维非线性有限元模型,研究地表一侧存在建筑物时及盾构施工参数对地表沉降的影响。通过三维仿真数值模拟得出以下结论：地表存在建筑物时,地表沉降最大值比无建筑物时要小,且最大沉降值背离建筑物方向,偏离盾构中心轴线;盾构支护压力越接近侧向静止水土压力地表沉降越小,合理的控制盾构施工参数（注浆压力、盾构机千斤顶推力）可以有效减小地表沉降。     

沥青路面纵缝深度灌缝方法及施工工艺

提出了沥青路面纵缝深度灌缝的方法及工艺,以彻底根治纵向裂缝.首先研究了满足深度灌缝要求的水泥砂浆配合比,其次通过试验路的现场灌缝工艺研究,确定了包括灌缝时机选择、裂缝预处理、钻芯布孔、埋置封堵管、灌浆和养生等关键环节的工艺流程.试验结果表明:配制的水泥砂浆具有很高的流动性和早期强度,灌缝方法可以将砂浆灌入裂缝处路面的基...