Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation intime-slotted CDMA mobile radio systems with joint detection

In cellular mobile radio systems, the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can be exploited by smart antennas to increase the spectral efficiency. In this paper, a novel smart antenna concept applying receiver antenna diversity at the uplink receiver is investigated for a time-slotted code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile radio air interface termed time-division CDMA (TD-CDMA), which has been selected by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in January 1998 to form part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) air interface standard. First, a combined direction-of-arrival (DOA) and joint channel estimation scheme is presented, which is based on DOA estimation using the Unitary ESPRIT algorithm and maximum likelihood estimation of the channel impulse responses associated with the estimated DOA's, which can also be used as an input for advanced mobile positioning schemes in UMTS. The performance of the combined DOA and joint channel estimation is compared with the conventional channel estimation through simulations in rural and urban propagation environments. Moreover, a novel joint data detection scheme is considered, which explicitly takes into account the signal DOA's and the associated channel impulse responses. The link level performance of a TD-CDMA mobile radio system using these novel schemes is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations of data transmission, and average bit error rates (BER's) are determined for rural and urban propagation environments. The simulation results indicate that, depending on the propagation environment, the exploitation of the knowledge of the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can lead to considerable system performance enhancements     

Performance Analysis of Multi-Antenna TD-CDMA Receivers with Estimation and Consideration of the Interference Covariance Matrix

The use of adaptive antennas in cellular mobileradio systems is considered to be one of the mostimportant measures to increase capacity. The consideredadaptive antenna concept is applied to the well-known TD-CDMA mobile radio air interface. TD-CDMA isadopted by ETSI for the UTRA TDD mode and is one of thecandidates considered by ITU for IMT-2000. In thereceivers of a TD-CDMA system the intracell multiple access interference (MAI) is eliminated byjoint detection. This detection algorithm also offersthe advantageous possibility of considering theintercell interference covariance matrix in order toenhance system performance. In this paper, amulti-antenna receiver structure with the capability toestimate the covariance matrix of the received intercellmultiple access interference (MAI) is presented. The benefits of taking into account theinterference covariance matrix both in channelestimation and data detection are shown by simulations.The directional channel models applied in thesimulations are derived from measured channel impulseresponses.     

Comparative study of joint-detection techniques for TD-CDMA basedmobile radio systems

Third-generation mobile radio systems use time division-code division multiple access (TD-CDMA) in their time division duplex (TDD) mode. Due to the time division multiple access (TDMA) component of TD-CDMA, joint (or multi-user) detection techniques can be implemented with a reasonable complexity. Therefore, joint-detection will already be implemented in the first phase of the system deployment to eliminate the intracell interference. In a TD-CDMA mobile radio system, joint-detection is performed by solving a least squares problem, where the system matrix has a block-Sylvester structure. We present and compare several techniques that reduce the computational complexity of the joint-detection task even further by exploiting this block-Sylvester structure and by incorporating different approximations. These techniques are based on the Cholesky factorization, the Levinson algorithm, the Schur algorithm, and on Fourier techniques, respectively. The focus of this paper is on Fourier techniques since they have the smallest computational complexity and achieve the same performance as the joint-detection algorithm that does not use any approximations. Similar to the well-known implementation of fast convolutions, the resulting Fourier-based joint-detection scheme also uses a sequence of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and overlapping. It is well suited for the implementation on parallel hardware architectures     

A dynamic channel assignment algorithm for a hybrid TDMA/CDMA-TDDinterface using the novel TS-opposing technique

It has been demonstrated that code division multiple access (CDMA) provides great flexibility by enabling efficient multiuser access in a cellular environment. In addition, time division duplex (TDD) as compared to frequency division duplex (FDD) represents an appropriate method to cater for the asymmetric use of a duplex channel. However, the TDD technique is subject to additional interference mechanisms compared to an FDD system, in particular if neighboring cells require different rates of asymmetry. If TDD is combined with an interference limited multiple access technique such as CDMA, the additional interference mechanism represents an important issue. This issue poses the question of whether a CDMA/TDD air-interface can be used in a cellular environment. The problems are eased if a hybrid time division multiple access (TDMA)/CDMA interface (TD-CDMA) is used. The reason for this is that the TDMA component adds another degree of freedom which can be utilized to avoid interference. This, however, requires special channel assignment techniques. A notable example of a system which uses a TD-CDMA/TDD interface is the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). This paper presents a novel centralized dynamic channel assignment (DCA) algorithm for a TD-CDMA/TDD air-interface. The DCA algorithm exploits a new technique which is termed “TS-opposing technique.” The key result is that the new DCA algorithm enables neighboring cells to adopt different rates of asymmetry without a significant capacity loss     

TD-CDMA系统中的联合检测技术--联合检测算法

多用户检测（MUD）技术作为CDMA系统的关键技术之一，具有优良的抗多址干扰（MAI）和抗远近效应性能。在介绍传统的多用户检测算法的基础上，引入了线性联合检测器，深入分析和比较了TD-CDMA系统中的联合检测算法，并根据TD-CDMA系统上行链路传播模型，对TD-CDMA上行链路的联合检测算法进行仿真。最后，根据仿真结果，比较了三种线性联合检测算法的性能。     

Known and novel diversity approaches as a powerful means to enhancethe performance of cellular mobile radio systems

The main requirements to be met by third generation mobile radio systems are high cellular spectrum efficiency and high flexibility. The authors focus on high cellular spectrum efficiency, which is difficult to achieve due to the time variance and frequency selectivity of the mobile radio channel and due to interference. It is known that the degrading effects of these adverse characteristics of the mobile radio channel and of interference can be mitigated by diversity. The way how diversity influences cellular spectrum efficiency is derived in general. As a reference point, the types of diversity used in GSM are analyzed. In GSM, the potential for diversity enhancement inherent in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) is not exploited. A joint detection code-division multiple-access (JD-CDMA) system concept aimed at third generation mobile radio systems has been proposed which introduces a CDMA feature into systems based on time-division multiple-access (TDMA) and frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) like GSM and also advanced TDMA (ATDMA). The gains achievable by different types of diversity in GSM as well as in the JD-CDMA system concept are investigated. It is shown that considerable gains can be achieved by different types of antenna diversity and by exploiting the additional diversity potential of CDMA. Therefore, third generation standards should be flexible in order to allow the use of as many types of diversity as possible to enhance the cellular spectrum efficiency     

Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMAmobile radio systems

In code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile radio systems, both intersymbol interference and multiple access interference arise which can be combated by using either elaborate optimum or favorable suboptimum joint detection (JD) techniques. Furthermore, the time variation of the radio channels leads to degradations of the receiver performance. These degradations can be reduced by applying diversity techniques. Using coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) is especially attractive because only the signal processing at the receiver must be modified. In the present paper, the application of CRAD to the more critical uplink of CDMA mobile radio systems with suboptimum JD techniques is investigated for maximal-ratio combining. The authors study six different suboptimum JD techniques based on decorrelating matched filtering, Gauss-Markov estimation, and minimum mean square error estimation with and without decision feedback. These six suboptimum JD techniques which are well-known for single antenna receivers are extended for the application to CRAD. A main concern of the paper is the determining of the SNR performance of the presented JD techniques for CRAD and the achievable average uncoded bit error probabilities for the transmission over rural area, typical urban and bad urban mobile radio channels are determined     

Turbo Multiuser Detection for TD-CDMA

In this paper the novel detection scheme multi-step joint detection for TD-CDMA mobile radio systems is presented. Multi-step joint detection uses the turbo principle for iteratively improving data detection. Extrinsic information obtained by FEC-decoding in a previous step is used for a joint reduction of interference and improvement of asymptotic efficiency of the linear multiuser detector. Multi-step joint detection helps to overcome the problems of small asymptotic efficiencies present in linear multiuser detectors like the zero forcing equalizer in TD-CDMA mobile radio systems in the case of high system loads. Simultaneously complexity is much lower than that of optimum nonlinear multiuser detectors based on the Viterbi algorithm. As an alternative to simulations the performance of multi-step joint detection can be theoretically determined under certain not too restrictive assumptions. Both approximate and simulative performance results are presented in the paper. It is shown that in typical mobile radio systems the required SNR at the receiver input can be reduced by approximately 10 dB compared to linear multiuser detection. Thus, multi-step joint detection helps to increase the permissible number of mobile stations per cell or to decrease the required cluster size in TD-CDMA mobile radio systems and thus improves spectrum efficiency and capacity.     

Low-complexity turbo equalization and multiuser decoding for TD-CDMA

The authors propose a low complexity multiuser joint parallel interference cancellation (PIC) decoder and turbo decision feedback equalizer for code division multiple access (CDMA). In their scheme, an estimate of the interference signal (both multiple-access interference and intersymbol interference) is formed by weighting the hard decisions produced by conventional (i.e., hard-output) Viterbi decoders. The estimated interference is subtracted from the received signal in order to improve decoding in the next iteration. By using asymptotic performance analysis of random-spreading CDMA, they optimize the feedback weights at each iteration. Then, they consider two (mutually related) performance limitation factors: the bias of residual interference and the ping-pong effect. The authors show that the performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved by compensating for the bias in the weight calculation, and they propose a modification of the basic PIC algorithm, which prevents the ping-pong effect and allows higher channel load and/or faster convergence to the single-user performance. The proposed algorithm is validated through computer simulation in an environment fully compliant with the specifications of the time-division duplex mode of third-generation systems, contemplating a combination of time-division multiple access and CDMA and including frequency-selective fading channels, user asynchronism, and power control. The main conclusion of this work is that, for such application, soft-input soft-output decoders (e.g., implemented by the forward-backward BCJR algorithm) are not needed to attain very high spectral efficiency, and simple conventional Viterbi decoding suffices for most practical settings.     

Advantages of CDMA and spread spectrum techniques over FDMA andTDMA in cellular mobile radio applications

A unified theoretical method for the calculation of the radio capacity of multiple-access schemes such as FDMA (frequency-division multiple access), TDMA (time-division multiple access), CDMA (code-division multiple access) and SSMA (spread-spectrum multiple access) in noncellular and cellular mobile radio systems is presented for AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channels. The theoretical equivalence of all the considered multiple-access schemes is found. In a fading multipath environment, which is typical for mobile radio applications, there are significant differences between these multiple-access schemes. These differences are discussed in an illustrative manner revealing several advantages of CDMA and SSMA over FDMA and TDMA. Novel transmission and reception schemes called coherent multiple transmission and coherent multiple reception are briefly presented     

一种DS-CDMA无线反向链路空间分集方案研究

本文利用自适应天线阵列分离出多径信号,利用RAKE消除多径衰落。导频位符号辅助(PSA)信道估计用来对RAKE的输入端进行加权,天线阵列的加权系数的自适应更新是采用RLS算法而得。结果表明,该方案具有很强的抗多径干扰和多址干扰的能力。     

Radio resource allocation in third generation mobile communicationsystems

Code-division multiple access has been widely accepted as the major multiple access scheme in third-generation mobile communication systems. Wide-band CDMA and its hybrid associate time-division CDMA are key elements of the IMT2000 framework of standards. Since the beginning of the 1990s there has been enormous research activity in analysis of the soft (i.e., interference limited) capacity of these CDMA-based systems. Optimal usage of the soft capacity to provide, maintain, and guarantee QoS for different service classes is now becoming a very important issue. Therefore, interest in radio resource allocation has recently. This article presents an overview of RRA schemes (primarily for CDMA-based systems) that are flexible, support traffic services with various QoS requirements, minimize call/session blocking and dropping probabilities, and have acceptable radio resource utilization     

Performance of a cellular hybrid C/TDMA mobile radio systemapplying joint detection and coherent receiver antenna diversity

For future mobile radio systems, an appropriately chosen multiple access technique is a critical issue. Multiple access techniques presently under discussion are code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and hybrids of both. In the paper, a hybrid C/TDMA system using joint detection (JD-C/TDMA) with coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) at the base station (BS) receiver is proposed. Some attractive features of the JD-C/TDMA system are the possibility to flexibly offer voice and data services with different bit rates, soft capacity, inherent frequency and interferer diversity, and high system capacity due to JD. Furthermore, due to JD, a cluster size equal to 1 can be realized without needing soft handover. The single cell E_b/N₀ performance and the interference situation in a cellular environment of the uplink of a JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD is investigated in detail. It is shown that the cellular spectrum efficiency is remarkably high, taking values up to 0.2 bit/s/Hz/BS in the uplink, depending on the actual transmission conditions     

Space-Time Block Coding for Uplink Single-Carrier CDMA with Joint Detection in the Frequency Domain

Single-carrier code-division multiple access (SC-CDMA), also named cyclic-prefix CDMA in the literature, is a promising air interface for the uplink of the 4G cellular wireless communication systems. It enables the high capacity intrinsically offered by CDMA by making the equalization of the multipath channels and the mitigation of the resulting interference possible at a low complexity. This paper proposes a new air interface that combines SC-CDMA with space-time block coding (STBC) across multiple transmit antennas in order to make the link more robust. Contrary to existing air interfaces that perform the STBC at the chip level, making them only applicable to the downlink, the STBC is performed at the symbol level, making it also applicable to the uplink. In order to optimally detect the different antenna and user signals, a linear joint detector optimized according to the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion is designed. By exploiting the cyclic properties of the channel matrices, the complexity of the joint detector is significantly reduced. Furthermore, it is shown analytically that the inter-antenna interference is canceled out at the output of the first stage of the linear MMSE joint detector, consisting of a matched filter. By space-time coding the signal through two antennas at each transmit mobile terminal, a significant gain in signal-to-noise-ratio can be achieved. However, the spatial diversity gain of the proposed system is limited by the multiuser interference (MUI), that is increasing with the user load. Higher complexity non-linear receivers are needed to better compensate the MUI and still benefit from the spatial diversity at high user loads.     

Impact of radio resource allocation policies on the TD-CDMA systemperformance: evaluation of major critical parameters

This paper investigates the impact of major critical parameters and the effect of some radio resource allocation policies on the TD-CDMA system performance. Critical parameters are related either to the user behavior (e.g., user mobility, activity factors) or to processing techniques and algorithms implemented to control network performance and individual radio link quality (e.g., joint detection imperfection, handover margin, timeout for maintaining alive bad radio links). Network topology (e.g., distance between neighboring base stations) also undoubtedly influences capacity results. Analysis is carried out through accurate modeling of user behavior, interference scenarios, and power budget limitations at both terminals and infrastructure, allowing for proper implementation of radio resource allocation algorithms. Among these algorithms, power management (both at the initial channel assignment and during communication), dynamic channel allocation (DCA), and ongoing calls management are explored. An event-driven simulation approach was considered to model realistic system behavior and address system stability under various events generating traffic/interference fluctuations (e.g., call arrivals and departures, handovers, steps of power control loops). Such an approach is expected to offer a good estimate of the real conditions provided the propagation models are close to real life. As a consequence, measures to be taken to avoid/control overloading in a TD-CDMA (CDMA in general) environment can be naturally derived and tested with this methodology     

Joint Detection and Diversity Techniques in CDMA Mobile Radio Systems

CDMA mobile radio systems suffer from intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI) which can be combated by using joint detection (JD) techniques. Furthermore, the time variation of the radio channels leads to degradations of the receiver performance due to fading. These degradations can be reduced by applying diversity techniques. Three suboptimum detection techniques based on matched filters (MF), zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square-error (MMSE) equalization are considered. For further improvements, switched and equal gain diversity techniques are employed to combat fading. The performance is depicted in terms of the average bit error probability versus the average SNR per bit in a single cell environment showing an appreciable improvement over the non diversity situation. Theoretical results for the SNR at the front end of the receiver and the BER for ideal channel are obtained and compared with the simulation results.     

An overview of air interface multiple access for IMT-2000/UMTS

The basis for any air interface design is how the common transmission medium is shared between users (i.e., multiple access scheme). The underlying multiple access method for all mobile radio systems is FDMA. The performance of TDMA and CDMA has been subject to vigorous debate, without any definitive conclusions. This article gives an overview of worldwide research and standardization activities related to the multiple access schemes for third-generation mobile communications systems IMT-2000 and UMTS     

Performance of simulcast wireless techniques for personalcommunication systems

Broadband analog transport facilities using fiber or fiber/coax cable can play a significant role in the evolution of the network infrastructure for personal communications services (PCSs). Low-power PCS systems require a dense grid of radio ports to provide connectivity to the telephone network. Analog transport has a number of important advantages over digital transmission facilities, including the flexibility to support a variety of air interface formats, shared infrastructure cost with other services such as video distribution, and centralized call processing allowing the use of low cost and simple radio ports. A simulcast technique can be used in such systems to permit low rates of handoff (no handoff within each simulcast area) and sharing of hardware resources among multiple radio ports. This paper provides a detailed model and a simulation analysis of the cochannel interference and noise performance as well as the resource sharing benefit of a simulcast PCS system. Several potential PCS air interfaces are considered, including time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques. Our investigation shows that the impact of multiple antenna noise in a simulcast system is offset by the improved signal-to-interference (SIR) ratio brought about by distributed antennas. Even with distributed antennas, multiple antenna noise places a limit on the maximum number of radio ports that can be assigned to each simulcast group. This limit, however, is shown to have little impact on the achievable resource sharing benefit of simulcasting (i.e., grouping beyond this limit has diminishing returns). A saving of 40% to 60%, in terms of the required central hardware resources, is typical for both TDMA and CDMA systems in suburban environments     

Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applyingCDMA

Data estimation in the uplink of a synchronous mobile radio system applying code-division multiple access (CDMA) is considered. In mobile radio systems applying CDMA, multipath propagation leads to intersymbol interference (ISI) and together with time variance, to cross interference between the signals of different users regardless of whether the user codes are chosen orthogonal or not. A linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is presented that eliminates both ISI and cross interference perfectly by jointly detecting the different user signals, leading to unbiased estimates of the transmitted data symbols. By theoretical analysis and simulation, the performance of the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is examined under the assumption that the radio channel impulse responses are known at the receiver. The price to be paid for the interference elimination are SNR degradations, which are calculated for typical mobile radio situations in urban areas. The resulting average uncoded bit error probabilities lead to the conclusion that systems applying the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm are well suited for mobile radio applications     

Radio interfaces make the difference in 3G cellular systems

Third-generation cellular telephony is on its way-not, unfortunately, as a single worldwide system, but as three incompatible ones. The main difference between the three lies in their choice of radio interface technology. This fact is crucial for several reasons, since the radio interface determines not only the fundamental capacity of a mobile radio network, but also how it deals with such issues as interference, multipath distortion, and handing off calls from one base station to another as users move around. Consequently, as might be expected, the choice of radio interface has a dramatic effect on the complexity of the system and its cost. Also, global travellers will need more than one phone with which to communicate, at least until trimode phones reach the market. To understand what is being developed, and why, the author begins with one of the stated goals of third-generation (3G) systems, namely to support variable user data rates as high as 2 Mb/s. In one way or another, all three approaches provide for adaptive bandwidth-on-demand. Two of the systems use wideband code-division multiple access (WCDMA) for the radio interface. The other uses two variations of time-division multiple access (TDMA)