Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Spheres

Mesoporous titanium dioxide spheres were synthesized by a convenient solvothermal method at room temperature with tetraethyl titanate as a procursor. Investigation by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and N<,2> adsorption-desorption isotherms confirms that the sample has a mesostructure with a higher specific surface area and shows that the mesoporous TiO<,2> spheres have a diameter of 2 μm, the average pore size is about 5.9 nm, and the BET surface area and specific pore volume are about 236 m<'2>/g and 2.116 cm<'3>/g, respectively. The anatase and rutile mesoporous TiO<,2> spheres calcined at 700 ℃ show much better photocatalytic activity than the samples calcined at other temperatures and is comparable to an uncaicined sample in the photodegradation of Methyl Blue(MB) under the UV irradiation.     

Synthesis and photocatalytic property of Ce-doped SnO₂

Pure SnO2 and Ce-doped(1%,4%,7%,10% in mass ratio) SnO2 powders were prepared by a simple sol-gel method.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) specific surface area analyzers.Results showed that the 7% Ce-doped sample has a particle size of 0.1-0.3 μm with a narrow particle size distribution while the pure SnO2 was consisted of large agglomerated particles with a diameter up to several micrometers.When used as the catalyst to degrade methyl orange(MO),the 7% Ce-doped sample showed best photocatalytic property.These properties can be attributed to the large surface area and small particle size of the 7% Ce-doped sample.     

Synthesis and photocatalytic property of Ce-doped SnO2

Pure SnO₂ and Ce-doped (1%, 4%, 7%, 10% in mass ratio) SnO₂ powders were prepared by a simple sol-gel method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analyzers. Results showed that the 7% Ce-doped sample has a particle size of 0.1-0.3 μm with a narrow particle size distribution while the pure SnO₂ was consisted of large agglomerated particles with a diameter up to several micrometers. When used as the catalyst to degrade methyl orange (MO), the 7% Ce-doped sample showed best photocatalytic property. These properties can be attributed to the large surface area and small particle size of the 7% Ce-doped sample.     

M50NiL钢磨削表面完整性特征及变质层厚度表征方法

通过透射电子显微镜确定了M50NiL钢渗碳后磨削表面变质层厚度,同时利用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、显微维氏硬度计、X射线残余应力测定仪等设备表征了M50NiL钢磨削表面完整性特征.结果表明:磨削在渗碳硬化层表面构建了一个表面变质层,该变质层组织的基本特征是晶粒细化和变形,在选区电子衍射图上显示为拉长模糊的多晶环;变质层厚度约0.5μm,残余压应力和硬度略有升高,表面应力集中系数较低.      

无取向硅钢表面纳米结构的渗硅行为

 对3%无取向硅钢进行表面机械研磨处理（SMAT）,获得表面纳米结构,再进行550~650℃、4h固体粉末渗硅处理,用透射电镜（TEM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）研究表层组织演变。结果表明：经过SMAT后,3%无取向硅钢表面晶粒尺寸降低至10nm左右,纳米晶层厚度约为20μm。经过550~650℃、4h渗硅处理后,SMAT样品表面形成化合物层,其厚度随着渗硅温度的升高由27μm增加到150μm。化合物层由FeSi和Fe3Si两相组成,其中FeSi相随着渗硅温度的升高而逐渐增加。     

Ti-IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出机理和规律

结合冶金热力学和凝固偏析模型分析了Ti-IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出特点.Ti-IF钢凝固前期钢液中TiN夹杂无法生成,固相中TiN源自低温固相析出;凝固固相分数达到0.64时,Ti、N组元在凝固前沿富集程度增加,凝固前沿固相中开始有TiN析出;凝固末期,Ti和N的富集程度进一步增大,固液相中均能有TiN析出.采用扫描电镜分析了TiN在铸坯中的分布,从铸坯表层到中心TiN数量和尺寸存在显著变化:从铸坯表层向中心方向TiN尺寸不断增大,平均尺寸从1-2μm增大到5μm,在距离表层70-80 mm处尺寸达到最大;在铸坯厚度中间位置,TiN尺寸较大,平均尺寸为5μm左右;在铸坯中心TiN尺寸又有所变小,平均尺寸为3μm左右;在铸坯表层TiN密集程度较高,在铸坯中间和中心TiN数量密集程度显著降低.IF钢铸坯中TiN析出时机及其尺寸和数量与Ti、N组元偏析和凝固冷却速度关系密切.      

Preparation of ultrafine Ce-based oxide nanoparticles and their catalytic performances for diesel soot combustion

The ultrafine Ce-based oxide nanoparticles with different element dopings （Zr, Y） were synthesized by the method of mi- cropores-diffused coprecipitation （MDC） using ammonia solution as the precipitation agent. The activities of the catalysts for soot oxidation were evaluated by the temperature-programmed oxidation （TPO） reaction. Ce-based oxides prepared in this study exhibited high catalytic activity for soot oxidation under tile condition of loose contact between soot particles and catalysts, and the catalytic ac- tivity ofultrafine Ce0.gZr0 iO2 nanoparticle for soot combustion was the highest, whose/＂10, Ts0 and Sco2m was 364, 442 ~C and 98.3%, respectively. All catalysts were systematically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Brumauer-Emett-Teller （BET）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （UV-Vis DRS）. It was indicated that the MDC method could prepare the ultrafine Ce-bascd oxide nanoparticles whose the crystal lattice were perfect, and the BET surface area and average crystal size of the ultrafine nanoparticles changed with the different element dopings （Zr, Y）. The H2-TPR measurements showed that the ultrafine Ce-based ox- ide nanoparticles with the doping-Zr cation could be favorable for improving the redox property of the catalysts.     

氩气雾化法制备FGH96高温合金粉末颗粒的凝固组织

利用扫描电镜(SEM)对氩气雾化(argon gas atomization,缩写AA)工艺制备的FGH96高温合金原始粉末颗粒的粘结形式、凝固组织、表面和内部形貌及其形成机理进行研究.结果表明:AA法制备的FGH96合金粉末,在颗粒尺寸d≥40 μm时,颗粒之间出现凸起式粘结、包覆式粘结以及葫芦式粘结,其中凸起式粘结...     

Physical Characteristics of Urban Roadway Solids Transported during Rain Events

Urban stormwater runoff from paved surfaces transports a wide gradation of solids ranging in size from smaller than 1 μm to greater than 10,000 μm. This study measured physical characteristics of solids transported in lateral pavement sheet flow from a heavily traveled roadway in Cincinnati. Particles smaller than 25 μm were counted and sized using a light obscuration particle counter. Particles larger than 25 μm were separated mechanically to generate particle size distributions. Solids in the 2–8 μm range generated the largest counts and were rapidly washed from the pavement. LPSF rate and duration controlled yield and size of transported solids. Particle transport was mass limited during long duration high intensity events, but flow limited during intermittent low intensity events with high traffic. Particle counts exhibited a first flush from the pavement. Specific surface area generally increased with decreasing particle size, but measured values deviated from the monotonic pattern expected for spherical particles. Particles 425 to 850 μm in size contributed the greatest total surface area. Results provide guidance for assessment of the impact of urban runoff water quality and for design of in situ treatment strategies.     

Characteristics of Metal Droplets in Slag Tapped from the Blast Furnace

Slag samples, hot‐metal samples and hot‐metal temperatures were obtained during tapping of two blast furnaces. Sampling was carried out at different time points during tapping of three separate heats. The size distribution and composition of metal droplets found in the slag were determined using scanning electron microscopy. Only metal droplets above 0.75 μm could be counted and analysed. All droplets were below 8 μm in diameter and the great majority of these droplets were found to be between 0.75 and 2 μm. The size distribution did not differ significantly for different slag samples. Iron was the main droplet component. Electron probe microanalysis showed that the droplets contained small amounts of carbon. The percentage of the area in a studied cross‐section that was covered with metal droplets varied between 0.01 and 0.07%. Calculations based on Stoke's law showed that the distance droplets travel in the slag is in the micron range. Slag samples taken in the beginning of slag tapping contained more droplets than those taken in the middle of slag tapping, an indication that most droplets can be found in the area near the furnace wall. Some droplets were determined to have magnesium enrichment at the external surface.     

GH4169电渣重熔铸锭表层夹杂物分布规律

 电渣重熔是GH4169高温合金“三联”冶炼工艺的中间环节,电渣锭表面质量对自耗锭洁净度的提升具有重要意义。通过采用合适的车削量,可以改进其表面质量。因此,结合SEM-EDS设备、Image Pro plus及JMatPro软件等方法对实际生产的电渣锭表面区域内夹杂物分布情况展开系统性探究,并制定较为适宜的车削范围。结果表明,电渣锭内主要形成以Ti(C,N)和MgAl₂O₄为核心的复合夹杂物;随着位置逐渐远离电渣锭边缘,夹杂物数量密度首先由5 233降低至3 684 个/mm2,最后稳定在(3 650±30) 个/mm2范围;其平均尺寸先由7.7减少到4.9 μm,然后在(4.3±0.1) μm范围内稳定波动。根据表面区域夹杂物的分布确定电渣锭较为合适的车削范围为18~24 mm,并通过工业试验结果验证了新的切削范围能够提高加工后电渣锭的表面质量。     

Preparation and performance of CeO_2 hollow spheres and nanoparticles

CeO_2 hollow spheres were synthesized by polystryrene sphere(PS) templates and CeO_2 nanoparticles were prepared by a facile method. The as-obtained products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The results showed that the structure of the obtained CeO_2 hollow spheres was hollow microsphere with a diameter of 380 nm and the average particle size of CeO_2 nanoparticles was about 1700 nm. The two samples' Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface area was 67.1 and 37.2 m~2/g. The CeO_2 hollow spheres had a better performance than nanoparticles at UV-shielding because of higher surface area and the structure of hollow sphere.     

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Yttrium Oxide Powders with High Specific Surface Area

Y2O3isoftenusedinthemanufactureofphos phorsandceramics[1～3].However,itisalsousedas selectivecatalysts[1,4,5],suchasforthedehydrationof2alkanols,thedimerizationofmethane,1butene isomerization,hydrogenationof1,3butadieneandac etonealdoladdition,andsupport[6,7]formetalsthat catalyzetheformationofmethanolfromCO2andH2.It iswidelyacceptedthatthecatalysispropertiesofox idesdependstronglyontheirphysicalcharacteristics,especiallyontheirspecificsurfaceareaandporous structure.Agreatdealofattentionhasb…     

Fabrications of Surface Nanocomposite by Friction Stir Processing to Improve Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Low Carbon Steel

Friction stir processing was used to fabricate metal matrix composites on the surface of low carbon steel. In this research for making 2 mm surface MMC, the groove method was applied to fabricate TiB₂ nanocomposite via cylindrical tool made of tungsten carbide. Microstructural properties of FSPed samples were studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate mechanical properties, the micro hardness and tensile properties of MMC were measured. The results indicated that the surface nanocomposite produced by this method had excellent properties. The microstructure of surface MMCs became fine (ferrite grain size became about 1–2 µm) with no defect and porosity. Moreover by adding TiB₂ nanoparticles to the low carbon steel matrix alloy, mechanical properties were improved. Micro hardness can become 200HV higher than that of the base metal. The surface nanocomposite also exhibited better tensile strength when sample yield stress increased to about 28 %.     

Carbide formation in alloy 718 during electron-beam solid freeform fabrication

In electron-beam solid freeform fabrication (EBSFF), material in wire form is fed into a melt pool maintained on the surface of the part by the electron beam, and controlled rapid movement of the part deposits metal selectively in a layer-by-layer fashion. Solidification occurs at a high rate, forming a fine dispersion of primary carbides in Alloy 718. Growth of the carbide particles has been modeled, assuming diffusion control and a linear change in the driving force for precipitation with temperature. The model predicts the maximum carbide size as a function of EBSFF operating parameters and alloy composition. For the material and conditions used experimentally in this work, the model predicts a maximum diameter of approximately 1.0 μm. Extraction-replica transmission electron microscopy of EBSFF samples identified carbides in the 300 to 600 nm range, consistent with a population having the predicted maximum size. Control material from a conventional vacuum-arc remelted ingot was also examined, and platelike carbides up to 40 μm in length were noted. This is an indication of the potential of EBSFF to refine the carbide morphology and size distribution.     

Effect of cerium oxide prepared under different hydrothermal time on electrocatalytic performance of Pt-based anode catalysts

In this paper,CeO_2 with a pore size of 2-4 nm was synthesized by hydrothermal method.The CeO_2 modified graphene-supported Pt catalyst was prepared by the microwave-assisted ethylene glycol reduction chloroplatinic acid method,and the effect of the addition of CeO_2 prepared by different hydrothermal reaction time on the catalytic performance of Pt-based catalysts was investigated.The microstructures of CeO_2 and catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),specific surface area and pore size analyzer(BET),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron spectroscopy(EDAX),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and the catalysts electrochemical performance was tested by electrochemical workstation.The results show that the catalytic performance of the four catalysts with CeO_2 is better than that of the catalyst without CeO_2.Adding CeO_2 with a specific surface area of 120.15 m~2/g prepared by hydrothermal reaction time of 39 h to Pt/C synthesis catalyst,its electrocatalytic performance,stability and resistance to poisoning are the best.The electrochemical active surface area is 102.83 m~2/g,the peak current density of ethanol oxidation is 757.17 A/g and steady-state current density of 1100 s is 108.17 A/g which shows the lowest activation energy for ethanol oxidation reaction.When the cyclic voltammogram is scanned for 500 cycles,the oxidation peak current density retention rate is 87.74%.     

Microstructural Evolution During Friction Surfacing of Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 304 on Low Carbon Steel

Austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 coating was deposited over low carbon steel substrate by means of friction surfacing and the microstructural evolution was studied. The microstructural characterization of the coating was carried out by optical microscopy (OM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The coating exhibited refined grains (average size of 5 ??m) as compared to the coarse grains (average size of 40 ??m) in as-received consumable rod. The results from the microstructural characterization studies show that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) is the responsible mechanism for grain evolution as a consequence of severe plastic deformation.     

球形氧化镍粉末对乙醇的电催化性能的研究

通过水热-热分解法制备球形介孔氧化镍粉末,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和比表面积仪对氧化镍粉末的形貌和结构进行表征;通过循环伏安法、计时电流法和电化学阻抗谱的测试,系统研究该种粉末在碱性介质中对乙醇的电催化氧化活性.结果表明:所得到的氧化镍粉末为球形,比表面积为35 m2·g-1,平均孔径为15.88 nm;该粉末对乙醇具有良好的催化活性,氧化电流随乙醇浓度和扫描速率的增大而增大,在0.60 V电位下保持1000 s,球形多孔氧化镍对乙醇氧化催化的电流衰减率为0.075%,稳定性比较好.循环伏安法、计时电流法和电化学阻抗谱测试表明,球形介孔NiO/玻碳电极(NiO/GCE)对乙醇的催化氧化反应机理为扩散控制.      

Microstructure characteristics of spray-formed high vanadium and cobalt high speed steel

The microstructure of high vanadium and cobalt high speed steel(high-V/Co HSS) and the morphology of its carbides were analyzed by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),X-ray power diffraction(XRD),atomic force microscopy(AFM) and single phase erosion(SPE).The results suggest that the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS has fine equiaxed grains(about 20 μm in size),which were homogeneously distributed.The carbides have two classical morphologies:one is fine particles(about 2 μm in size) distributed along the grain boundaries and the other is needle-like one,distributed on the grain boundaries.There are MC carbides,M2C carbides,M6C carbides and Cr2WC2 carbides in the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS samples,however,in the as-cast high-V/Co HSS,there are MC carbides and Cr2WC2 carbides only.The SPE results show that there are two types of MC carbides in the as-sprayed HSS:the sphere one and the particle-like one.The former is about 2 μm in size and the latter is less than 1 μm,dispersed inside the grains,quite different from the MC carbides in the as-cast HSS.According to the AFM results,the skeleton-like M6C carbides of the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS are embedded in the matrix along the grain boundaries.It is found that there are sharp membrane pieces on the carbides.Some small bamboo-shoot-like MC carbides grow from the matrix and are dispersed inside the grain.Those larger MC carbides are spherical particles embedded at the grain boundary junctions.     

高拉速连铸低碳铝镇静钢铸坯中夹杂物

针对高拉速板坯连铸生产的低碳铝镇静钢铸坯,采用Aspex自动扫描电镜对铸坯表层夹杂物进行大面积的扫描分析,得到不同拉速下夹杂物的变化规律,并探究流场和S含量对夹杂物分布的影响.结果表明:随着拉速增大,钩状坯壳的深度和长度逐渐减小.对拉速大于2 m·min-1的铸坯,由于钩状坯壳不是很发达,铸坯表层没有发现大于200μm的夹杂物.铸坯表层尺寸介于50~200μm的夹杂物主要是由凝固坯壳所捕获,而夹杂物在凝固前沿的受力决定了夹杂物的捕获行为.随着拉速提高,凝固前沿的钢液流速增加,随着冲刷力的增加、捕获力的减少,夹杂物被捕获的数量减少.在高拉速连铸下,如果钢液中S含量较大,夹杂物受到明显的温度Marangoni力,会更容易被凝固坯壳捕获.