地面驱动螺杆泵泵送油水乳化液时的摩阻研究

对地面驱动螺杆泵泵送油水乳化液时的摩阻特性进行了全面的研究。通过测量摩擦压降研究了油包水与水包油乳化液之间的相转变现象,分析了不同含水率下抽油杆转速对油包水乳化液及水包油乳化液流动摩擦压降的影响。实验和分析表明,当含水率为0.41~0.43时,水包油乳化液将向油包水乳化液转换;抽油杆的旋转效应在水包油乳化液时对摩擦压降的影响要大于油包水乳化液。通过实验数据处理,获得了不同流型下抽油杆旋转时环型管道内幂律型油水乳化液流动摩擦阻力的实验关系式。这些研究结果对地面驱动螺杆泵的设计及应用有一定参考价值。     

甜菜碱溶液的界面性能及其在稠油降粘中的应用

为探索稠油乳化降黏过程中乳化剂的构效关系,考察了直链烷基甜菜碱(ASB)、二甲苯基取代甜菜碱(BSB)与稠油的油/水动态界面张力和界面扩张流变参数,测定了甜菜碱溶液与稠油形成的乳状液的稳定性、粒径和黏度。结果表明：甜菜碱分子的亲水基团平铺在界面上,形成具有一定弹性和强度的油/水界面膜,易与稠油形成稳定的O/W乳状液,显著降低了油相黏度。当油/水体积比为1∶1时,2种甜菜碱在质量分数为0.1%～1.0%的范围内,降黏率大于98%。ASB分子与稠油中活性物质混合吸附、协同作用,具有比BSB更高的界面活性和更强的稳定稠油乳状液能力,能在更宽的油/水体积比范围内有效降黏。     

轮古15井区含水稠油流变性实验研究

轮古15井区已进入中高含水期,含水稠油的流变性将对降黏举升工艺产生重大影响。通过室内实验,测定了含水稠油在不同温度及剪切速率条件下的剪切应力及黏度,研究了含水率、温度、剪切速率等因素对稠油流变性的影响。研究结果表明,稠油黏度随含水率增大而明显减小,但在高含水率情况下仍需要降黏才能开采;不同含水稠油的流变特性均可用幂律模型加以描述,因此可以用幂律模型对不同产量的稠油井进行不同含水率情况下的黏度计算及预测。     

垂直上升管内油水乳状液流动特性的研究

在石油、化学工业中,经常会遇到油水两种互不相溶的液体共同流动的情况.由于油水乳状液的广泛存在,以及采出液含水率的不断提高,导致油气集输过程中输液量的大幅度增加,给油气集输工艺和设备带来了新的困难.文中对垂直上升管内油包水型(W/O)和水包油型(O/W)油水乳状液的流动特性进行了实验研究.实验参数范围:含水率εw=0.0～1.0;压力p=0.1～0.6MPa;流量Q=0.14～1.7kg/s;温度T=10～45℃.实验结果分析得出了一个新的油水乳状液表观粘度的表达式,此表达式优于文献中别的预测模型,其计算值和实验结果吻合良好;同时得出一个新的油水乳状液发生相转变的判别式,分析了在相转变点附近油水乳状液在垂直上升管内的流动状态以及发生相转变和流量、含水率的关系;提出了采用Re和摩擦阻力系数的关联式计算摩擦阻力的方法,得到判别油水乳状液为牛顿流体和非牛顿流体的方法.该研究结果对管道输送系统的设计有一定的参考价值.     

降粘剂BHJN-14在稠油管输中的应用

针对渤海某平台的稠油乳状液筛选出降粘效果最好的稠油降粘剂BHJN—14。它由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂复配而成,可以将油包水（W／O）乳状液反相成为水包油（O／w）乳状液,大大降低产液的表观粘度,药剂中BHJN-14含量为1％时降粘率达到98．4％。进一步对BHJN-14开展浓度梯度和脱水影响试验,BHJN-14含量高于500μg时降粘率达到95％。现场应用结果表明,BHJN-14含量为120-500μg时即可稳定控制海管压降,效果优于同浓度下的破乳剂,保证井口压力的稳定和生产的正常进行,使用过程中不影响现用破乳剂的脱水效能。     

2-D智能纳米黑卡稳定乳状液的机理*

为揭示二维纳米片状材料(黑卡)对乳状液稳定性的影响,以扶余油田长春岭和三队区块原油为例,在水油体积比为7∶3的条件下,研究质量分数为0.005%的2-D智能纳米黑卡流体对原油乳状液稳定性的影响。通过稳定性分析仪和界面流变仪表征乳状液稳定性大小和界面膜强度,通过观察乳状液的微观形状和粒径分布分析黑卡增强乳状液稳定性的机理。研究结果表明,黑卡尺寸约为70×100(nm),厚度为0.65数1.2 nm。在原油和0.01%稳定剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)组成的乳状液中加入黑卡后形成Pickering乳状液,乳状液的析水速度变慢,乳状液的稳定析水率从75.71%数78.57%降至65.71%数72.86%;乳状液稳定性提高,稳定性指数(TSI)值由4.73数5.64降至2.71数3.84;乳状液膜的强度增强,体系流变学特征由黏性转变为明显的弹性。黑卡作用的Pickering乳状液的背散射光曲线可分为乳状液破乳区、过渡区和乳状液聚并区3个区域。黑卡能改变稳定剂亲水-亲油平衡,将W/O型乳状液转变为O/W型乳状液,形成液滴尺寸为0.1数5μm大小的乳状液,大幅降低原油黏度。黑卡同时具有亲水-亲油两亲性质,可通过自吸附定向排布于液膜上,增加液膜强度,提高乳状液稳定性。图21表3参22。     

羊三木油田馆一油组油层出砂影响因素探讨

羊三木油田三断块馆陶组一段油层组为胶结疏松的高渗透砂岩稠油底水油藏,大部分采油井出砂严重,影响正常生产,研究其出砂原因及其规律对提高油田开发水平至关重要。统计分析现场资料,研究吨油出砂量与原油性质、射孔程度、生产压差和储集层性质的相关关系,确定油层控制出砂的参数有利值为:原油密度小于0.96g/cm3,射孔程度小于40%,生产压差小于4MPa,泥质含量为10.5%～16%,孔隙度小于30%。以此为依据优化11口油井生产制度,控制出砂排液生产,见到良好效果。高渗透砂岩稠油底水油藏出砂主要与储集层物性参数及生产压差有关,原油性质及射孔程度的差异也是油藏出砂的影响因素之一。图3参6     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the Zaoyuan field heavy oil flow through porous media

The behavior of the heavy oil in the Zaoyuan field of China is characterized by experimental and theoretical studies of its rheology and viscoelasticity, and flow properties in porous media. The Zaoyuan heavy oil requires a certain start-up pressure gradient prior to flow initiation and essentially obeys the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model. The conventional rheological experiments reveal that the Zaoyuan heavy oil has a weak thixotropy. The static viscoelastic experiments indicate that the viscoelasticity of the Zaoyuan heavy oil weakens with increasing temperature. The dynamic viscoelastic experiments demonstrate that this heavy oil has a nonlinear viscoelastic property, increasing nonlinearly with increasing shear rate. These observations are justified in accordance with the equation motion of the heavy oil for steady one-dimensional radial flow through porous media, yielding information about the heavy oil pressure profile and flow rate.     

Influence of surfactants used in surfactant-polymer flooding on the stability of Gudong crude oil emulsion

The influences of an anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, used in surfactant-polymer flooding in Shengli Gudong oilfield, East China, on the interfacial properties of Gudong crude model oil and synthetic formation water was studied by measuring interfacial tension, interfacial viscoelasticity and Zeta potential. The influence of the surfactants on the stability of Gudong water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions was evaluated by separating water from the W/O emulsion and residual oil in the aqueous phase of the O/W emulsion respectively. The results showed that the two kinds of surfactants, namely anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, are both able to decrease the interfacial tension between the oil phase and the aqueous phase and increase the surface potential of the oil droplets dispersed in the O/W emulsion, which can enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W crude oil emulsions. Compared with petroleum sulfonate, the anionic-nonionic composite surfactant is more interfacially active and able to enhance the strength of the interfacial film between oil and water, hence enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W emulsions more effectively.     

稠油乳状液的流变性试验研究

用四种不同的粘性原油乳状液进行了乳状液流变性的研究。结果表明，剪切应力与剪切速率的关系和液滴尺寸大小密切相关，视粘度和非牛顿性随液滴尺寸减小而增大。大部分乳状液在低剪切速率下（＜５０Ｓ－１）剪切变稀，当剪切速率超过５００ｓ－１时呈现牛顿流体性质。因此．液滴尺寸是乳状液流变性研究中的重要因素。     

Prediction of the viscosity of water-in-oil emulsions

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions occur in different parts of petroleum recovery and since their properties are different from those of crude oil and water, it is essential to find information about their physical properties. The water causes some problems and heightens the cost of oil production. Separation of water from oil, water treatment, and disposal of water are the steps that make oil production costly. Among various physical properties of W/O emulsions, viscosity is the most important. Because of droplet crowding, emulsions indicate non-Newtonian behavior, which is why their viscosity is higher than the viscosity of oil and water. As a result, it is essential to have knowledge about the viscosity of W/O emulsions in order to extract and process petroleum properly. In this study, an intelligent model, namely a COA-LSSVM, is presented to accurately prognosticate the viscosity of W/O emulsions. The results indicated that the values estimated by the developed model is in great consistency with the laboratory data by R² of 0.9972 and MSE of 1.1762 * 10^?5. A comparison with another model, which was recently introduced, revealed that the developed model in this study is superior.     

稠油O/W乳状液现场管道输送试验分析

综合含水68%～72%的胜利孤东新滩稠油与水混合液,在加入乳化剂HA78浓度为400～800mg/L、现场搅拌条件下,可转相形成较为稳定的O/W乳状液。由于含水率和搅拌强度的变化,在相同样加剂浓度下,现场条件配制的O/W乳状液较试验室配制的表观黏度低,其非牛顿性弱,稳定性有所下降,表观黏度随温度下降变化不明显。在加剂400～800mg/L范围减阻效果与乳化剂浓度成正比,混合方式对减阻效果影响不大。对于试验管道垦东451—东4联集输管道而言,从输送压降分析,在含水量相同的条件下,加入乳化剂后油水混合输送减阻效果优于掺热水输送效果,可以实现全越站输送。管流条件下,在O/W乳状液比较稳定时,减阻主要以降黏减阻为主,而在O/W乳状液不稳定时,主要以管壁与稠油之间形成水膜减阻为主。     

The Applicability of Inverse Water-in-oil Emulsion as a Selective Plugging Agent

The presence of homogeneous porous media allows a uniform sweep during a waterflooding process, but it is very rare to find homogeneous reservoirs. The typical heterogeneous character of most formations causes an uneven production from different permeability sands in the reservoir. The preferential movement of the injected water to zones with less resistance to flow causes earlier water breakthrough time than if the formation was homogeneous. This phenomenon will exacerbate at offshore reservoirs and the wells with water production potential. To suggest a solution to this problem, the use of emulsions as a mobility control and selective plugging agent has been studied here. Three different W/O emulsion formulations were injected into high-permeable heavy oil saturated waterflooded sandpacks and the one with the best recovery factor was injected to sandpacks with different permeabilities. The change in oil recovery pattern is considered as the main aim of this work. Experiment results revealed that invert W/O emulsions with high viscosities could act as a selective plugging agent and help the displacement process.     

稠油乳化驱油机理及室内效果评价

渤海L油田属于稠油油藏,存在水驱开发程度较低的问题。为了改善油水差异的问题,开展了稠油乳化剂与储层岩石润湿能力、原油之间乳化能力、界面张力和降黏效果实验及机理研究。结果表明,稠油乳化剂一方面可以使亲油岩石转变为亲水岩石,另一方面降低亲水岩石的亲水性,有利于将原油与岩石分离,达到提高洗油效率的目的。当"油:水"低于"4:6"时,稠油乳化剂溶液与原油可形成W/O/W型乳状液,大幅度降低稠油黏度,达到改善稠油储层内流动性和扩大宏观波及体积的目的。稠油乳化剂与原油在多孔介质内接触并发生乳化作用,乳状液通过吼道时存在"贾敏效应",致使局部渗流阻力增加和微观波及效果提高。     

Viscosity of Concentrated Emulsions: Relative Effect of Granulometry and Multiphase Morphology

Abstract

High viscosity and high density make heavy and extra heavy crude oils very difficult to produce. They cannot be pumped in their natural state and advanced technologies are required. Formation of oil-in-water emulsions is one of them. A typical emulsion contains 65% of dispersed phase and has a viscosity lower than 500 mPa.s. Current research is aimed at increasing the crude oil content at reduced costs with still good stability and low viscosity. Consequently, an experimental study was dedicated to the relationship between the structure and the rheological properties of heavy oil emulsions. Particular attention was paid to process parameters employed to prepare emulsions. Depending on the shear device, various emulsions have been obtained, either simple or multiple, monodisperse or bimodal. The resulting viscosity is discussed. It is particularly low when the emulsion is either coarse and unimodal or fine and simple. The highest viscosity is obtained when the emulsion is fine and multiple. The experimental results confirm that both composition variables and process parameters have to be taken into account to minimize viscosity of heavy oil emulsions.     

电导率与O/W乳状液的稳定性

 测定了不同油相体积分数的O/W乳状液电导率，考察了油相体积分数、乳化条件、温度对O/W乳状液电导率的影响，研究了O/W乳状液电导率与其浓相体积变化分数、吸光度的关系。结果表明，对于较稳定的O/W乳状液，油相体积分数对O/W乳状液电导率有明显的影响，油相体积分数越大，电导率越小；反之，电导率越大。乳化条件越苛刻，电导率越小。温度越高，电导率越大。O/W乳状液电导率随时间变化曲线的斜率可以表征在O/W乳状液的破坏过程中，油珠上浮、聚集、聚并、油相体积分数变化的程度以及乳状液的稳定性。     

聚醚结构对油水界面性能及稠油降黏效果的影响

为深入认识化学驱稠油乳化降黏的作用机制,考察了3种不同结构的聚醚与稠油的界面张力和界面扩张流变性质,测定了聚醚溶液与稠油形成的乳状液的稳定性、粒径和黏度。结果表明,聚醚类表面活性剂具有较长的柔性氧乙烯(EO)链和氧丙烯(PO)链,能形成界面“亚层”,油水界面膜以弹性为主,易与稠油形成稳定的O/W乳状液,显著降低稠油黏度。聚醚的相对分子质量和EO/PO比是影响油水界面张力的主要结构因素,而界面膜强度主要由相对分子质量控制。随聚醚相对分子质量增加,界面膜强度增大,乳状液稳定性增强。聚醚结构、加量和油水体积比对乳状液粒径的影响较小,均在300~500 nm之间变化。相对分子质量分别为8400、12600、14600的3种聚醚均具有良好的稠油降黏效果,当油水体积比为1∶1时,聚醚质量分数在0.2%~0.5%范围内的降黏率>98%。聚醚的相对分子质量和EO/PO比对降黏效果的影响较小。     

高选择性乳化稠油堵水技术

加有复配型破乳剂ＪＣ９４２的稠油注入油层后与地层水或注入水相遇而形成稠油乳状液，其粘度可超过稠油粘度的２０倍以上，因而产生选择性堵水作用。本文报道稠油乳化剂的筛选、堵剂稠油的选择、不同含水率稠油乳状液的粘度性能、乳化稠油岩芯封堵性能、处理半径计算、现场堵水、１９９１年以来在辽河油田锦州采油厂大量稀油井、稠油井堵水中应用的效果。乳化稠油堵水已成为该采油厂的主要堵水手段。     

The Formation of Waxy Crude Oil-in-water Emulsions for the Reduction of Pour Point and Viscosity

Waxy crude oil is characterized by high pour point and poor flow properties, which bring great difficulty to the oil exploitation and transportation. In this study, the fluidity of waxy crude oil with the pour point of 47°C was highly improved by emulsification with synthetic formation water used as aqueous phase. It was found that the combination of CAO-35 and sodium oleate was an effective emulsifier mixture to form stable waxy crude oil-in-water emulsion and when the mass ratio of oil to water was 7:3, the optimum composition of emulsifying additives with respect to the total mass of the emulsion was obtained as follows: emulsifier mixture (the mass ratio of CAO-35 to sodium oleate was 8:2) 0.4% (w/w), sodium triphosphate 0.028% (w/w), NaOH 0.05% (w/w), and polyacrylamide 0.15% (w/w). Diverse factors affecting the pour point of the formed emulsion were also studied. It was found that the pour point of emulsion increased as oil content increased and the optimum mixing speed and cooling rate were 600 rpm and 0.5°C/min, respectively. Under the optimum emulsifying conditions, when mixing speeds were 250 and 600 rpm, respectively, by forming O/W emulsions with the oil content of 70%, the pour point reductions were 20 and 25°C, respectively, and the corresponding viscosity reductions were 89.79% and 97.46% (40°C), respectively. Thus the pour point and viscosity of waxy crude oil are obviously reduced by forming oil-in-water emulsion, which is highly promising for the exploitation and transportation of waxy crude oil.     

地面条件下脱气稠油粘温关系和流变特性研究

在用HAAKE-RV20旋转粘度计对胜利油区乐安油田稠油和水混合物进行室内流变性测量以及大量现场观测的基础上,对稠油在集输过程中呈现油水乳状-悬浮液和非稳态油包水乳状液两种流型的流动特性进行了深入研究.分析了稠油和水混合物的粘温关系、流动特性以及临界稳态乳化含水率.