手性化合物的不对称催化氢化研究进展

在不对称催化氢化过程中起关键作用的是手性催化剂的结构,包括手性膦配体和中心过渡金属.简介了手性膦配体的过渡金属络合物的发展历程,即从单膦配体到双膦配体,从P-手性配体到C-手性配体,从双膦铑(Ⅰ)催化剂到双膦-钌(Ⅱ)催化剂;综述了各种新型手性配体催化剂在不同不对称催化氢化(包括C=C、C=O、C=N双键)中的应用,并对其最新进展及研究方向进行了探讨.     

手性修饰催化剂在多相不对称氢化中的研究进展

手性修饰金属催化剂是最具发展潜力的多相不对称催化剂之一。本文综述了近年来三个具有代表性的多相不对称氢化反应体系的研究进展,即酒石酸修饰镍催化剂催化β-酮酯不对称加氢体系、金鸡纳生物碱修饰铂催化剂催化α-酮酯不对称加氢体系以及金鸡纳生物碱修饰钯催化剂催化C=C和C=N双键不对称加氢体系。概述了催化体系的影响因素,探讨了酒石酸及金鸡纳生物碱修饰型催化剂的手性识别机理模型。指出开发高效催化剂,修正或提出手性识别机理模型仍是今后多相不对称催化氢化反应研究的方向。     

手征性二茂铁膦在催化不对称合成中的应用

对手征性二茂铁膦的合成及其过渡金属配合物在催化不对称合成中的应用作了概述。讨论了手征性二茂铁烷基胺的不对称锂化反应机理,手征性二茂铁膦的镍、钯配合物催化不对称格氏偶合反应,钯、铂、铑配合物催化不对称硅氢化反应,铑配合物催化不对称氢化反应,钴配合物催化不对称氢迁移反应,钯配合物催化不对称环化反应,等等。     

离子液体在苯乙酮不对称加氢反应中的应用

过渡金属配合物催化的潜手性酮不对称加氢反应是制备手性仲醇的一个有效方法,在医药、精细化工及先进材料等领域具有非常重要的应用。采用离子液体-有机溶剂双液相体系,以手性二胺及非手性单膦配体修饰的Ru配合物为催化剂,催化潜手性酮的不对称加氢反应。考察了反应温度、氢气压力、溶剂和离子液体用量等因素对反应结果的影响,同时也考察了催化剂在反应体系中的流失情况。结果表明离子液体可以有效地负载手性催化剂,催化剂在反应过程中的流失量很低,可以实现简单的萃取分离     

末端炔基单膦配体在不对称氢化反应中的应用

单膦配体具有结构稳定、易于合成等优点,在不对称催化反应中有着广泛的应用.具有回收潜力的高效单膦催化剂对于科研工作者有着十分重要的意义.优化反应条件后,我们将含炔基的手性亚磷酰胺酯配体应用于铑催化的(Z)-2-乙酰氨基肉桂酸甲酯类底物的不对称氢化反应中,取得了高达90％ee值,为"点击化学"方法制备负载及可回收催化剂奠定...     

水/有机两相温控相转移催化新进展

综述了水/有机两相"温控相转移催化"的原理,在此基础上设计、合成了以非离子型水溶性膦配体和两性双吡啶配体,并与过渡金属络合制备出温控相转移催化剂。综述了其在水/有机两相CO还原,烯烃加氢和Heck反应中的应用效果。     

膦配体对固载化钌基配合物催化超临界二氧化碳加氢反应的影响

将钌基配合物催化剂固载于氯甲基化后的交联聚苯乙烯树脂上,催化超临界二氧化碳加氢反应。结果表明,多种类型的膦配体均能够与过渡金属钌原子配位催化二氧化碳加氢反应,但由于各种膦配体物化性质的差异,形成的活性物种具有不同的结构和催化性能。双齿膦配体形成的钌基配合物的加氢活性均高于单齿膦配体。     

均相催化氢化还原在不对称合成中的应用

催化氢化是有机合成中较常用的方法之一。均相催化氢化是近廿年发展起来的,而利用手性催化剂进行均相催化氢化还原在不对称合成中的应用,只是近十年来才有较大的发展。手性催化剂是利用手性膦、手性碳或不对称分手与金属铑、钌等络合而制成的。用这些手性催化剂对某些烯和酮等化合     

水溶性铑配合物催化环己烯加氢反应的研究

合成了水溶性配体三苯基膦间单磺酸（TPPMS）、三苯基膦间三磺酸（TPPTS）、2，2'-联毗啶-5-磺酸及相应的铑系列水溶性金属有机化合物, 并用相关体系进行了常压环己烯催化加氢反应。结果表明在常压下Rh-EDTA、RH-TPPMS、Rh-TPPTS、RH-联吡啶-5-磺酸等对催化环己烯加氢具有一定的活性, 在水/有机两相反应体系中, 由于催化剂在水中有相当的溶解度, 使反应后催化剂分离简单、快捷, 产物中催化剂残留少。由于烯烃的催化加氢反应可能是在水相中进行, 共溶剂及快速搅拌是必需的。     

高碳烯烃氢甲酰化研究进展

水/有机两相催化体系被成功应用于低碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应.对于水溶性差的高碳烯烃，其氢甲酰化反应速度远远低于低碳烯烃.本文论述了近年来铑催化高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应的研究和开发进展，其新型配体和新催化体系的研究开发一直是该领域的研究热点.主要涉及两相反应体系中的水溶性膦配体以及均相催化剂固相化、氟两相催化、非离子液体催化体系和超临界CO2中的氢甲酰化反应等几种新型反应体系.     

Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins

Asymmetric hydrogenation is one of the most important catalytic methods for the preparation of optically active compounds. For a long time the range of olefins that could be hydrogenated with high enantiomeric excess was limited to substrates bearing a coordinating group next to the C+C bond. We have found a new class of catalysts, iridium complexes with chiral P, N ligands, that overcome these limitations. For a wide range of unfunctionalized olefins, excellent enantioselectivities could be achieved. Because these catalysts do not require the presence of any particular functional group in the substrate, they considerably broaden the scope of asymmetric hydrogenation. In addition, promising results were also obtained with certain functionalized alkenes, furans, and benzofurans.     

Tuning the Peri Effect for Enantioselectivity: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized Olefins with the BIPI Ligands

The modular nature of the BIPI ligands allows for systematic optimization of each ligand region. The development of ligands optimized for asymmetric hydrogenation of the challenging unfunctionalized olefin substrate class is described. The naphthyl peri position, C‐8, has been identified as a critical stereocontrol element in the design of these ligands. Highly enantioselective ligands suitable for hydrogenation of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted olefins are detailed.     

Supramolecular transition metal catalysts in two-phase systems

The concept of covalently connecting a catalytically active transition metal center with a water-soluble receptor (host molecule) makes a new type of supramolecular catalysis possible in which the features of molecular recognition, phase transfer catalysis and transition metal catalysis are combined in a single system. The first examples of this principle make use of the commercially available β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the receptor and rhodium complexes of diphosphanes as the catalytically active center, these being covalently connected to one another via a spacer. In competitive hydrogenation of certain olefins unusual degrees of substrate selectivity based on the molecular recognition are observed, not possible by conventional transition metal catalysts. The two-phase (H₂O/organic) hydrogenation of nitro-aromatics also is a smooth process with these supramolecular catalysts. They also constitute an unusually active catalyst system for the selective hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-octene in a two-phase system.     

Polyethylene Glycol as an Environmentally Friendly and Recyclable Reaction Medium for Enantioselective Hydrogenation

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was found to be an inexpensive, non‐toxic and recyclable reaction medium for ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐arylacrylic acids (Ru‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), enamides (Rh‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), β‐keto esters and simple aromatic ketones (Ru‐catalyzed CO bond reduction). In all cases, high catalytic activities and enantioselectivities have been achieved, which are comparable to those obtained in conventional organic solvent systems. The Ru and Rh catalysts prepared with commercially available chiral diphosphine ligands could be readily recycled by simple extraction, as in the case of ionic liquids, and reused up to nine times without obvious loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. The reduced products were obtained from the extracts in high isolated yields. These results indicate that PEGs as new reaction media are attractive alternatives to room temperature ionic liquids.     

过渡金属配合物催化烯烃的自由基反应进展

近年来，通过烯烃官能团化构建有机化合物成为有机合成领域的研究热点之一。当选择种类、晶体结构和性能多样的过渡金属配合物作为催化剂时，这类反应具有高效、高选择性且成本低的特点。本文总结了近五年来利用过渡金属盐及其配合物作为催化剂，经过自由基反应历程实现未活化烯烃官能团化的研究进展，其反应特点是在过渡金属催化下，烯烃生成自由基并与其它底物或试剂偶联成键，从而实现官能团化。其中，催化性能优异的催化剂除了贵重金属铑、钯和钌等的配合物之外，还有普通金属，如铁、镍、铜和钴的盐及其配合物。这些方法拓展了烯烃官能团化的研究领域，为有机合成工作者提供新方法和思路，还为将来的产业化生产提供新方案。     

Diastereoselective Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aromatic or Heteraromatic Compounds

The diastereoselective hydrogenation catalyzed by heterogeneous metallic catalysts uses a covalently bound chiral auxiliary to induce the chirality. It remains an active synthetic methodology in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral products and may proceed with high diastereoselectivity. This review describes recent examples using this method, such as hydrogenation of C=C, C=O, and C=N bonds. The use of a chiral auxiliary group has also been successfully applied to the hydrogenation of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings. The choice of the chiral auxiliary was found to play a key role in the asymmetric hydrogenation. The results could be explained in terms of steric effect, with a preferred conformation of the adduct substrate and the addition occurring from the less bulky side. The catalytic metal, the support and the presence of additives were also found to have a significant influence.     

Chiral 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1‐naphthylamine‐Derived Phosphine‐Phosphoramidite Ligand (THNAPhos): Application in Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenations of Functionalized CC Bonds

We have recently reported a new chiral 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐naphthylamine‐derived phosphine‐phosphoramidite ligand, (R_c,R_a)‐THNAPhos, that is highly efficient in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a broad range of α‐enol ester phosphonates. To further demonstrate the utility of THNAPhos in asymmetric hydrogenation, in this paper, we describe its new application in the asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐dehydroamino acid esters, enamides, dimethyl itaconate and α‐enamido phosphonates. The results disclosed that the Rh/(R_c,R_a)‐THNAPhos complex is highly effective for the enantioselective hydrogenation of these kinds of functionalized CC olefins, affording the corresponding hydrogenation product in excellent enantioselectivities (normally over 99% ee).     

不对称催化合成手性泛解酸内酯的研究进展

泛解酸内酯是合成D-泛酸钙和D-泛醇的重要中间体,国内主要采用生物拆分法,虽取得一定进展,但存在底物浓度偏低、反应条件苛刻、光学纯度不高和催化剂活性不强等问题。化学不对称合成法成为近年来制备手性泛内酯的研究热点。根据手性源的不同,介绍过渡金属配合物催化不对称还原酮基泛内酯,过渡金属配合物催化羟醛缩合反应,有机小分子及其衍生物不对称催化羟醛缩合反应并经还原内酯化合成泛内酯以及光学活性化合物作为反应底物或非手性底物中加入手性助剂的合成手性泛内酯工艺。其中,有机小分子催化乙醛酸酯与醛的反应表现出良好的催化效果,且催化剂易得,反应条件温和,操作简单。缩合产物的收率和对映选择性均不高,设计具有高活性和高选择性的有机小分子手性催化剂是今后研究的重点。     

A Modular Furanoside Thioether‐Phosphite/Phosphinite/ Phosphine Ligand Library for Asymmetric Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Minimally Functionalized Olefins: Scope and Limitations

A highly modular furanoside thioether‐phosphite/phosphinite/phosphine ligand library has been synthesized for the iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of minimally functionalized olefins. These ligands can be prepared efficiently from easily accessible D ‐(+)‐xylose. We found that their effectiveness at transferring the chiral information in the product can be tuned by correctly choosing the ligand components. Enantioselectivities were therefore excellent (ees up to 99%) in a wide range of E‐ and Z‐trisubstituted alkenes using 5‐deoxyribofuranoside thioether‐phosphite ligands. It should be pointed out that these catalysts are also very tolerant to the presence of a neighbouring polar group. For 1,1‐disubstituted substrates, both enantiomers of the hydrogenation product can be obtained in high enantioselectivities simply by changing the configuration of the biaryl phosphite moiety. The asymmetric hydrogenation was also performed using propylene carbonate as solvent, which allowed the iridium catalysts to be reused while maintaining the excellent enantioselectivities.     

(Bisphosphine) Ru(II) diamine] complexes in asymmetric hydrogenation: expanding the scope of the diamine ligand

[(Bisphosphine) RuCl 2 (1,2-diamine)] complexes are powerful catalysts in the asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized ketones. We sought to expand the scope and applicability of these complexes by exploring changes to the diamine structural motif. Via introduction of 1,3- and 1,4-diamines, the catalytic activity was significantly altered such that new classes of ketones could be considered for [(bisphosphine) RuCl 2 (diamine)] asymmetric hydrogenation.