Time domain dielectric spectroscopy study of biological systems

The main principles of time domain dielectric spectroscopy, its application to conductive systems and possible methods of electrode polarization corrections in time domain are introduced. A comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of static and dynamic dielectric properties of different biological systems including globular, and membrane proteins, hydrate water, human erythrocytes, and normal and malignant blood cells of different types is presented in the paper.     

江苏电网低频低压减负荷优化配置研究(一)——研究方法与动态模型参数的获得

低频低压减载是保证电力系统安全稳定运行的第三道防线。比较了传统的单机单负荷简化模型法与全过程时域动态仿真分析法,说明在当前系统元件模型与参数辨识的精度、电网数据记录的频度与精度都大为提高的情况下,采用全过程时域动态仿真分析法具有明显的优越性。通过对实际故障的仿真分析,拟合出适合江苏电网动态过程分析的模型参数。     

火花放电预电离对空气中介质阻挡放电的影响

实现大气压下空气中辉光放电的办法之一是降低空气的击穿场强,避免放电以流注的形式发生.为此,利用脉冲电路产生的火花放电为介质阻挡放电提供初始电子,以验证预电离对介质阻挡放电的作用.实验证明:1. 火花放电预电离确有"点燃"放电,降低空气击穿场强的作用,在正常大气压下,采用预电离手段可使击穿场强降低25%左右;2. 预电离的有效率随气压升高而逐渐减小;3. 在有气体流动的条件下,预电离的作用显著增强;4. 预电离并不是实现大气压下空气中的辉光放电的唯一条件.本文中的方法可以用于在较低场强下提供初始电子以建立均匀介质阻挡放电,但在目前的实验条件下,这种作用还远未达到获得大气压下辉光放电的程度.     

Electrostrictive forces on vesicles with compartmentalized permittivity and conductivity conditions

Electrostrictive forces on the plasma membrane of a lipid bilayer vesicle that result as a consequence of an applied electric field and differential dielectric material properties can be calculated via the Maxwell stress tensor. In this situation, the plasma membrane is proposed as a barrier that separates compartments of a system with different conductivity and relative permittivity values. A numerical model of this case is presented. Model force calculations compare with analytical equation results and were used to validate published experimental work. The model also was used to study electrostatic forces in a simple vesicle system contrasting such forces to frequency dependent deformations. Model results for vesicles in variable conductivity and relative permittivity environments are analyzed to build a framework with the potential to become a tool to study more complex problems with multiple compartments such as cells and tissues. Impedance spectroscopy is also explored as a potential experimental method to predict cell and tissue system behavior in the presence of electric fields.     

陡脉冲电场作用下细胞电场力的仿真计算(英文)

The basic characteristic of electric field is that the substance in the field is in operation by the stress. Under external electric fields,there is strong distribution of electric fields on the inside and outside surfaces of cell membrane. In virtue of the difference of the permittivity among membrane,cytoplasm and extracellular medium,there must be electric field stress on the surface of the membrane. The goal of the study is to research the irreversible electrical breakdown (IRE) mechanism of the malignant tumor cells under steep pulsed electric field (SPEF) from the views of mechanics. Electric field stress of plasma membrane under steep pulsed electric field is calculated and simulated both on malignant tumor cells and on the normal cells. The calculation results show that,in addition to a compressive stress normal to the membrane plane,transverse traction stresses are generated in the lateral plane of the membrane. The lateral stress will reduce the membrane tension significantly,leading to electroporation and rupture. At the same electric field strength,the transverse traction stress on malignant cell membrane is greatly larger than the one on normal cell membrane. Therefore,compared with the normal cells,the malignant tumor cells are more sensitive under the steep pulsed electric field. Namely,steep pulsed electric field can selectively destroy the malignant tumor cells,which proved the safety of treating malignant tumors by steep pulsed electric field.     

500kV断路器均压电容器介质损耗超标分析

针对目前变电站中500 kV高压断路器均压电容器在10 kV试验电压下介损试验值超标的现象,对均压电容器的特性进行分析,并在实验室进行了升高试验电压下介质损耗试验。试验数据分析表明:在均压电容器中存在Garton效应,加上现场的高电压及强磁场的干扰,常规10 kV介质损耗试验电压远低于额定电压,很难真实反映均压电容器的绝缘缺陷。而升高试验电压或额定电压下的介损试验可以反映绝缘内部潜在缺陷的类型和发展情况,可以消除Garton效应的影响,更真实地反映均压电容器在运行状况下的介质损耗情况,该方法对于500 kV高压断路器均压电容器的现场试验和绝缘分析有较大的参考价值。     

广东地区高温发热线路棒形复合绝缘子劣化特性

为了揭示高温发热的线路棒形复合绝缘子的劣化特性,文中对广东电网江门供电局某220 kV故障绝缘子开展了研究。观察了该支绝缘子的外观形貌,在带电状态下进行红外、紫外检测。之后进行解剖观察,采用现代材料测试方法(SEM、XPS)对比了芯棒劣化处与正常处的材料特性,使用宽频介电谱仪对比测试了劣化处与正常处芯棒短样的电气参数。试验和解剖结果发现,该绝缘子护套表面有击穿孔,加压温升严重、外部有微弱放电。内部交界面处芯棒表面劣化已经从高压端延伸至中部。材料分析表明界面处芯棒受到了严重的放电破坏,环氧树脂发生裂解,玻璃纤维有断裂和蚀损现象,存在氧化分解、酸性液体侵蚀等劣化过程。此外,劣化处芯棒的介电常数、介损角正切、电导率都有了明显的上升,造成电场进一步产生畸变,局部放电过程增强。研究表明,该类高温发热的线路棒形复合绝缘子芯棒劣化严重,并且局部放电等劣化过程较为剧烈,断裂风险极大。     

Effects of uniaxial stress on dielectric properties of 0.9PMN–0.1PT ceramics

This study deals with the influence of uniaxial stress on the dielectric properties of electrostrictive PMN–PT ceramic. The dielectric properties of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate prepared by a mixed-oxide method with composition ratio 9:1 were measured under uniaxial compressive stress up to 22 MPa. The experimental results revealed that the superimposed compression load significantly reduced both the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent in every measuring frequency. The observations were interpreted in terms of clamping of domain walls and de-poling under the compressive loading. The change of the dielectric properties with stress was attributed to competing influences of the intrinsic contribution of non-polar matrix and the extrinsic contribution of re-polarization and growth of micro-polar regions. In addition, the results reported here also suggested a significant influence of the experimental conditions on the uniaxial stress dependence of dielectric properties of the PMN–PT ceramic.     

Scattering characteristics of FSS comprised of L-shaped and one-turn helix shaped conductors for TE and TM excitation

The boundary value problem of doubly infinite periodic conductor arrays of L-shape and one-turn helix shape frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) backed by dielectric substrate are investigated by using modal expansion method. The moment method is employed by expressing the current induced on the metallic surfaces in terms of Piecewise Sinusoidal (PWS) functions. The variation of the reflection and transmission coefficients versus frequency for dielectric backed FSS is investigated for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic wave excitations at normal incidence. Reflection coefficients of dielectric backed FSS at normal and oblique incidence are plotted against frequency. The correctness of the algorithm is ensured by comparing the numerical results with the experimental results in the literature for an FSS composed of strips and proved to be as good. Tel.: +90-342-3601200 ext: 2131     

高压交流电缆用交联聚乙烯绝缘料性能对比实验研究

中国高电压等级交流电缆用交联聚乙烯（XPLE）绝缘料研发较晚,目前国产220 kV电压等级绝缘料暂未获得工程应用。以3种国内外高压电缆XLPE绝缘料为研究对象,对比分析绝缘料热压试样的工频击穿场强、介电常数、介质损耗正切、熔融和结晶性能、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、微观形貌和交联度等参数。实验测试结果表明：国产XLPE绝缘料的宏观性能参数已经和进口XLPE绝缘料相差不大,甚至国产绝缘料试样的击穿场强和力学性能参数优于进口X1#试样,但同时也能够发现国产绝缘料的不足之处,例如击穿场强的稳定性较差、介质损耗角正切值偏大等。研究结论可为国产电缆绝缘料的研发与性能提升提供数据支撑。     

ns脉冲液体介质击穿实验研究综评

介绍了目前液体介质击穿研究的实验内容(电压极性、电压波形、外界静态压力等)、实验方法(电学与光学结合)、研究成果(经验公式、击穿机理);指出单次ns脉冲击穿的电压脉宽窄(ns级)、击穿电压幅值高,重频ns脉冲电压击穿下液体介质的电场累积效应(极化效应)显著,这些ns级液体介质击穿的特点有助于揭示液体介质击穿的本质特性。结合研究成果讨论了窄脉冲电压液体介质击穿的概率与击穿机理。     

壁电荷对介质阻挡放电特性的影响

为了研究壁电荷对介质阻挡放电特性的影响,实验测量了不同驱动电压幅值、气体间隙距离和介质板厚度下的介质阻挡放电的电压-电流特性,并运用气体放电理论和简化的理论模型对实验结果和介质阻挡放电的发展过程进行了分析。结果表明,由于壁电荷的作用使得DBD放电发生的时刻在驱动电压正负半周期不对称,相邻两次放电间隔长短交替;随着驱动电压幅值的增加,介质板厚度或气体间隙距离的减小,DBD微放电增多,传输电荷量增多,介质表面累积电荷量增多,壁电荷对介质阻挡放电的影响增大;当壁电荷足够多时,甚至会出现反向放电。     

主变500kV环氧树脂浸纸套管介损异常原因研究

2001年至今,国内有多家电厂主变500 kV的12具环氧树脂浸纸套管发现介损异常,其中3具已予以更换.通过理论分析、现场实测,以及实验室研究,揭示了环氧树脂浸纸主变高压套管介损异常的原因主要是由于两种不同介质的界面极化所致,建议只要采取额定运行电压下持续运行一段时间的方法,即可使其介损恢复正常.对于该型套管的介质异常应.同时监测介损异常套管的电容量,以作出正确的判断.     

单介质与双介质结构介质阻挡放电水处理性能的比较

为研究不同结构介质阻挡放电(DBD)在水处理中的特性,首先搭建了可实现单介质阻挡放电和双介质阻挡放电的实验平台。实验结果表明,相同实验条件下若要得到相似的放电功率,则双介质阻挡放电所需的电压远高于单介质阻挡放电;2种结构下所得的放电电压电流波形以及Lissajous图的形状均有一定的相似性,但等效电容等参数的不同使它们也存在一定的差别。然后在2种结构下以相近的放电功率,对质量浓度为100mg/L的碱性品红溶液进行了处理。通过对各自脱色率的对比分析发现,介质层数对脱色效果影响不大;通过对2种情况下的pH值和化学需氧量(COD)的对比分析说明,2种结构下发生的化学反应也是相似的,并且最终都达到了去除有机污染物的目的。通过对不同结构介质阻挡放电在水处理中的特性的实验研究和优劣分析,完善了介质阻挡放电处理污水的相关理论,可以为设计、优化介质阻挡放电水处理装置提供参考。     

同轴谐振腔测量片状介质材料的介电常数

基于同轴谐振腔,提出一种测量低损耗片状介质材料相对介电常数的方法。结合麦克斯韦方程组和电磁场边界条件,分析部分填充介质的同轴谐振腔内TEM谐振模,推导填充介质同轴谐振腔的本征方程。采用多项式拟合法简化计算模型。本文通过计算分析,设计一个空腔工作频率在1.8183 GHz的同轴谐振腔进行研究。在HFSS电磁仿真软件中进行仿真分析,研究填充介质材料的厚度和放置高度对测量结果的影响,仿真测量结果与理论模型结果一致。在实验中搭建测量系统实现全自动测量。实验测量同轴谐振腔空腔的谐振频率为1.8183 GHz。对FR4介质材料的相对介电常数进行测量。经过多次测量表明测量系统稳定性良好。实验结果符合实际标称值,与仿真误差小于5%,证明该方法的可行性和准确性。     

Experimental and numerical studies of dielectric properties of BaTiO/sub 3/-platinum composites at microwave frequencies

The conductor loading method has been used for creating a lossy dielectric material with a desired loss tangent. This method may also be applicable for developing high dielectric constant materials. In this paper, we will present the experimental results of the dielectric properties of BaTiO/sub 3/ and BaTiO/sub 3/ -platinum (BaTiO/sub 3/-Pt) composites. These composite materials were designed to increase the real part of the effective dielectric constant at high frequency. Three different platinum volume fractions were used, 3, 5 and 10%, to make BaTiO/sub 3/-Pt composites, in addition to a pure BaTiO/sub 3/ material. To characterize the BaTiO/sub 3/-Pt composites, microwave frequency measurements were conducted using the waveguide transmission technique. The experimental and numerical results verify that it is possible to increase the dielectric constant using the conductor loading method.     

Emission Phenomena Accompanying the Triboelectrification Process in Vacuum

It was experimentally found that the triboelectrification of a dielectric is accompanied by the intense emission of high-energy electrons, both in the rolling friction and in the sliding friction. A detailed study was done in the electron emission during the course of triboelectrification in the process of mutual rolling of two dielectric rolls. The experimental results have shown that in triboelectrification the parameters of electron emission depend on the physico-chemical properties of the surfaces of contacting bodies.     

Synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticle and design of HEMT devices

Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature. The Characterization of ZrO₂ nanoparticles were expressed by X-ray Diffraction. Using this, the size of the nanoparticle is analysed. Structural Characterization is performed using SEM. It is found to be 41 nm to 99 nm. The ZrO₂ is a high-k dielectric material which is used to design the transistor. For designing purpose the simulator TCAD is used. By which, the HEMT device is structured and its performance is analyzed and it is found to that transistor operates as normal devices. This experimental is more advantageous since nanoscaling factor and high dielectric constant is used in the device.     

脉冲电场诱导细胞内外膜电穿孔模型与跨膜电位的仿真

基于经典的球形单细胞3层介电模型,同时考虑细胞核对跨膜电位的影响,提出了更为合理和接近实际的球形单细胞的多层介电模型,给出了稳恒电场和任意时变脉冲电场作用下细胞膜和核膜跨膜电位的计算方法。仿真结果表明:当脉宽减小时核膜跨膜电位增加,而脉宽增大时细胞膜跨膜电位增强;当脉宽在100-500ns范围时能有效实现肿瘤细胞膜和核膜电穿孔,同时不影响正常细胞。计算结果与实验吻合得很好,为肿瘤的电化学疗法和基因疗法的临床应用提供了理论指导。