焊接薄壁箱形截面轴压柱设计方法探讨

本文分析了三种现行规范对焊接薄壁箱形截面(RHS)轴心受压构件的计算规定,并介绍了一种新的有效截面法。发现这四种方法,没有或者较少考虑了构件中整体屈曲和局部屈曲的相关作用。在详细介绍了一个最新的关于焊接薄壁箱形截面构件的轴压试验后,将按四种方法计算得到的结果与试验值进行了对比,并给出对于设计焊接薄壁箱形截面轴压柱的建议。     

薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩抗震性能参数分析

为了研究薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩的抗震性能,借助OpenSees软件建立有限元模型进行分析计算,将计算结果与试验结果进行比较以验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,建立薄壁空心钢箱混凝土桥墩模型,分析了不同轴压比、长细比、截面空心率、截面含钢率、混凝土抗压强度以及钢材屈服强度对该类型桥墩滞回曲线、刚度退化曲线以及滞回骨架曲线的影响规律。结果表明:薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩具有良好的抗震性能;轴压比和长细比对薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩的抗震性能影响较大,建议薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩轴压比控制在0.5左右,并且在合理范围内尽量减小长细比;截面空心率和截面含钢率对薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩的抗震性能有一定影响;在一定范围内,增大空心率与含钢率可提高桥墩抗震性能;材料强度等级对薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩的抗震性能影响相对较小,削弱混凝土强度并增大钢材屈服强度可小幅提高其抗震性能;研究成果对薄壁空心钢箱混凝土墩在工程实践中的应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Ermüdungsprobleme dünnwandiger kaltgeformter Bauteile

Fatigue behaviour of thin‐walled coldformed steel profiles. Current design concepts for thin‐walled structural members take local buckling into account in determining the ultimate capacity. Local buckling may be accompanied by large deformations, which entail secondary bending stresses. Such secondary stresses can be neglected in usual design, but there are no information available regarding their influence on fatigue design. For the investigation of that problem fatigue tests were carried out with thin‐walled cold‐formed U‐channels exposed to pure bending. Following the systematically numerical investigations it will be proposed to limit the cyclic load by 60% of the ultimate load in order to avoid fatigue damage of thin‐walled cold‐formed profiles.     

Zur Entwicklung der Steifigkeitsmatrizen für dünnwandige Stäbe

On the development of stiffness matrices for thin‐walled members. A glance into the early development of element stiffness matrices for thin‐walled members is given in the present paper and their most mature shapes are shown. Those shapes, the most general and later reduced to two particular forms, refer to the specifics of the classical Vlasov theory of thin‐walled bars [1] as well as to the Bornscheuer systematics of the cross‐sectional properties involved [2]. Appropriate modifications of the relevant matrices are performed and their coordinate system dependence is demonstrated.     

冷成型不锈钢管轴心受压柱试验研究

为研究冷成型不锈钢管轴心受压柱的稳定性能,进行了国产304牌号冷成型不锈钢方管、矩形管和圆管截面,共43根轴心受压柱试验。通过对不锈钢材料、轴压短柱试件和轴压长柱试件的试验研究,得到了试件的材料力学性能和极限荷载。分析了试件的长细比、宽厚比（径厚比）对其破坏模式及变形性能的影响。结果表明：试件的宽厚比（径厚比）对其破坏模式及变形性能有较大的影响。采用GB 50018-2002《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》、欧洲不锈钢结构设计规范、美国冷成型不锈钢结构设计规范中的计算方法以及Rasmussen提出的设计方法对试验试件进行了计算,并与试验数据对比结果表明,对于圆管试件,采用三本规范计算得到的承载力均高于试验值,偏于不安全,采用Rasmussen 提出方法的计算结果与试验值较为接近;对于方矩管试件,各种方法计算结果相近,除短柱试件试验结果高于计算结果外,其余试件试验值均与计算结果吻合较好;GB 50018-2002《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》中的计算方法不能直接用于计算不锈钢管轴心受压柱承载力。     

Geometrische Ersatzimperfektionen für Tragfähigkeitsnachweise zum Biegeknicken von Druckstäben

Member imperfections for verifications against lateral buckling of compression members. The main focus of the article is on investigations about the lateral buckling of compression members made of hot‐rolled I‐profiles. First of all the general load‐carrying behaviour is clarified. Afterwards necessary member imperfections are determined in case of pure normal force or combined bending stress. The results are compared to the values of the actual design codes. For members with pure compression force and buckling about the strong axis new member imperfections are specified. By these values up to 12% higher ultimate loads as up to now can be utilized.     

Interactive instabilities of thin‐walled laminated composite pultrusion box columns

The problem of interactive buckling and post‐buckling of intermediate length thin‐walled columns built of laminated plate elements subjected to compressive load has been proposed and solved analytically. Pultrusion columns have wide‐range applications in high‐rise building due to their low weight and high load carrying capacity. Classic stability theory and laminate theory were implemented to prove the existence of mixed‐mode buckling in thin‐walled pultrusion columns. Interactive stability modes can result in lower loading capacity of most compressive members and affects their post‐buckling behaviour in major proportions. Interactive buckling load analysis has been performed by means of a simplified theoretical model and verified by means of numerical analysis. The calculations were carried out for commonly used square section thin‐walled composite columns dimensions. The post‐buckling performance of selected sections has been investigated and an optimum layup configuration criterion for each section has been extracted according to pre‐ and post‐critical behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

厚壁冷弯方矩管和热轧H型钢轴压极限承载力的对比研究

运用ANSYS有限元软件,在综合考虑初始几何缺陷、残余应力、冷弯效应等因素的基础上,分析了厚壁冷弯方、矩钢管和热轧H型钢轴心压杆的极限承载力,并将它们的极限承载力计算结果进行对比,得出相关结论,为轻钢结构框架柱构件截面选型提供了参考.     

Untersuchungen zur Längssteifigkeit von Stahlstützen mit kastenförmigem Querschnitt

Experimental tests and theoretical analyses of longitudinal stiffness of closed cross‐sections steel columns. In structures made of thin‐walled elements it is of great importance to establish how the compressed elements change their stiffness while loading increases. Nonuniform change of longitudinal stiffness induces change of force and stress redistribution. More ductile elements take less loading and more stiff, tensed, ones are being overloaded. Columns with closed cross‐sections, box cross‐sections and hollow circular cross‐sections need to be distinguished from steel elements with longitudinal stiffness decreasing while loading increases. Shortening of column working in elastic‐plastic phase comes from material compression, cross‐section walls buckling and increased displacement of column as a whole. Imperfections that depend on fabrication process of cross‐section have a great influence on stiffness variation of an element. It can be designated, among other factors, from the equilibrium paths of tested elements. Those equilibrium paths, up to the limit point, were obtained by applying incremental method of numerical integration of equilibrium equations assuming initial displacements and residual stresses of column's walls and initial displacements of column's axes. Some numerical analyses were calculated using FEA software LUSAS. All theoretical analyses were verified by experimental tests carried out by the authors with full scale elements: box cross‐section columns – length 5280 mm, cold‐formed welded cross‐section columns – length 2000 mm. The research results and analyses by others were also used.     

Lasteinleitung bei ausbetonierten Hohlprofil‐Verbundstützen

Load introduction in composite columns with concrete filled hollow sections. Composite columns with concrete filled hollow sections combine the advantages of steel and concrete in compression members in an outstanding way, so that they become more and more popular in high rise and multi‐storey buildings. The paper reports about new research and experimental studies, which led to new design models taking into account the effect of partially loaded area and the effect of the restraint by the hollow section. The presented models are the basis for the design rules for the load introduction in composite columns with concrete filled hollow sections in prEN 1994‐1‐1 and DIN 18800‐5.     

Interaction of global and local buckling in welded RHS compression members

This paper presents the results of a research project analysing some aspects of the stability failure of thin-walled compression members that are likely to exhibit combined global and local buckling. In particular, the influence of various imperfections, namely residual stresses due to welding and local as well as global geometrical defects, on the load-carrying capacity was subjected to detailed experimental and numerical investigations. The insights obtained into the structural behaviour led to a proposal for modification of the non-dimensional slenderness used in the global buckling verification, and to the recommendation of a shift from the currently applied European buckling curve to a more favourable one in the case of non-stiffened members with welded box sections subjected to pure compression.     

冷成型双相不锈钢截面材料特性

给出了6个不同截面冷成型双相不锈钢的特性,其中2个为圆形中空截面,4个为矩形中空截面。试样为冷轧双相不锈钢带。确定方形和矩形中空截面高强度冷成型双相不锈钢的材料特性。对每种型材的薄弱和转角处进行拉伸试验,由此测量每种型材的弹性模量、0.2%弹性极限、1.0%弹性极限、抗张强度、断裂延伸率和Ramberg-Osgood参数(n)。通过短柱试验获得冷轧状态全截面的材料特性。测量6种型材的初始局部几何缺陷,绘制每种型材含初始几何缺陷的横截面图。采用断面法测量150×50×2.5截面的残余应力,测量并绘制截面上薄膜屈曲残余应力分布图。此外,给出适用于短柱的有限元模型,并与试验结果进行对比。将不锈钢短柱的试验强度与美国规范、澳大利亚/新西兰规范和欧洲规范的设计强度进行对比。总体看来,三种规范的计算结果都较为保守,其中欧洲规范的计算结果最为保守。     

A numerical imperfection sensitivity study of cold-formed thin-walled tubular steel columns at uniform elevated temperatures

A numerical study is carried out on cold-formed rectangular hollow section columns to evaluate the sensitivity of column failure strength to initial imperfections, stress–strain relationships and to assess the existing design methods. It is shown that the magnitude of initial local buckling imperfection has a significant effect on the ultimate strength of short columns where failure is predominantly local buckling. Its effect on long columns is relatively small. Similarly the magnitude of initial global imperfection has more influence on the ultimate strength of a long column, whose failure is governed by global buckling, than on short columns, where local buckling controls. The shape of the stress–strain relationship of cold-formed steel will have noticeable effect on the column failure load. Current design methods, for high temperatures in ENV1993-1-2 and for ambient temperature in ENV1993-1-3, can provide a valid basis of calculation but modification will be necessary, depending on the exact model of stress–strain relationship of cold-formed steel at elevated temperatures.     

Global instability of elliptical hollow section beam-columns under compression and biaxial bending

The global instability of elliptical hollow section members under combined compression plus biaxial bending is studied in this paper by means of laboratory testing and numerical simulations. A total of 9 beam-column tests were carried out under different combinations of compression and bending about both principal axes. The material properties of the tested sections were determined by means of tensile coupon tests. All tested elliptical hollow sections were EHS 150×75×5, and three nominal member lengths of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m were considered. Graphs of applied load versus mid-span bending moment, based on theoretical first and second order elastic considerations and the experimental second order inelastic response, are presented and described. Numerical models were initially validated against the experimental data using measured material and geometric properties, including imperfections. The models were subsequently employed in parametric studies to assess the influence of member slenderness and cross-sectional aspect ratio on the structural response. Finally, based on the experimental and numerical findings, design rules for hot-finished EHS beam-columns were assessed and statistically verified.     

直接分析设计法中的受压构件等效初始缺陷研究

在GB 50017—2017《钢结构设计标准》中，仅对考虑材料弹性阶段的直接分析设计法中的构件初始缺陷取值作出了规定，对考虑材料弹塑性发展的直接分析设计法中未给出构件初始缺陷取值的具体数值。为此，基于钢结构塑性稳定理论，利用轴心受压构件稳定系数反向推导其等效初始缺陷，包括初始几何缺陷和残余应力。根据不同的截面类型和钢材牌号，给出受压构件不同的等效初始缺陷，使直接分析设计方法能够真正地应用于实际工程中。利用直接分析设计软件NIDA，建立带有初始缺陷的弯曲单元，模拟受压构件的等效初始缺陷，得到构件的稳定承载力系数，并与轴压构件稳定系数φ进行对比分析，验证了构件等效初始缺陷取值的正确性。     

Eine Finite‐Elemente‐Lösung auf der Basis eines erweiterten eindimensionalen Querschnittselementes für die freie Torsion dünnwandiger prismatischer Stäbe

A finite element solution on the basis of an extended one‐dimensional cross‐section‐element for the Saint‐Venant torsion of thin‐walled prismatic beams. It is presented a finite element solution on basis of an extended one‐dimensional cross‐section‐element to the calculation of the warping function, the torsional properties and the shear stresses, dependent on it, for thin‐walled prismatic beams under Saint‐Venant torsion. The formulated finite two‐node‐element with six element degrees of freedom can capture through inclusion of the torsion around the element axis the linear term of the variance of warping function perpendicular to the element axis. Only the shear stresses of the ring shear flows in the closed section parts unchangeable over the wall thickness can be calculated with the simple two‐node‐element with two element degrees of freedom. The extended two‐node‐element supplies in addition also the shear stresses of the cut open cross‐section linearly changeable over the wall thickness.     

非等壁厚矩形钢管混凝土构件抗弯力学性能的试验研究

通过对3个非等壁厚矩形钢管混凝土纯弯构件的试验研究,考察非等壁厚矩形钢管混凝土受弯构件的力学性能。试验结果表明,非等壁厚矩形钢管混凝土受弯构件具有良好的延性和后期承载力,其抗弯性能优于同等条件用钢量的等壁厚矩形钢管混凝土构件。所得结论可供有关工程设计和理论研究参考。     

Tragfähigkeit von schlanken Druckgliedern aus Beton und Mauerwerk

Bearing capacity of slender compression members in concrete and masonry. Theoretical analysis about the bearing capacity of slender structural members use for the derivation of the bearing capacity reduction factors differential equation or numerical analysis. The analytical formulation by Hansen [4] delivers with similar assumptions as by Haller [2] a design concept with direct derivation of the eccentricity‐curvature relation and the bearing capacity for linear and non‐linear stress distribution in the section. In this paper the bearing capacity with rectangular stress distribution in the section has been derived in similar way. Using the limit term it's able to differ between cracked and uncracked sections. Another limit term defines, whether the section is in the buckling or the compression area. Depending on state and area the bearing capacity can be calculated directly. On the compressed side of the section it can lead to material softening. The stress decrees at the edge enlarge the curvature of the column and reduce bearing capacity.     

Dünnwandige,mikrobewehrte Betonbauteile unter Querkraftbeanspruchung

Shear strength of thin‐walled, micro‐reinforced concrete members Within the second funding period of the DFG Priority Programme 1542 ”Concrete Light“ investigations on the load‐bearing behavior of ”Ultra‐lightweight, Thin‐walled Tubular Concrete Members“ are carried out at the IBMB, division of concrete construction of the TU Braunschweig. Due to the currently insufficient amount of investigations dealing with the shear strength of micro‐reinforced concrete (ferrocement) members, fundamental studies had to be performed. These include experimental and theoretical investigations on the shear strength of profiled, thin‐walled concrete beams with micro‐reinforced webs. The performed tests showed the improved cracking behavior and failure notice of micro‐reinforced specimens, when compared to conventionally reinforced specimens. Furthermore, the conservative and thus secure estimation of the shear strength of micro‐reinforced beams using the design approaches provided by EC2+NA or ACI 318 is proven.     

Zur Tragfähigkeit von druck‐ und biegebeanspruchten C‐Profilen aus Stahl

Die Regelungen und Nachweiskonzepte in den Stahlbaunormen DIN 18800 und Eurocode 3 zur Stab‐ und Gesamtstabilität von Bauteilen unter Normalspannungen sind weitestgehend durch Untersuchungen an I‐ und Kastenprofilen hergeleitet und verifiziert worden. Eine Übertragung und Überprüfung für davon abweichende Profilformen, im Speziellen für die hier behandelten C‐Profile, existiert nicht. Es wird ein geschlossenes, durchgängiges Bemessungskonzept vorgestellt, das es erlaubt, das Tragverhalten von Bauteilen mit C‐förmigem Querschnitt ohne längsaussteifende Querschnittselemente unter Druck‐ und/oder Biegebeanspruchung wirklichkeitsnah zu beschreiben und rechnerisch zu erfassen. Dabei wird den möglichen Stabilitätsproblemen – das heißt lokalem Plattenbeulen, globaler Stabstabilität und dem Zusammenspiel beider einzelnen Stabilitätsprobleme – besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Ultimate loads of steel channel sections in compression and bending. Especially for members susceptible to global buckling or coupled instabilities the design rules in the relevant codes DIN 18800 and Eurocode 3 have been developed for and verified by research on I‐shaped or hollow sections. For deviant shapes, particularly the regarded channel sections, a transfer or verification of these design concepts does not exist. A comprehensive design method is presented, allowing to describe the load‐carrying behavior of channel‐shaped members without longitudinal stiffeners in compression and/or bending realistically. Special attention has been paid to the regards of stability problems, i.e. local and global buckling as well as a combination of both, the so‐called coupled instability.