Violence in Iraq, sabotage in Nigeria and strikes in Europe

This section summarizes downstream developments of the previous month. Exploration & Production are covered in 'Upstream Review'.
An upsurge of violence in Iraq threatened a recovery in output that began earlier this year. Production in the northern fields hit a post-invasion high of 620,000 bpd in March, rising by 180,000 bpd in one month. Fighting in the south, however, cut production there by more than 100,000 bpd as government troops tried to subdue Shi'ite militias in and around Basrah. Oil installations damaged in the south included a pipeline and a pumping station. The Iraqi government nevertheless announced that oil production would reach 2.9 mn bpd by the year's end, requiring an increase of nearly 500,000 bpd over April 2008 levels. Foreign help is to be sought via a series of technical service agreements and - later this year - an upstream licensing round. Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry says it wants a bigger role for Japanese oil companies in both the upstream and downstream sectors in Iraq. Kurdistan says it is negotiating with Baghdad to export oil produced from new oil fields there. The central government does not recognize production agreements drawn up by the Kurdistan Regional Government. The EU - desperate for gas to fill its Nabucco pipeline - has approached Iraq for up to 1 bn cfd.     

泡沫体系分散聚合的研究进展

综述了近年来泡沫体系分散聚合发展的情况,并着重介绍了适合于泡沫体系分散聚合的各种条件(如单体、引发剂、交联剂、起泡剂、泡沫稳定剂、设备等)及这些条件对聚合过程和产物性能的影响;泡沫体系分散聚合在制备多孔、超多孔吸水凝胶方面是极为有效的聚合方法,同时,在水溶性聚合物制备方面也有极为广阔的应用前景。     

Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya

BackgroundFresh vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. Raw vegetables can be agent of transmission of intestinal parasites. The aim of the present study was to determine the parasitological contamination of salad vegetables sold at wholesale and retail markets in Tripoli-Libya.MethodsA total of 126 samples of salad vegetables obtained from wholesale and retail markets were examined for helminth eggs and Giardia spp. cysts of using standard methods.ResultsOf the 36 tomato, 36 cucumber, 27 lettuce, and 27 cress samples examined eggs of Ascaris spp. were detected in 19%, 75%, 96% and 96%, respectively; eggs of Toxocara cati in 11%, 14%, 48% and 41%; eggs of Toxocara canis in 3%, 8%, 37% and 33%; and eggs of Taenia/Echinococcus spp. in 6%, 25%, 33% and 30%, respectively. Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 3%, 19%, 4% and 11%, respectively.ConclusionParasitological contamination of raw salad vegetables sold in wholesale and retail markets in Tripoli may pose a health risk to consumers of such products.     

国内催化裂化装置降低汽油烯烃技术进展

介绍了国内催化裂化装置降低汽油烯烃含量的新丁艺及催化剂,包括辅助反应器改质降烯烃技术、灵活多效催化裂化工艺(FDFCC)、两反应区(MIP)工艺、两段提升管工艺(TSRFCC)、多产柴油液化气并降烯烃(MGD)技术等.对各种工艺的特点以及工业应用情况进行了对比.     

地震勘探中的去噪技术新进展

去噪技术在地震数据处理流程中占据着重要地位。随着地震勘探的发展,去噪技术也有了较快的发展。地球物理工作者在不断改进现有去噪方法的同时,也在不断探索新的去噪技术。从噪声分类入手,首先介绍了地震数据中的噪声,然后综合评述了近几年新发展的去噪技术,包括时频分析方法、反偏移方法、径向道变换法和基于支持向量机、形态学、独立成分分析的方法,最后对去噪技术的发展做了展望。     

塔里木盆地沙漠地区静校正技术

在塔里木沙漠地区,静校正技术是地震资料处理的一项关键技术。文中对该区静校正问题进行了分析,从低、降速带的分层,浮动基准面的建立,静校正中高频分量的处理方法以及剩余静校正等方面做了一些探讨,提出了用分偏移距地表一致性剩余静校正方法解决该区剩余静校正问题。实际资料处理效果良好。     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a slurry reactor in the presence of nanosized cobalt catalysts synthesized in situ in a hydrocarbon medium

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a slurry reactor at a pressure of 20 atm and a temperature of 220–300°C in the presence of 100Co : 2Pd : (5–50)Al₂O₃ and 100Co : 2Pd : (20–50)ZrO₂ (parts by weight) catalysts in situ synthesized in a hydrocarbon medium has been studied. The catalysts were prepared by the decomposition of cobalt salts and promoters in melted petroleum paraffin P-2 at 300°C and in situ reduced with hydrogen. It has been found that the nanocatalyst containing 20 parts by weight of ZrO₂ exhibits the highest activity in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and provides the yield of liquid products of 70 g/m³ at a CO conversion of 80%.     

克拉玛依油田八区调整井钻井液技术

通过对克拉玛依油田八区地质特点、注水开发地层压力变化情况与储层特点的全面分析，决定采用聚磺混油屏蔽暂堵钻井液和以桥塞堵漏为主的近平衡压力钻井技术。现场应用700余口井表明，聚磺混油屏蔽暂堵钻井液具有强的抑制性，解决了该区块上部长井段强水敏泥岩水化分散引起的缩径、剥落等井壁失稳现象；良好的造壁性及封堵能力有效地降低了钻井液滤液对地层的损害，形成的致密屏蔽带有利于提高地层的承压能力，降低，漏失；适宦的流燹性既提高了钻速，又清洁了井眼，防止过度冲刷井壁，避免大的压力激动，实现了95％的井不下技术套管芒斗．解决了该地区加密调整井喷、漏、塌、卡等钻井技术难题。对安全钻井密度窗口窄的钻井液技术进行了一些有益的探索，对开泵漏、停泵吐、起钻抽的特殊漏层提出了治理方法，取得了明显的效果。     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Croatia

In this study the levels of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) of 61 milk samples delivered from small milking farms were determined in January, February, March and April (winter–spring season), and June, July and September (summer–autumn season) of 2009. The AFM₁ concentration was determined by competitive enzyme-immunoassay method. The maximum mean concentrations of AFM₁ recorded in winter–spring season were in the range of 35.8–58.6 ng/l and in summer–autumn season in the range of 11.6–14.9 ng/l. The AFM₁ levels determined in January, February, March and April were significantly higher in accordance with concentration of AFM₁ in June, July and September (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001, respectively). Also, there was significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the mean concentrations of AFM₁ in samples taken all together in winter–spring and summer–autumn season. Only in one sample delivered in February the level of AFM₁ was higher than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l). Therefore, it was concluded that in 98.4% of milk samples in Croatia the levels of AFM₁ were below maximum tolerance level accepted by the European Union.     

企业统战工作中的民族工作问题

少数民族工作是企业统战工作中的重要组成部分。创建和谐企业，必须坚持教育创新，夯实做好少数民族员工思想工作的基础；必须坚持制度创新，建立健全少数民族工作的相关制度，努力完善少数民族工作网络；必须坚持关注民生，注重协调解决好涉及少数民族员工和企业周边少数民族关系的实际问题。企业应承担好自身的社会责任，成为整个和谐社会的优秀成员。     

糖类羟基乙酰化研究进展

乙酰化是保护糖类羟基最常用的方法。将糖类羟基乙酰化反应用催化剂分为碱、无机酸、有机酸、Lewis酸、硅铝酸盐、离子液体和其他催化剂,分别综述了其研究进展。     

中国中西部前陆盆地成藏过程

根据盆地充填和构造变形特征,可将中国中西部前陆盆地划分为早衰型、改造型和叠加型。早衰型、改造型和叠加型前陆盆地的结构特征决定了前陆盆地烃源岩、储盖组合等成藏条件的差异性,而晚期前陆发育对西部改造型和叠加型前陆盆地烃源岩的演化具有明显的控制作用。正是由于中国中西部不同类型前陆盆地成藏地质条件的差异,决定了其具有不同的成藏过程。燕山晚期是早衰型前陆盆地(如川西前陆盆地)最主要的成藏期,喜山晚期主要表现为天然气藏的调整、定型;喜山晚期是改造型前陆盆地(如柴北缘前陆冲断带)最主要的油气成藏期;而叠加型前陆盆地(如准南前陆盆地)具有多期成藏的特征,但喜山晚期的油气成藏最为重要。     

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随着“西气东输工程”的实施,以气代煤、以气代油将成为解决我国东部城市环境污染和缓解石油资源紧张问题的有效措施。由于天然气体积能量密度低,因此,天然气的有效储存是推广使用天然气,特别是天然气汽车的重要方面。介绍了天然气吸附储存技术在我国的研发现状及部分研究成果,包括：天然气吸附储存的原理与特点,天然气吸附剂的结构与性能,吸附天然气汽车试验等,展望了天然气吸附储存技术的应用前景。研究表明,吸附储存技术在天然气汽车、天然气储存替代LPG民用、天然气储存调峰、天然气无管网运输、环保、国防等领域均具有较广阔的应用前景。     

Aflatoxin contamination in edible nuts imported in Qatar

Edible nuts imported in Qatar from June 1997 to December 1998 were anlaysed for aflatoxins. Eighty-one nut samples were analysed in the second half of 1997 and contamination was detected in 19 samples with total aflatoxin level varied from a low of about 0.53 to a high of 289 μg/kg. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in pistachios and peanuts, while other nuts such as almond, cashew nut, walnut and hazel nut were found free from aflatoxins. During 1998 testing was carried out only for pistachios and about 101 samples were analysed; contamination was detected in 48 samples with total aflatoxin level in the range of 1.2–275 μg/kg. In pistachios without shell level of contamination was very high (total aflatoxin 8.3–275 μg/kg) compared to pistachio with shell (total aflatoxin 1.2–75 μg/kg). Aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ were detected in all the contaminated samples of pistachios, whereas aflatoxin G₁ and G₂ were detected only in three samples of pistachios at the level of 0.8–1.9 μg/kg for aflatoxin G₁ and 0.4–1.3 μg/kg for aflatoxin G₂.     

Gasoline production in stabilization of feedstock in hydrocyclones

Fundamentally new technology for production of gasoline in stabilization of crude oil and gas condensate in a centrifugal force field is directed toward increasing the intensity of the process and decreasing capital and power costs. By regulating the pressure and temperature at the inlet into the hydrocyclone, it is possible to control production of unstable gasoline. By-products of petrochemistry are used to increase its octane number. Synergism in improving the quality of the gasoline in multistage hydrocycloning of crude and incorporation of oxygen-containing components was demonstrated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 6–9, January–February, 2006.     

CNPC Invests Heavily in Refineries in Remote Areas

China National Petroleum building an 8.2-billion-yuan Corporation （CNPC）, began （US$1.2 billion） refinery in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in late-September to reinforce the supplies of oil products in northwest China. The project will have an annual refining capacity of 5 million tons. Scheduled to come on stream at the end of 2010, this project includes 10 units and auxiliary facilities, such as a 5-million-ton atmospheric distillation unit, a 2.6-million-ton catalytic cracker, a 900,000-ton continuous reforming unit and 100,000-ton polypropylene unit.     

Methylmercury in fish species used in preparing sashimi: A case study in Brazil

The objective of this work was to determine the organic and total mercury contents in twelve fish species used in preparing sashimi in Japanese restaurants and estimate the exposure to organic mercury due to the consumption of this food. The mercury species were quantified by atomic absorption with thermal decomposition and amalgamation. Total mercury was analyzed directly, whereas organic mercury was quantified after extraction with toluene in an acid medium using a microwave assisted system. Needlefish and tuna showed the highest levels of mercury species and salmon and mullet the lowest levels. The mean ratios between MeHg⁺/total Hg were 93% and 87% for sandperch and octopus, respectively, indicating that the most toxic form (organic Hg) predominates in these species. Exposure to methylmercury was estimated based on the PTWI and the results showed that the ingestion of 2 portions of needlefish and tuna exceeded the values established by 100%.     

塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶径流带缝洞化学充填物成因和分布

岩溶缝洞是塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集空间,其常被沉积、垮塌和化学充填物所充填,化学充填物由方解石和钙华组成,还有少量石膏、硫磺和萤石等,径流岩溶带化学充填物以方解石为主。通过岩心观察,采集了不同产状的方解石及奥陶系灰岩,进行了薄片、阴极发光、流体包裹体和微量元素等分析,发现溶洞充填的巨晶方解石与裂缝充填的粗晶方解石为热液成因,裂缝充填的细晶方解石为成岩胶结成因,溶洞充填砾岩的砾间方解石和钙华碎屑是成岩早期淀积形成的(埋藏期有少量改造);还发现裂缝充填细晶方解石与围岩具有亲缘关系、为其母液溶蚀了奥陶系灰岩再沉淀形成,巨晶方解石与深部热液物质相关、与围岩没有关系,钙华为地表水溶蚀产物。岩溶缝洞化学充填物成因研究有助于了解该类储层特征和演化。     

配套的地震技术在滚动勘探中的应用

茨榆坨构造带中段构造上属于翘倾断块披露背斜构造带,通过对油气成藏条件进行分析,并依据复式油气成藏理论,认为其低断阶带是滚动勘探的首选目标,关键是寻找控油断层和圈闭。基地此种认识,以二维和三维构造精细解释技术为基础,综合运用其它配套的地震新技术,新发现了一个1千万吨级优质储量区块－茨601块,成为近年来辽河油田油气的勘探重大发现之一,对老区的滚动勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

塔里木盆地克依构造带固研究与实践

塔里木盆地克依构造带的高压油气层、高压水层、盐水层、盐膏层、盐岩层以及复合盐层等给固井施工造成很大的困难。通过地高密度水泥浆、高密度隔离液及固井工艺的研究,选出了适合于含盐地层和不含盐地层的2个温度范围下2种密度的水泥浆配方,高密度隔离液的加重方法,现场施工中的平衡压力固井工艺、配浆工艺、替浆工艺、候凝及井控措施、防卡措施。经现场20多口井应用表明,这2种高密度水泥浆体系及固井工艺技术解决了地层压力高、地层蠕变性强、封固井段温差大、地层岩性多变、同时封固油气水及盐膏层等问题。固井合格率为100％,其中在克拉苏区块的井,完井测试均获高产天然气,气水层封隔效果良好。