泡菜发酵牛肉干与传统牛肉干贮藏期间颜色及氧化稳定性的研究

本实验对泡菜发酵牛肉干与传统牛肉干在贮藏期间表面颜色和氧化稳定性进行了研究。泡菜发酵牛肉干是以延(边)黄牛米龙肉为原料,泡菜汁为发酵液制作而成。然后将两种牛肉干自封袋包装后放入4℃冰箱中贮藏6个月,每个月对其pH值、TBARS值、颜色进行测定。结果表明:贮藏期间泡菜发酵牛肉干的CIE a*值显著低于传统牛肉干(P<0.05),泡菜发酵牛肉干在贮藏期间的TBARS值显著低于传统牛肉干(P<0.05)。     

延边黄牛发酵牛肉干在贮藏期间颜色及氧化稳定性的研究

对发酵牛肉干与传统牛肉干在贮藏期间表面颜色和氧化稳定性进行了研究.发酵牛肉干分别用泡菜汁、乳酸菌菌种发酵液对原料肉进行发酵制作而成.然后将三种牛肉干真空包装后放入4℃冰箱中贮藏6个月,每个月对其pH、TBA值、颜色进行测定.结果表明:泡菜汁发酵牛肉干的CIE a*值在贮藏期间没有显著性变化(P>0.05),经发酵的牛肉干在贮藏期间的TBA值显著低于传统牛肉干(P<0.05).     

肉源微生物发酵重组牛肉干和传统牛肉干的品质比较

目的 比较发酵重组牛肉干和传统牛肉干的品质差异。方法 将原料牛肉绞碎后投入发酵剂(清酒乳杆菌7 log cfu/g, 肉糖葡萄球菌6 log cfu/g), 并在15 ℃发酵48 h使pH值达到5.0~5.3范围。然后成型(直径8 mm条状)干燥制得发酵重组牛肉干。比较发酵重组牛肉干和传统牛肉干在水分含量、水分活度、pH值、色泽、剪切力、感官评定等方面的差异。结果 发酵重组牛肉干的水分含量和水分活度(15.57%, 0.63)显著低于在同样的干燥条件下加工的传统牛肉干(18.15%, 0.67)(P＜0.05); 红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)分别为12.41和4.27, 均显著高于传统工艺生产的牛肉干的红度值(9.65)和黄度值(2.68); 剪切力(34.16 N)比传统牛肉干(42.07N)降低18.8%。感官评定结果显示, 发酵重组牛肉干的色泽、风味和嫩度显著高于传统工艺生产的牛肉干(P＜0.05), 虽然嚼劲明显低于传统牛肉干, 但是83.3%的感官评定人员表示更喜欢发酵重组牛肉干。结论 达到同样的水分含量和水分活度, 发酵重组牛肉干的加工比传统牛肉干加工工艺可以缩短干燥时间, 添加发酵剂可以缓和制品颜色由红变褐色的过程, 发酵重组牛肉干有良好的可接受性。     

产细菌素植物乳杆菌纯种半固态发酵对泡菜品质的影响

以产细菌素植物乳杆菌纯种半固态发酵制作什锦泡菜,同时以其纯种液态发酵泡菜和传统自然发酵泡菜为对照,比较三种泡菜在发酵过程和贮藏期间感官、理化指标与微生物菌相变化规律,评价半固态发酵对泡菜品质的影响.结果表明,该菌株纯种发酵制作的泡菜感官品质优于自然发酵泡菜,细菌、酵母菌、霉菌、大肠菌群数量均显著低于自然发酵泡菜;其中,纯种半固态发酵泡菜发酵过程pH值下降最迅速、泡菜中乳酸菌活菌数量高(108cfu/g)、亚硝酸盐含量低且无明显“亚硝峰”出现;说明产细菌素植物乳杆菌纯种半固态发酵制作什锦泡菜品质优于纯种液态发酵和自然发酵泡菜.     

木糖醇对发酵香肠水分及微生物的影响

研究木糖醇发酵香肠和传统发酵香肠贮藏期间水分及微生物的变化。通过检测木糖醇发酵香肠和传统发酵香肠贮藏期间水分含量、水分活度,以及乳酸菌、小球菌、肠杆菌三种菌的菌落总数,得出:添加木糖醇的发酵香肠水分含量高于同一贮藏时间的传统香肠,水分活度明显低于同一贮藏时间的传统发酵香肠,发酵香肠中添加木糖醇,对乳酸菌有轻微的抑制作用,贮藏期间小球菌逐渐减少,对肠杆菌的抑制作用明显,且木糖醇发酵香肠的感官评分优于传统香肠。对添加木糖醇发酵香肠的研究为延长发酵香肠的货架期提供理论参考。     

牦牛、黄牛不同部位制作肉干嫩度的差异

为比较西门塔尔杂交黄牛和牦牛不同部位嫩度差异,以西门塔尔杂交黄牛和青海高原型牦牛为原料,选取其臀肉、肩肉、黄瓜条、米龙、霖肉等5个部位分别制作牛肉干,以剪切力、水分含量、水分活度、水分迁移规律、扫描电镜显微结构作为考察指标,探究不同部位对牦牛肉干和黄牛肉干嫩度的影响规律。结果表明:以米龙部位制作的黄牛肉干和牦牛肉干的剪切力最小,以米龙部位制作的黄牛肉干的水分含量和水分活度显著高于其他部位,而牦牛肉干的水分含量和水分活度较高的部位是肩肉;以霖肉部位制作的黄牛肉干口感较佳,适合工业化生产;以米龙部位制作的牦牛肉干口感比其他部位得分高,比较受到消费者欢迎。结合相关性和线性回归得出:青海高原型牦牛的霖肉部位嫩度与外观方程y=0.984 x+13.911中R^2最高,西门塔尔杂交黄牛米龙部位嫩度与外观方程y=-0.993 x+14.234中R^2最高。主成分分析综合评价模型,加工黄牛肉干适合采用米龙部位,加工牦牛肉干适合采用肩肉部位。     

发酵方式对山药泡菜理化特性及微生物变化的影响

对比研究山药自然发酵、混料自然发酵、山药接种发酵、混料接种发酵等4 种发酵方式对山药泡菜理化指标和微生物数量动态变化的影响,并对其感官品质进行评价。结果显示：接种发酵泡菜与自然发酵泡菜的发酵周期分别为11 d和14 d;与自然发酵泡菜相比,接种发酵山药泡菜的pH值下降快、总酸含量高、亚硝酸盐含量低,乳酸菌数量多、菌落总数和大肠菌群数少,但其脆度与感官评分偏低;混料发酵山药泡菜口味纯正、品质优良,pH值为3,总酸含量为8.01 mg/kg。其中混料自然发酵亚硝酸盐含量1.4 mg/kg、乳酸菌数7.33（lg（CFU/mL））、菌落总数3.2（lg（CFU/mL））、大肠菌群数15 MPN/100 g、脆度2 975.00 g、感官评分89.10;混料接种发酵产品的亚硝酸盐含量1.2 mg/kg、乳酸菌数9.04（lg（CFU/mL））、菌落总数2.1 （lg（CFU/mL））、大肠菌群数6 MPN/100 g、脆度2 765.00 g、感官评分86.26。     

直投式发酵剂对发酵牛肉干品质的影响

将干酪乳杆菌和木糖葡萄球菌按一定比例混合制备直投式复合发酵剂,再将其应用于发酵牛肉干,研究其对牛肉干发酵过程中理化指标和微生物特性的影响。试验被分为自然发酵对照组、普通发酵剂组和直投式发酵剂组。研究结果表明:添加普通发酵剂和直投式发酵剂均可降低牛肉干的p H,且显著低于自然发酵组(P0.05);3组牛肉干的水分含量、水分活度和红度值之间无显著差异(P0.05);添加发酵剂的牛肉干的乳酸菌总数、葡萄球菌总数和细菌总数较自然发酵组高(P0.05),感官品质较好(P0.05),这说明直投式发酵剂具有良好的发酵活力,能够提高发酵牛肉干的品质,缩短发酵时间。     

延(边)黄牛泡菜发酵牛肉干的研制

以延(边)黄牛米龙肉为原料,泡菜汁为发酵液对发酵牛肉干进行研究。先通过单因素试验确定食盐、葡萄糖、泡菜汁、亚硝酸钠的添加量,再通过正交实验对泡菜发酵牛肉干的最佳配方进行了优化。试验结果表明,发酵牛肉干最佳配方为食盐添加量为1.5%,葡萄糖添加量为3%,泡菜汁添加量为25%,亚硝酸钠添加量0.015%。     

传统中式风味牛肉干的生产工艺

为获取食用品质最优的风味牛肉干,对风味牛肉干生产工艺参数进行优化。以新鲜牛肉作为主要原料,采用菠萝蛋白酶与转谷氨酰胺酶进行嫩化并优化风味牛肉干的生产工艺,并以牛肉干的感官指标、理化指标、水分比、水分扩散率等作为品质评价指标,分析不同生产工艺参数对风味牛肉干食用品质的影响。实验结果表明,风味牛肉干的最佳生产工艺参数为:复煮时间35 min,烘干温度49℃,菠萝蛋白酶注射量4%,转谷氨酰胺酶交联时间40 min。经过以上优化的工艺参数生产的风味牛肉干感官评价值最高;总糖、蛋白质以及氯化物含量最高;水分以及铅、无机砷、镉等化学物质含量最少;牛肉收缩率以及内外温差较小;水分扩散率高。说明经外源酶嫩化法优化生产工艺并选取最优生产工艺参数可有效提升风味牛肉干的食用品质。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．     

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LYSOZYME

The quantitative analysis of the reaction products of the water activity dependent nonenzymatic glycosylation of lysozyme was not straightforward. Difficulties arose in the determination of the number of bound glucose molecules because glycosylation leads to glucose mediated protein aggregation, and the likely presence of a mixture of relatively labile Schiff-base intermediates, and the more stable ketoamine products generated by Amadori rearrangement. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor protein aggregation; periodate oxidation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC, emerged as the most promising methods to quantitate the degree of glycosylation. Possible interpretations are advanced to explain the apparent discrepancies in degree of glycosylation suggested by the different analytical methods evaluated.